define oral language - families learning
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• Define Oral Language
• Identify Key Developmental Milestones
• Discuss Challenges and Barriers
• Review Research
• Practice Oral Language Strategies
• Discuss ways Parents can Support Language
*National Early Literacy Panel Report, 2008
Today’s Workshop Agenda
• The ability to produce and comprehend
spoken language (NELP, 2008, p. 43)
• Receptive/expressive vocabulary and
language
• Definitional vocabulary
• Grammar
• Listening comprehension*NELP = The National Early Literacy Panel Report, 2008
http://familieslearning.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/nelp-report.pdf
What is Oral Language?
• Oral language interventions are
most effective when they start
with children birth-3
• Focusing on many oral language
skills together will have a greater
impact
Key Findings
Challenges
Addressing the Word Gap:
• By the age of 3, children born into low-income families hear roughly 30 million fewer words than their more affluent peers.
– Hart & Risley (1995) – Meaningful Differences
– Dana Suskind, M.D. (2015) – 30 Million Words
The most important thing we can do for young children is to have conversations with them.
Preschool Oral Language Development –Challenges
• What barriers do you see that may interfere with typical language development and contribute to the word gap?
Small Group Discussion
It’s not culture or ethnicity – it’s poverty
• Low SES families talk mostly about daily concerns– Results in children hearing and speaking only concrete or
functional language (Nelson, 2010)
– “Business talk” (Hart & Risley, 1995))
Let’s clarify: Poverty doesn’t cause children to have poor or delayed language skills – but the circumstances around the poverty situation create the behaviors in families that affect language.
Preschool Oral Language Development –Evidence
Effects of poverty on oral and literate language development (Nelson, 2010)
• Generational poverty affects a family for two generations or longer
• Language characteristics associated with low-SES background
• Health care, nutrition, ear infections can affect language
• Correlation between adult education levels and income – most highly related is mother’s educational level.
• Caretakers with little formal education.
Preschool Oral Language Development –Evidence
• Developmentally, children 3-6 years are still learning their first language
• Children learning two languages are often slower to be fluent in both—this is normal
• ELL students can come to preschool in various stages of language development in two languages– Fluent in English, no native language
– Fluent in native language, limited English
– Learning two languages simultaneously
Challenge: Language Development and Dual Language Learners
• History of hearing difficulties
• Past ear infections
• Undetected developmental issues which can lead to delays in language and speech—in any language
• Lack of referrals for intervention services
• Lack of socialization—so children can have conversations with each other
• Lack of conversations with adults
Challenge: Language Development and Undetected Issues
Evidence
• The National Early Literacy Panel Report summarized the scientific evidence on early literacy development and on home and family influences on that development.
• An empirical study in which data was collected, analyzed, and evaluated in an objective and systematic way to answer specified research questions.
Preschool Oral Language Development –Evidence
• The research questions:– What are the skills and abilities of young children (age birth – five
years) that predict later reading, writing, or spelling outcomes?
– Which programs, interventions, instructional approaches have contributed to later outcomes in reading, writing or spelling?
– What environments and settings have contributed to gains linked to later outcomes in reading, writing, and spelling?
– What child characteristics are linked to later outcomes in reading, writing, or spelling?
Preschool Oral Language Development –Evidence
The NELP:
• Identified the evidence about building children’s language and literacy skills in the preschool period
• Identified the early skills that give children the strongest foundation for learning to read, spell, and write.
RESULTS: The precursor skills with instructional evidence are:
– Alphabet Knowledge
– Phonological Awareness
– Writing/Name Writing
– Oral Language Development
Preschool Oral Language Development –Evidence
Preschool Oral Language Development –Evidence
.
Conventional Literacy
Early & Emergent Literacy Development
Phonological
Awareness
Oral
Language
Talking &
Listening
Sounds of
Language
Books &
Reading
Letter Knowledge
& Writing
Reading Writing
Knowledge
Spelling
Home Literacy Environment
Oral Language Milestones
Birth to 3 Months:
• Coos and makes pleasure sounds
• Has a special way of crying for different needs
4 to 6 Months:
• Babbles in a speech like way using sounds that begin with p, b, and m
• Laughs
• Makes gurgling sounds when playing with a caregiver
Oral Language Milestones
7 Months to 1 Year:• Understands words for common
items such as cup, shoe or juice• Babbles using long and short groups
of sounds ( tata, upup, bibibi)• Babbles to get and keep attention• Has one or 2 words
1 to 2 Years:
• Puts 2 words together
• Use many different consonant sounds at the beginning of words
• Uses some one or two word questions (Where kitty?)
Oral Language Milestones
2 to 3 Years:• Uses 2 or 3 word phrases • Uses k, g, f, t and d sounds• Names objects to ask for them• Speaks in a way that is understood
by family members and friends
3 to 4 Years:
• Answers simple who, what, where and why questions
• Uses sentences with four or more words
• Speaks easily without having to repeat syllables or words
Oral Language Milestones
4 to 5 Years:• Uses sentences that give many
details• Tells stories that stay on topic• Uses rhyming words• Says most sounds correctly (except
,s,r,v,z, ch, sh and th)
National Institute on Deafness and Communications Disorders (NIDCD), 2016
Preschool Oral Language Development –Strategies
So let’s look at some of those strategies.
• Open-Ended Questions
• Adult/Child Interactions
• Talking and Listening
• Working with Dual Language Learners
• Dialogic Reading
Preschool Oral Language Development –Strategies & Skills
Preschool Oral Language Development –Open-Ended Questions
Open-ended questions…• Need more than one-word answers• Can have many right answers
Sample questions:• What else could (character) do?• What would you do?• What do you think will happen next?• What would happen if…?• Why do you think that happened?
Preschool Oral Language Development –Open-Ended Questions
Expanding Child Responses
• Ask a question or make a comment
• Think about the child’s response
• Respond by adding a little more
• Repeat—Child says it again
• Child’s Level
• Respond to child (verbal and non-verbal)
• Turn taking
• Parallel Talk
• Self Talk
• Build on children’s language and ideas
Preschool Oral Language Development-Adult-Child Interactions
• Review Handout
• How can these be used
– with teachers?
– with parents?
Preschool Oral Language Development-Adult-Child Interactions
• Language development starts at birth
• Support language with age-appropriate experiences
• Young children have receptive language and expressive language
• Meaningful conversations are building blocks for future success in reading and writing
Preschool Oral Language Development –Talking and Listening
• All children need meaningful conversations with significant adults and other children
• All children need experiences that build vocabulary and a knowledge of their world
• The amount of parent-child talk experienced in the first years of life impacts that quality of children’s language
Preschool Oral Language Development –Talking and Listening
Activity
• Choose a picture from your table
• Work with a partner
• List ten descriptive words
Preschool Oral Language Development –Talking and Listening
Discussion
• Was it easy or difficult to come up with descriptive words?
• How can you use this information?
Preschool Oral Language Development –Talking and Listening
• Reinforcing. Using along with a gesture, an action, object, picture, or body language to convey a message.
• Repetition. Repeating common words and phrases and practicing new vocabulary
• Expanding and Extending. Beginning where the child is and adding more words and meaning
• Scaffolding. Understanding what a child can do with or without support and taking to next level.
• Speak clearly and slowly.
Language Development and Dual Language Learners--Strategies
• …“sharing books with young children has a significant, substantial, and positive impact both on young children’s oral language skills” (National Early Literacy Panel, 2008, p. 155)
• Dialogic reading was found to have potentially positive effects on communication and language competencies for children with disabilities (What Works Clearinghouse, 2010)
Dialogic Reading
The research says that children who have been exposed to dialogic reading:
– Show gains in language development
– Have larger vocabularies
– Are better able to identify sounds and letters
– Show stronger emergent writing skills
– Have an enhanced knowledge of print
– Gains are retained over time
Dialogic Reading
• A conversation about a story
• Ask questions
• Builds vocabulary
• Builds expressive language
Dialogic Reading
• Adult/Child
• Interactive
• Around a familiar book
• Child is active participant
• Adult engages child
• Turn taking
Dialogic Reading
• Storybooks
• Rich narrative
• Action
• New words
• Novel ideas or content
• Interesting to child
• Rich illustrations
Choosing Books for Dialogic Reading
Why involve parents?
– First and most important teacher
– Most consistent presence
– Greatest influence on child’s development
Preschool Oral Language Development –Parent Engagement
Supporting Parents
– Share information
– Make materials available
– Model strategies
Preschool Oral Language Development –Parent Engagement
Preschool Oral Language Development –Parent Engagement
• Newsletters
• Websites
• Blogs
Tell me
• Face-to-face conferences
• Classroom volunteers
• Modeling
Show me• PACT Time
• Family events• Parent skill
building
• Home Visits
Involve me
Talk with your child!
• Tell stories
• Describe your actions
• Describe your child’s actions
• Expand words
• Have conversations with your child
• Ask questions that have more than one or two word answers
Preschool Oral Language Development –Parent Engagement
Discussion
Andrea BrownTeam Leader, Family Learning
National Center for Families Learning
abrown@familieslearning.org502-584-1133 ext. 174
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