david perkins, the thoughtful will
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David Perkins, Harvard Graduate School of Education, presentation at the 13th
International Conference on Thinking, Norrkoping, Sweden, 17-21 June, 2007
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Guarantee
Double your Willpower
or No Money Back
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Akrasia
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We think how late we shallbe, how the duties of theday will suffer; we say, Imust get up, this isignominious, etc.; but still
the warm couch feels toodelicious, the cold outsidetoo cruel, and resolutionfaints away and postpones
itself again and again justas it seemed on the vergeof bursting the resistanceand passing over into the
decisive act. William James,Principles of Psychology,1890
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I can resist anythingbut temptation
Oscar Wilde
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Between the idea
And the reality Between the motion
And the act
Falls the Shadow
Between the conception
And the creation
Between the emotion
And the response Falls the Shadow.
The Hollow Men, T. S. Eliot
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Good thinking
Deciding what to do
NOT getting ourselves to do it
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Empty folk psychology
Freedom from determinism
Willpower
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The thoughtful will
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Empty folk psychologyor a resource for self-
management
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The case against the will
Empty folkpsychology
sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic
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The case against the will
The false hope syndrome
Polivy and Herman, American
Psychologist, September 2002,Vol. 57, No. 9, 677-689.
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The case for the will: the pedigree
Classic and contemporarysources
AristotleWilliam JamesRoy Baumeister
Travels under other names
Volition, self-control,self-regulation, conation
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The case for the will: The two minds
The doing mind The planning mind(anticipatory planning,
Peter Gardenfors)
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The case for the will: the two minds
Nomind
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The case for the will: the two minds
Doingmind
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The case for the will: the two minds
Doingmind andplanning
mind
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The case for the will: the two minds
Thetrouble
with twominds
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The case for the will: Overuse
The ego depletion model
Baumeister, Psychological Bulletin
(2000, Vol. 126, No. 2, 247-259)
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Folk psychology Real resource
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Freedom fromdeterminism or
freedom from impulse
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Free will as freedom from determinism
Omniscient
god andhuman choice
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Free will as freedom from determinism
Classicalphysics
andquantumphysics
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Free will as freedom from determinism
Neuralprecursors
to consciousintentions
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Free will as freedom from impulse
Not being sphexish
Free will worth having (Elbow Room, Daniel Dennett)
William James too
It is as easy physically to avoid a fight as to begin
one, to pocket ones money as to squander it on onescupidities, to walk away from as towards a coquettesdoor. In all this one sees how the immediate pointof application of the volitional effort lies exclusivelyin the mental world. The whole drama is a mentaldrama.
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Freed from determinism Free from impulse
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The power will versusthe thoughtful will
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The power will
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The power will
A persistent concept
The tempting mental muscle metaphor
Exercise that muscle
...the man who has accustomed himselfsteadily, for day after day, to concentrate
his attention, to wield his energy, forinstance, not to spend money on unnecessarythings, will be well rewarded by his effort.When disasters occur, he will stand firm asa rock even though faced on all sides byruin, while his companions in distress will beswept aside as the chaff from the sieve.
William James
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But
Ego depletion
The false hopesyndrome
Will out of gas
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The thoughtful will
Toe in the water
Jump in
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Thoughtful will: Change your world
Support people(AA, mentor, coach,
minister)
Reminders(progress charts, religiousicons, inspirational figures)
Remove temptations
Public commitment
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Thoughtful will: Change your approach
Small stepsor jump in
Set milestones
Reward yourself
Specific plans(implementationintentions)
Abstract coding(why not what)
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Thoughtful will: Change yourself
Deconditioning
New habits
Reframing,
re-visioning Autosuggestion
Self-talk
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Thoughtful will: The fly in the ointment
Complex thought is ego depletingSchmeichel, Vohs, and Baumeister, Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 2003, Vol. 85,
No. 1, 33-46
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Power will Thoughtful will
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Empty folk concept Real resource
Free from determinism Free from impulse
Power will Thoughtful will
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Good thinking
Deciding what to do
AND getting ourselves to do it
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Guarantee
Double your Willpower
or No Money Back
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