department of pulmonology leiden university medical center leiden university medical center klaus f....
Post on 21-Jan-2016
229 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Department of PulmonologyLeiden University Medical Center
LeidenUniversityMedicalCenter
Klaus F. Rabe MD, PhD
Getting the Message Across in Print - How to write a Scientific Article -
Istanbul May 2010
The Joys of Publishing
Why is my supervisor putting so much emphasis on publishing our data?
Where does my paper fit into the scientific journals arena?
What should I check before writing the paper?
How do I actually start writing my paper? introduction methods results discussion...
How do I handle reviewer’s comments?
How to cope with rejection, and how to celebrate acceptance?
Why Such Emphasis on Publishing?
presents data
level of interactio
n
global access
chance of
citation
Poster ++ +++ + -
Oral + + - -
Article +++ - +++ +++
Who Will be My Customer, When Writing Things Up?
Clinicians Scientists
How do I know who else is doing really good work in
my field?
How do I stay
clinically up-to-date?
What do I Need to Consider Before Writing the Paper?
The data novel or confirmative? strengths and weaknesses no duplicate publication
The authors only those who have done work or writing statement of interest
The journal specialty or general? fast acceptance? open access?
Impact Factor for 2010
Total number of citations in all scientific journals
during 2010, of papers from journal X published
during 2008 and 2009
____________________________________
Total number of papers published in journal X
during 2008 and 2009
Impact Factors of Journals in Our Field
Respiratory 2005
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
8.69
Thorax 6.15
Chest 4.01
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 3.99
Eur Respir J 3.95
Am J Physiol Lung 3.47
J Appl Physiol 3.04
Sarcoidois Vasc Dif 2.72
Resp Res 2.68
Respir Med 1.66
Pediatr Pulmonol 1.59
Pulm Pharmacol Ther 1.58
J Allergy Clin Immunol 7.67
Allergy
J Immunol 6.39
Allergy 4.12
Clin Exp Allergy 3.55
Impact Factors of General Medical Journals
Journal 2005
N Engl J Med 44.0
Science 30.9
Nature 29.3
Nature Med 28.9
Lancet 23.4
J Clin Invest 15.1
Plos Biology 14.7
Plos Medicine 8.39
Where do I get Information on (my) Citations and Impact
Factors?
http://portal.isiknowledge.com
Citations: Web of Science
Impact factors: Journal Citation Reports
The Essentials: a Checklist
Title, authors, institute Abstract Background/rationale Hypothesis/question Aim Endpoints Subjects (in-excl) Design
Intervention Measurements Analysis (+ stat. power) Results Tables and figures Discussion Conclusion References
Title, authors, institute Abstract Background/rationale Hypothesis/question Aim Endpoints Subjects (in-excl) Design
Intervention Measurements Analysis (+ stat. power) Results Tables and figures Discussion Conclusion References
The Essentials: a Checklist
References
Tables and figures
Discussion
Results
Methods
Introduction
Abstract
RationaleHypothesis
Study-designMethods
Resultswith data
ConclusionImplication
ABSTRACT
Generalbackgroundabout thedisease
Thespecificdilemma
Why isthis still
unresolved?
My ideato resolve it:Sell it as the
obvious approach
Hypothesisor question
Aim
Introduction
The Introduction funnels from something known, to something unknown, to the question the paper is asking
The Introduction may end with the question or may go on to state the experimental approach used to answer the question
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Introduction
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Introduction
The Funnel:
A Known,
B. Unknown,
C. Question,
D. Experimental Approach
Function of the Introduction:
Establish the context of the work being reported. This is accomplished by discussing the relevant Primary research Literature (with citations) and summarizing the current understanding of the problem you are investigating.
State the purpose of the work in the form of the hypothesis, or problem you investigated
Briefly explain your Rationale and approach and, whenever possible, the possible outcomes your study can reveal.
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Introduction
Style of the Introduction:
Use the active voice as much as possible.
Some use of the first person is okay, do not overdo it.
Some journals prefer the first person not to be used
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Introduction
Begin your Introduction by clearly identifying the subject area of interest
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Introduction
Establish the context by providing a brief and balanced review of the pertinent published literature that is available on the subject
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Introduction
What literature should you look for in your review of what we know about the problem?
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Introduction
Be sure to clearly state the purpose and /or hypothesis that you investigated
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Introduction
Provide a clear statement of the rationale for your approach to the problem studied
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Introduction
How to Start Writing my Paragraphs?
Split the thinking from the writing!
Make a flow chart of paragraphs
Give each paragraph a single label a single message (5 words) a bridge to the next paragraph
Add the references to each paragraph
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
- GINA 2006GINA 2006- Busse NEJM 2001Busse NEJM 2001- Rabe JACI 2004Rabe JACI 2004
- Tattersfield AJRCCM 1999Tattersfield AJRCCM 1999- O’Byrne AJRCCM 2001O’Byrne AJRCCM 2001
- Friedlander JACI 2005Friedlander JACI 2005- Johnston BMJ 1995Johnston BMJ 1995- GrGrünberg AJRCCM 2001ünberg AJRCCM 2001- Wark J Exp Med 2005Wark J Exp Med 2005
- Alcami Immol Today 2002Alcami Immol Today 2002- Krenn J Virol 2005Krenn J Virol 2005- Turner Paediatric Ann 2005Turner Paediatric Ann 2005
HypothesisWe postulated......
Our aim was to test this in........Therefore, we did......
Anti-viralMessage: effective in animalsBridge: why not in asthma?
MechanismsMessage: viral, specific inflammation
Bridge: better targets?
ExacerbationsMessage: prevalent, hazard
Bridge: despite current therapy
AsthmaMessage: Chronic, requires regular therapy
Bridge: High medical burden
What do I Need to Consider Before Writing the Paper?
The data novel or confirmative? strengths and weaknesses no duplicate publication
The authors only those who have done work or writing statement of interest
The journal specialty or general? fast acceptance? open access?
Competing interest normal and healthy, daily human
experience objectives, wishes, desires
Scientific result
A result I like
Conflict of Interest: What is it?
Scientific result
A better result
Conflict of Interest: What is it?
Competing interest normal and healthy, hourly human
experience objectives, wishes, desires
A better publication
Conflict of Interest: What is it?
Competing interest normal and healthy, hourly human
experience objectives, wishes, desires
Scientific result
Admiration
Conflict of Interest: What is it?
Competing interest normal and healthy, hourly human
experience objectives, wishes, desires
Scientific result
A better carreer
Conflict of Interest: What is it?
Competing interest normal and healthy, hourly human
experience objectives, wishes, desires
Scientific result
Conflict of Interest: For Whom?
Investigators
Authors
Institutes
Sponsors
Editors
Reviewers
Readers
Conflict of Interest: How Common is it?Investigators
0
10
20
30
40
Bekelman et al. JAMA 2003;289:454-465, Bhandari et al. Can Med Ass J 2004;170:477-480
%
Conflict of Interest: How Common is it?Study- and Institutional Level
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Study funding Stocks/shares 6 months pubdelay
Denied accessto data
Bekelman et al. JAMA 2003;289:454-465, Stelfox et al. NEJM 1998;338:101-106
%
Conflict of Interest: Does it have Impact?Odds Ratio 3.60 (2.6-4.9)
Bekelman et al. JAMA 2003;289:454-465
What is Meant by Disclosure?
Personal academic links rivalry sympathy/antipathy
consulting advisory board speaking attending symposium stocks/shares
any links with tobaccoindustry
Institutional study funding partnerships stocks/shares
any ties with tobacco industry
Designwhatwhen
how often
Subjectsincl, excl
subgroupsethics
Measurementsparameters
unitsvalidity
Interventiondose
complianceadverse effects
Analysistransformations
stat testsstat power
Methods
Baseline(sub)groups
cross-sectionaltable 1
Main questionfigures / tables
data in textreadable
Secondaryquestions
idem
Unexpectedobservations
very short
Results
Red linemain result(s)
messageimplication
Comparison withearlier studies
what is differentwhat is new!
Weakness/strengthdesign/methodsbias, stat-power:
be honest
InterpretationMechanisms
what is solved?and what is not?
Clinicalinterpretation
medicalrelevance
Conclusionwith
ImplicationSuggestion
Discussion
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Discussion
The function of the Discussion is to interpret your results in light of what was already known about the subject of the investigation, and to explain our new understanding of the problem after taking your results into consideration
Fundamental questions to answer include:
1.) Do your results provide answers to your testable hypotheses? If so, how do you interpret your findings?
2.) Do your findings agree with what others have shown? If not, do they suggest an alternative explanation or perhaps a unforeseen design flaw in your experiment (or theirs?)
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Discussion
Fundamental questions to answer include:
3.) Given your conclusions, what is our new understanding of the problem you investigated and outlined in the Introduction?
4.) If warranted, what would be the next step in your study, e.g., what experiments would you do next?
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Discussion
Style:
Use the active voice whenever possible.
Watch out for wordy phrases; be concise and
make your points clearly.
Use of the first person is okay, but too much
use of the first person may actually be
distracting
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Discussion
Relate your work to the findings of other
studies, including previous studies you may
have done and those of other investigators
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Discussion
Strength and Weakness of the study:
Not a very popular part of the discussion…
BUT: Necessary to report and discuss what the
strengths and shortcomings of your study are
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Discussion
Conclusion(s):
The discussion should end up with one or more
conclusions.
Authors are sometimes very cautious:Our
findings suggest, or Our preliminary results
indicate that, etc. Always try to find a very
positive finding and state this clearly
How to Write a Scientific ArticleThe Discussion
References
Tables and figures
Discussion
Results
Methods
Introduction
Abstract
The Revision: Reviewer’s Comments
Take your reviewer seriously
Take your reviewer seriously
Make a point-by-point list of replies, with headings referring to the issue of concern
Be honest, concise, and accurate
Try to accommodate most points in the manuscript, and tell the reviewer where you did
Tell the editor if and why you could not comply with some of the reviewer’s requests
Factors Influencing Publication of Research Results
Follow Up of Applications Submitted to Two Institutional Review boards
Dickersin K et al., JAMA 1992;267:374-378
Significant Results (Yes, No)
Clinical Trial (Yes, No)
Sample Size (>100, <100)
External Funding (Yes, No)
Sites (>1, 1)
No. of Study Groups (>1, 1)
PI Sex (M, F)
PI Degree (MD, not MD)
PI Rank (Professor, not Professor)
MEDPH
0.1 0.5 1 10 20 30
Odds Ratio
…..Submitted manuscripts are more likely to be published if they have high methodological quality, RCT study design, desriptive or qualitative analytical methods, and disclosure of any funding source, and if the corresponding author lives in the same country as that of the publishing journal. Larger sample size may also increase the chance of acceptance……… MJA 2006; 184:621-626
BMJ – Lancet – Annals of Internal Medicine
MJA 2006; 184:621-626
Association Between Characteristics of Submitted Manuscripts and Publication
Multivariate Analysis
Your Paper: Rejected?
Don’t panic
It is not you, it is your paper
Journals make a positive selection rather than a negative one
Reconsider the best suitable journal
Do not copy-paste the paper to another journal
Revise your paper according to the reviewer’s suggestions
And the fun starts all over again
Your Paper: Accepted?
Shout it out!!
But after one night...., the joy is over
Don’t panic
Your keybord is waiting for the next one !
top related