deindividuation loss of individual identity in presence of group occurs in large groups –e.g.,...
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DeindividuationLoss of individual identity in presence of group• Occurs in large groups
– e.g., looting, rioting
• Physical anonymity– e.g., Would KKK members burn crosses if they weren’t wearing
hoods?
• Diminished self-awareness
“Jump bitch jump”
Kitty Genovese• New York City, 1964• Kitty Genovese was raped
and murdered while at least 38 neighbors looked on
• nobody phoned the police until after the attacker left the scene
• When asked why they didn’t act, bystanders said things like, “I just don’t know,” or “I just didn’t want to get involved.”
Bystander Apathy• field studies (Harold Takooshian)
– New York City– bicycle theft– wallet pickpocketing– man put unconscious woman in car trunk
• 20 replications, no intervention– why car alarms suck
• 95-99% false alarms• few people stop thieves (1-5%)
– field study (Takooshian)» 8% intervened» 15% helped thief break in
• many people complain (60%) and some damage car out of aggravation
• doesn’t deter real thieves• waste of police resources
Bystander Apathy• Experiment (Latane and Darley, 1970)
– subjects heard student in adjacent room having an epileptic seizure and gasping for help
– likelihood and speed of intervention depended on how many others subject though were present
Diffusion of Responsibility“I used to ask myself, ‘Why doesn’t somebody do something?!’ Then I realized I am somebody.”
-- Jane Wagner
Practice What You Preach• Experiment (Darley & Batson,
1973)• Princeton Theology Seminary
students were on their way to give a sermon about “The Good Samaritan”– Good Samaritan: New Testament
figure who takes time to help injured man at a roadside
• Subjects were deliberately made to be early, on-time, or late
• On their way through an alley, the seminary students found a man slumped in a doorway, coughing and groaning
• What do you think they did?
Persuasion• Robert Cialdini, social psychologist who
trained with the best• reciprocity
– Hare Krishnas’ flower power: “Please, it is a gift for you.”
– preys on reciprocal altruism
• lowballing– “Would you be a subject in an experiment at
7:00 a.m.?”• 24% yes
– “Would you be a subject in an experiment? Yes? By the way, it’s at 7:00 a.m.”
• 56% yes, 95% of them showed up
– “I’ll give the car to you for $7,000. I need to discuss this with my manager. The manager says you can have it for only $7,300.”
• door-in-the face technique• foot-in-the-door technique
Personality Test Scores• How would you rate the accuracy of your
personality test score (available on the main course web page)?
0 = very poor, no relation to my personality
1 = poor, not very close
2 = more wrong than right
3 = more right than wrong
4 = pretty close
5 = describes me almost perfectly
Sigmund’s Greatest Hits
1. Psychoanalysis2. Id, Ego, Superego3. Psychosexual stages of
Development4. Freudian slip5. Oedipal Complex (and Electra
Complex)6. Defense Mechanisms7. Interpretation of Dreams8. Penis Envy9. Influence on later psychologists10.Cocaine
See text, Ch. 15, FQ 26-32
1. Psychoanalysis• hysterical women in Vienna• the “talking cure”• catharsis = explosive release of pent up emotions• hypnosis• free association• Anna O.
Superego IdEgo
2. Id, Ego, Superego
• unconscious• driven by libido• pleasure principle
• conscience • reality principle
4. Freudian slip– subconscious, often sexual, thoughts lead to misspeaking
5. Oedipal (Electra) complex– boys (girls) are in love with their mothers (fathers)
6. Defense Mechanisms – e.g., repression
7. Interpretation of Dreams – latent vs. manifest content
8. Penis envy
9. Later psychologists– Carl Jung, Erik Erikson, Anna Freud, Karen Horney
10. Cocaine
Sigmund’s Greatest Hits
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)• the earth is not the centre of the universe
Three Revolutions in Human Thought(… according to Freud himself)
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)• humans are not special, they are just a species
like any other animals
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)• humans are not motivated only by their
conscious thoughts but largely by unconscious (and often unpleasant) motives
Praise for Freud• most influential psychologist ever• psychoanalysis has been very popular• huge impact on pop culture• recognized importance of unconscious influences
on behavior• recognized importance of early development on
adult behavior
Critiques of Freud• real theories make testable predictions and can be
disproved– subjective, unverified analyses– experiments have not supported theories
• theories of development were not based on observing children
• hysterical women in Vienna are not representative• some argue he was misogynistic
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