department of information science and telecommunications a few informal experiments demonstrating...

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

A Few Informal Experiments A Few Informal Experiments DemonstratingDemonstrating

Selected Cognitive Concepts Selected Cognitive Concepts

Michael B. SpringDepartment of Information Science and Telecommunications

University of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pa 15260

Email: spring@imap.pitt.edu Web: http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~springVoice: (412) 624-9429 Fax: (412) 624-2788

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

IntroductionIntroduction

What do we know about how people read?

How do we use “ecological” information?

What do we know about the processing of symbolic and pictorial information?

What do we know about preattentive processing?

What do we know about memory? What do we know about conflicts?

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

How we ReadHow we Read

The shell was critical to development.

It can be applied in several disciplines.

EMERGENCY Emergency

Emergency Emergency

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Reading Speed and comprehension(1)Reading Speed and comprehension(1)

Developed by MIT’s Center for Advanced Educational Service, PIVot combines streaming video, textbook material, lecture transcription, simulations, and problem sets in a unique approach to tutoring. According to Richard Larson, principal investigator on the project, it’s designed to enhance the learning experience for students, supplementing rather than replacing lectures and book learning. This “deep nonlinear learning environment” is driven by a database engine that personalizes the tutoring experience for each student who uses it. PIVot incorporates a number of unique features.

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Reading Speed and comprehension(2)Reading Speed and comprehension(2)

Browser-based authoring also helps shrink the time and effort devoted to content creation and distribution, so companies can concentrate on other management functions. “We have browser-based Web authoring, but we see it as one of many processes that are required to have a collaborative e-business solution,” says Scott Zirbel, director of sales and marketing for Exterprise. Exterprise’s ActiveMarket is aimed at large online marketplaces, giving them the ability to manage the entire process of content creation, submission, review, approval, and publication.

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Reading Speed and comprehension(3)Reading Speed and comprehension(3)

Web-page creation long ago advanced beyond the realm of the Webmaster. Programs such as Microsoft’s FrontPage gave the great unwashed a taste of site building. But as companies continue to decentralize their content creation and management, online communities and marketplaces are turning to browser-based programs that let system administrators set access rights for individual users so that employees—or business partners, portal members, or ASP customers—can edit their own pages, leaving professional Web-site creators free to focus on more sophisticated tasks.

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Knowledge in the worldKnowledge in the world

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The Gestalt Phenomena – CompletionThe Gestalt Phenomena – Completion

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Symbolic Processing vs VisualizationSymbolic Processing vs Visualization

Apalachicola,FL 29.73 85.03 Naples,FL 26.13 81.80DaytonaBeach,FL 29.18 81.05 Orlando,FL 28.43 81.32

FortMyers,FL 26.58 81.87 SaintPeters,FL 27.92 82.68FtLauderdale,FL 26.07 80.15 Sarasota,FL 27.40 82.55Jacksonville,FL 30.23 81.68 Tallahassee,FL 30.38 84.37

KeyWest,FL 24.55 81.75 WPalmBeach,FL 26.68 80.12

•Two pairs of closest cities•Two most distant•Most centered – shortest combined distance to all others

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Symbolic Processing vs VisualizationSymbolic Processing vs Visualization

St Peters Sarasota

Panama Tallahassee

West Palm

Lauderdale Fort Meyers

Apalachicola

Jacksonville

Orlando

Daytona

Naples

•Two pairs of closest cities•Two most distant•Most centered – shortest combined distance to all others

Key West

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Preattentive 1Preattentive 1

Find the Letter Q

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CAD ZXC ZXAKO SJD FNKA SJN DFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJA DKFJN GKJ DN MBNOM LRT LF K JGY UDSKFJ GKJS JLGKJAD FKJG K AJBFDGVFI EKJTG IUER THIUT YH IUB FJB DFFJA SNBF KJADS KSJD FNKASJNDFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJ XCCO DS DFZO DA DKFJJ YHN GKJSDF K JG DSKFJ GKS FQJS DFLH KG KJSDN FGKJ SKJ DF KSJBN HGJHD FNKASJ NDFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJA DKFJN GKJSDF K JG DSKFJ GKJS DFLKG KJSDN FG KJ SKJ DK L HJK LN MBB NVMF

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Preattentive 2Preattentive 2

Find the Red Letter

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CAD ZXC ZXAKO SJD FNKA SJN DFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJA DKFJN GKJ DN MBNOM LRT LF K JGY UDSKFJ GKJS JLGKJAD FKJG K AJBFDGVFI EKJTG IUER THIUT YH IUB FJB DFFJA SNBF KJADS KSJD FNKASJNDFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJ XCCO DS DFZO DA DKFJJ YHN GKJSDF K JG DSKFJ GKS FQJS DFLH KG KJSDN FGKJ SKJ DF KSJBN HGJHD FNKASJ NDFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJA DKFJN GKJSDF K JG DSKFJ GKJS DFLKG KJSDN FG KJ SKJ DK L HJK LN MBB NVMF

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Preattentive 3Preattentive 3

Find the Green Letter – thanks to a skeptical student from Molde

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CAD ZXC ZXAKO SJD FNKA SJN DFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJA DKFJN GKJ DN MBNOM LRT LF K JGY UDSKFJ GKJS JLGKJAD FKJG K AJBFDGVFI EKJTG IUER THIUT YH IUB FJB DFFJA SNBF KJADS KSJD FNKASJNDFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJ XCCO DS DFZO DA DKFJJ YHN GKJSDF K JG DSKFJ GKS FQJS DFLH KG KJSDN FGKJ SKJ DF KSJBN HGJHD FNKASJ NDFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJA DKFJN GKJSDF K JG DSKFJ GKJS DFLKG KJSDN FG KJ SKJ DK L HJK LN MBB NVMF

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Preattentive 4Preattentive 4

Find the open circle

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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Preattentive 5Preattentive 5

Find the closed circle

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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

RecallRecall

Here are a list of fonts

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TimesNewRoman Courier Helvetica Palatino Arial AvantGarde Bookman Bedrock NewCenturySchoolBook

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RecallRecall

Name a font beginning with a P

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RecognitionRecognition

Name a font beginning with a N TimesNewRoman Courier Helvetica Palatino Arial AvantGarde Bookman Bedrock NewCenturySchoolBook

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Short Term Memory & ChunkingShort Term Memory & Chunking

Be prepared when the list is completed to write the numbers down in the order that you saw them.

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11

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

44

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

99

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

22

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

11

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

77

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

77

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

66

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

11

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

00

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

66

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

66

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Here is another memory taskHere is another memory task

Be prepared when it is done to list the numbers in order on your sheet

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14921492

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17761776

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10661066

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Stroop Effect 1Stroop Effect 1

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Stroop Effect 2Stroop Effect 2

HFDF JD FHFD HAFDLGMADFLMGAD

FDKLGHJGHJJALKDFDFGHJHGJLAD;FLK

SDFAJMSL;KDJFASDFLHJKASL;DDFLAGHJJHKSLDASDLHJGKFAL;S

DSAFLAKSDKF;LASSDAOFPOASKDPOFASDFOAHJGHKASD

ASOPDFKODFKJA

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Stroop Effect 3Stroop Effect 3

GREENREDBLUE

YELLOWORANGEGREENBLACKBLUERED

BLACKYELLOW

RED

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A “Dozen” PrinciplesA “Dozen” Principles

Recognition is easier than recall There are visual shortcuts to awareness

(Triesman) Scripts and schema seem to explain

important aspects of cognition (Shank) People use both functional and

structural models of the world It is possible to encode knowledge in

the world (Gibson) It is clear that people enhance what

they perceive (Marr)

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

A “Dozen” Principles (continued)A “Dozen” Principles (continued)

There is evidence that people process information both propositionally and analogically (Shepard)

Working memory and the nature of attention make multiple high level processes difficult but do not interfere with automatic processes

There is evidence that memory is organized so as to support “prototypes” (Rosch)

One of the easiest ways to learn is through analogy and metaphor

Color can aid and interfere with symbolic processing

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What is your 12th Principle?What is your 12th Principle?