decline of classical empires - mr. farshteymrfarshtey.net/classes/decline_classical_empires.pdf ·...
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Decline Decline Decline Decline Decline Decline Decline Decline
of Classical Empiresof Classical Empiresof Classical Empiresof Classical Empiresof Classical Empiresof Classical Empiresof Classical Empiresof Classical Empires
The Roman Empire, Han China The Roman Empire, Han China
and Gupta Indiaand Gupta India
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Why did empires decline?Why did empires decline?Why did empires decline?Why did empires decline?Why did empires decline?Why did empires decline?Why did empires decline?Why did empires decline?
Internal factorsInternal factors Demographic shiftsDemographic shifts
Effect on tax base, tradeEffect on tax base, trade
Size of empire?Size of empire?
Corruption and moral decay?Corruption and moral decay?
Political instabilityPolitical instability Succession issuesSuccession issues
Fighting among elitesFighting among elites
Loss of central control over regional governors, elitesLoss of central control over regional governors, elites
Taxation and other government policiesTaxation and other government policies Effect on relations between social classes?Effect on relations between social classes?
Lack of cultural cohesionLack of cultural cohesion New values?New values?
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Why did empires decline?Why did empires decline?Why did empires decline?Why did empires decline?Why did empires decline?Why did empires decline?Why did empires decline?Why did empires decline?
External factorsExternal factors
InvasionsInvasions
Shifting trade routesShifting trade routes
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Roman EmpireRoman EmpireRoman EmpireRoman EmpireRoman EmpireRoman EmpireRoman EmpireRoman Empire
INTERNAL:INTERNAL: Population declinePopulation decline
Effect on army, tax base?Effect on army, tax base?
Size of empireSize of empire Split into East and WestSplit into East and West
Disparities in wealthDisparities in wealth
Costs of defenseCosts of defense
Quality of rulers declinedQuality of rulers declined Violence and instabilityViolence and instability
Barracks EmperorsBarracks Emperors
Shift in values?Shift in values? PatriciansPatricians
Christianity?Christianity?
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Roman Empire, pt. 2Roman Empire, pt. 2Roman Empire, pt. 2Roman Empire, pt. 2Roman Empire, pt. 2Roman Empire, pt. 2Roman Empire, pt. 2Roman Empire, pt. 2
EXTERNAL:EXTERNAL: InvasionsInvasions
GothsGoths
Alaric sacked Rome Alaric sacked Rome 410 CE410 CE
HunsHuns
Pushed Gothic tribes into boundaries of Roman EmpirePushed Gothic tribes into boundaries of Roman Empire
Pope Pope not emperor not emperor stopped destruction of Rome!stopped destruction of Rome!
RESULT:RESULT: Empire split in twoEmpire split in two
Last Western Emperor deposed 476 CE . . .Last Western Emperor deposed 476 CE . . .
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After the Fall of RomeAfter the Fall of RomeAfter the Fall of RomeAfter the Fall of RomeAfter the Fall of RomeAfter the Fall of RomeAfter the Fall of RomeAfter the Fall of Rome
Christian Church (and pope) only Christian Church (and pope) only
authority in Western half of empireauthority in Western half of empire
Monasteries = refuge, places of learningMonasteries = refuge, places of learning
Formal hierarchy of Church grewFormal hierarchy of Church grew
Territory in western half fragmentedTerritory in western half fragmented
Ruled by Germanic tribesRuled by Germanic tribes
Did all Roman culture die out?Did all Roman culture die out?
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After Rome, pt. 2After Rome, pt. 2After Rome, pt. 2After Rome, pt. 2After Rome, pt. 2After Rome, pt. 2After Rome, pt. 2After Rome, pt. 2
Byzantine Empire in eastern halfByzantine Empire in eastern half
Continued Continued caesaropapismcaesaropapism
Remained urbanizedRemained urbanized
Began losing territory after 650 CE to MuslimsBegan losing territory after 650 CE to Muslims
Economy became localized, depressedEconomy became localized, depressed
FeudalismFeudalism
LongLong--distance trade declineddistance trade declined
Effect on cities?Effect on cities?
Population?Population?
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Han Dynasty Han Dynasty Han Dynasty Han Dynasty Han Dynasty Han Dynasty Han Dynasty Han Dynasty -------- ChinaChinaChinaChinaChinaChinaChinaChina
INTERNAL:INTERNAL: Poor central leadershipPoor central leadership
Allowed court infighting (imperial relatives, eunuchs, scholar bAllowed court infighting (imperial relatives, eunuchs, scholar bureaucrats)ureaucrats)
Landowners and regional officials ignored govt.Landowners and regional officials ignored govt. Exploited peasants Exploited peasants rebellionsrebellions
Yellow Turbans (184 CE)Yellow Turbans (184 CE)
Developed own armiesDeveloped own armies
Population declinesPopulation declines Occurred only at end of dynastyOccurred only at end of dynasty
Size of empireSize of empire
EXTERNALEXTERNAL Invasion by Huns only at very end Invasion by Huns only at very end already weakalready weak
220 CE: Last Han emperor deposed . . .220 CE: Last Han emperor deposed . . . Territory divided into 3 regional kingdoms among warlordsTerritory divided into 3 regional kingdoms among warlords
Nomads conquered territoryNomads conquered territory
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After the HanAfter the HanAfter the HanAfter the HanAfter the HanAfter the HanAfter the HanAfter the Han
Philosophies/religionsPhilosophies/religions Buddhism gained ground (after 300 CE)Buddhism gained ground (after 300 CE)
Came through nomads/trade routesCame through nomads/trade routes
Why was it appealing?Why was it appealing?
Confucianism lost legitimacy (but didnConfucianism lost legitimacy (but didnt disappear)t disappear) Why?Why?
Daoism gained groundDaoism gained ground
No central political authorityNo central political authority Wars and nomadic invasionsWars and nomadic invasions
Effect on cities?Effect on cities?
Population declinePopulation decline Plague, faminePlague, famine
SinicizationSinicization of nomadic peoplesof nomadic peoples
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Attempts to reform and Attempts to reform and Attempts to reform and Attempts to reform and Attempts to reform and Attempts to reform and Attempts to reform and Attempts to reform and
stave off disaster . . .stave off disaster . . .stave off disaster . . .stave off disaster . . .stave off disaster . . .stave off disaster . . .stave off disaster . . .stave off disaster . . .
RomeRome
Diocletian (284Diocletian (284--305 CE)305 CE)
ConstantineConstantine
(312(312--327 CE)327 CE)
ChinaChina
Wang Wang MangMang (9(9--23 CE)23 CE)
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MauryanMauryanMauryanMauryanMauryanMauryanMauryanMauryan Empire Empire Empire Empire Empire Empire Empire Empire -------- IndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaIndia
ChandraguptaChandragupta and and AshokaAshoka built well built well organized, bureaucratized govt.organized, bureaucratized govt.
After After AshokaAshoka
Army, bureaucracy salaries = expensiveArmy, bureaucracy salaries = expensive
Inflation Inflation debased currencydebased currency
Poor leadersPoor leaders
Empire ended 185 BCEEmpire ended 185 BCE
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Gupta Empire Gupta Empire Gupta Empire Gupta Empire Gupta Empire Gupta Empire Gupta Empire Gupta Empire -------- IndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaIndia
Regional kingdoms followed end of Regional kingdoms followed end of MauryansMauryans
INTERNAL:INTERNAL: Political decentralization Political decentralization vassals ruledvassals ruled
Difficult to fight off invadersDifficult to fight off invaders
Quality of leadersQuality of leaders
EXTERNAL:EXTERNAL: Invasion by White HunsInvasion by White Huns
Costs of defense HUGECosts of defense HUGE
Last Gupta king deposed 550 CELast Gupta king deposed 550 CE
But wealth continued = TRADE!But wealth continued = TRADE!
Caste system, Caste system, religionreligion kept society togetherkept society together
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