de envirothon aquatics training: groundwater – surface water connection chris brown, hydrologist...
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DE Envirothon Aquatics DE Envirothon Aquatics Training:Training:
Groundwater – Surface WaterGroundwater – Surface WaterConnectionConnection
Chris Brown, HydrologistChris Brown, Hydrologist
Delaware DNRECDelaware DNREC
Tank Management SectionTank Management Section
Key Online ResourcesKey Online ResourcesGroundwater & Surface WaterGroundwater & Surface Water
USGS – USGS – www.usgs.gov/education - - USGS Circular 1139 “Groundwater and Surface USGS Circular 1139 “Groundwater and Surface
Water”Water” USGS – “Groundwater & the Rural Homeowner”USGS – “Groundwater & the Rural Homeowner” DE GS – DE GS – www.dgs.udel.edu
Water Resources & Water Conditions tabsWater Resources & Water Conditions tabs DE Environmental Observing System – DE Environmental Observing System –
www.deos.udel.edu “DEOS Geobrowser “DEOS Geobrowser National Estuarine Research Reserve System -National Estuarine Research Reserve System - http://nerrs.noaa.gov – Research & Monitoring data – Research & Monitoring data
CDMO – Get Data – Data ExportCDMO – Get Data – Data Export Google Earth & Air PhotosGoogle Earth & Air Photos
At an Eco-Station, consider the At an Eco-Station, consider the following:following:
Where is the water & where is it going?Where is the water & where is it going? How does the water fit into the eco-system? How does the water fit into the eco-system? ““Read the land” - what does the topography tell Read the land” - what does the topography tell
you?you? Be ready to interpret air photos, topo maps, or sets Be ready to interpret air photos, topo maps, or sets
of water quality data (surface or groundwater) of water quality data (surface or groundwater) What may influence the flow of the water?What may influence the flow of the water? What may affect the water quality, and key What may affect the water quality, and key
parameters (D.O., temperature, etc.)parameters (D.O., temperature, etc.) How have (or could) humans affect the water How have (or could) humans affect the water
quality?quality?
Part of the Hydrologic Part of the Hydrologic CycleCycle
AquiferAquifer
Geologic formation, either sediment Geologic formation, either sediment or rock, capable of bearing water or rock, capable of bearing water and supplying water to wellsand supplying water to wells
Coastal Plain aquifers consist of Coastal Plain aquifers consist of sedimentsediment
Piedmont aquifers are generally Piedmont aquifers are generally bedrockbedrock
Groundwater Flow: Where? And How Groundwater Flow: Where? And How Fast?Fast?
PorosityPorosity Void spaces within Void spaces within
sediment or rocksediment or rock Between sediment Between sediment
grainsgrains Fractures in rockFractures in rock InterconnectedInterconnected
PermeabilityPermeability Hydraulic Hydraulic
ConductivityConductivity Ability of material Ability of material
to transmit a fluidto transmit a fluid Sand & Gravel – Sand & Gravel –
HighHigh Clay - LowClay - Low
Groundwater Flow: Why and Where?Groundwater Flow: Why and Where?
From high to low elevation – even a From high to low elevation – even a few inchesfew inches
From high to low pressure – pumping From high to low pressure – pumping wellswells
In humid regions, like the mid-In humid regions, like the mid-Atlantic, flow is generally toward a Atlantic, flow is generally toward a surface water bodysurface water body
Wells and recharge will influence flowWells and recharge will influence flow
Common Scenarios in Delaware:Surface & Groundwater Connection
Groundwater seepage along Indian River Bay
Areas free of ice that result from warm ground water (15 degrees C) discharging into cold surface water (5 degrees C) in the Inland Bays
WELLS
Vadose Zone
Water Table
Screen
Sand Pack
TYPICAL WELL
Pump
GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC CROSS SECTION OF KENT CROSS SECTION OF KENT
COUNTYCOUNTYMILFORDMILFORD
FELTONFELTONWOODSIDEWOODSIDE
DOVERDOVERCHESWOLDCHESWOLDCLAYTONCLAYTON Columbia AquiferColumbia Aquifer
+50+50
-100-100
-200-200
-300-300
-400-400
-500-500
-600-600
-800-800
-700-700
-900-900
Frederica Aquifer
Rancocas Fm.
CheswoldAquifer
Piney PointAquifer
TD=276'TD=276'
TD=1168'TD=1168'
-1000-1000
TD=606'TD=606' TD=611'TD=611' TD=626'TD=626'
TD=955'TD=955'
Columbia AquiferColumbia Aquifer
Columbia Aquifer
Soil Layer
•Most susceptible to contaminationMost susceptible to contamination•Most adversely affectedMost adversely affected
•Most heavily used aquiferMost heavily used aquifer•IrrigationIrrigation•Public water supplyPublic water supply•Domestic water supplyDomestic water supply•75% of stream flow75% of stream flow
Delaware Geological Survey
Making the ConnectionMaking the Connection
Remember the Remember the groundwater-groundwater-surface water surface water connectionconnection
and the and the GROUND GROUND SURFACE -SURFACE -groundwater groundwater connection…connection…
Part of the Hydrologic Part of the Hydrologic CycleCycle
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