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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF MICROCONTROLLER BASED AUTOMATIC THREE PHASE
SELECTOR BY
ORISANAIYE IFEDA YO OLUWASEYI
2004/18754EE ..
A THESIS SUBMITED TO DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA NIGER STATE NIGERIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR IN ENGINEERING
DECEMBER, 2009.
DEDICATION
This project work is dedicated to JEHOVAH GOD who served as the spinal cord of my
success in the university.
This project is also dedicated to my beloved brother who served as my stepping stone
ENGR' ORISANA YE T JOSEPH.
ii
,
DECLARATION
I, ORISANAIYE IFEDA YO OLUWASEYI, declare that this work was done by me and has
never been presented elsewhere for the award of a degree. I also hereby relinquish the
copyright to the Federal University of Technology, Minna.
ORISANAIYE I OLUWASEYI. ENGN lG.KOLO
Name of Student Name of Supervisor
-~1.3.t.~.t'rb Signature and Date Signature and Date
Dr y.A. ADEDlRAN ........ . . .. . .. .. ..... . .......
Name of H.O.D Name of External Examiner
Signature and Date Signature and date
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To my father in heaven, the creator of Heaven and Earth, JEHOVAH. It is you that
deserve all the praise and glory, for the favor, protection and honor you have bestowed
upon me at this point in my life.
My parents; Mr. Simon Orisanaiye & Mrs. Janet Orisanaiye, words are definitely not
enough to appreciate and thank you for your prayers, support and the trust you both have
given to me. I look at both of you and you give me every reason to want to excel in life,
you both undoubtedly are the best. I love you both. My prayer is that I continue to be a
source of joy to you.
To my amiable, principled and incorruptible Head of Department, Dr. Yunusa Adediran,
you are one in a million, I thank you sir for the discipline and sense of responsibility you
have instilled in my colleagues and I. God bless you and your family sir.
My project supervisor, engr J.G.KOLO, meeting you has taken me step closer to my
success; you are an uncle, a friend and a brother. I thank you for your assistance, support
and encouragement throughout the course of executing this project. God bless you sir.
To the class of 2009 graduates of Electrical and Computer Engineering; the top is where
all of us belong; I will definitely miss you all.
IV
ABSTRACT.
The mains supply in Nigeria fluctuates widely due to overloading, ageing and improper
distribution ofloads among the three phases of the consumers'! substation transformer.
Appliances such as video cassette player, television as well as those containing compressors like
air conditioners, refrigerators, etc could be damaged due to this variation and fluctuation in
voltage mains.
The automatic three-phase selector is an electronic circuit that is capable of detecting voltage
levels by means of a micro-controller that does some level of comparison before initializing a
logic combinational circuit that does some logic combination before initializing an electronic
relay switch action. The relay is energize only when the mains voltage is within an accepted pre
determined limit, outside of which relay remains dormant .voltage levels below the desired range
is ignored. This device is designed to work with a 3-phase input signal. The device functions in
the form of an automatic electronic switch, switching between three potentials, with the aim of
supplying the highest potential to the load and supplying one out of either of phases with the
same potential.
v
Table of Contents
Title Page ............ .. . .... . ... . ...................... .. ................................ . ............. I
Dedication .. .. ........................ ....... . .... : .................. . ...................... . ..... .. '" ii
Declaration ............ . ... .... . .. ............ . ...... . . .. . ....... . ..... . .. ... ... . ...... .... .... ... .. .. iii
Acknowledgement .. ............. . ..... ............................................................. iv
Abstract . .. .... . ...... .. .............. . ... ... .. .. . ..... ..... ... ... . .. ... . ........... ......... . . .. .... ... V
Table of Contents .... . ........ . . ... ............... .. . .. .. .. ..... ... ............... . .. .. . ........ vi-viii
Lists of Figures ................... ........... . . .. . . ...... .. ........... . ... . .. , ........ ... . ...... . .. ix-x
List of Tables ............ . ...... ............. . ........ . . . . .. ............. . .... .............. .. . . ....... xi
Chapter One: Introduction ........... .. . . ............ .. ..... .................... .......... .. .. ... ... 1
Project aim and Objective ..... . . ...... ...... ......................... . ................. . .... 3
Methodology . . . ...... .. . ... . .... . ........ .......... . . . ...... .. .. . ..... ... ........... ..... . ... ...... 3
Scope of Study ... .. .. ..... .................. ...... .. . .. .... . .... . ...... . .. . . .... ... ... ... ... . . .. . 3
Relevant of project .. .. ......... ... ..... . .. . .. . ......... .. .. ..... . . .. ..... .............. . .. . ..... 4
Project layout ......... . .. . .. ... ..... . ... .... .. ........................... ... ... ....... . .. . . . . .... .4
Chapter Two: Literature Review! Theoretical background ... .... .. ..... . ............... . ..... 5
Theoretical Background ... . . . .......... .... . ..... . ....... . ... .. ........ ................. . ...... 5-10
Block diagram ........ . .. . ....... ... . ... ... ......... .. ............................ . ... . ... . . . ..... 11
apter Three: Design and Implementation ........... .. ......... ... ...... ... ...... ............... .. .............. ... . 12
The component choice and description ...... ................ ...... ......... ....... . ..... .. 12
3.1.1 Capacitor .................... . ......... . ....... . .. .. . . . ...... . ..... .. .... ... . .. ... . . .. .... 12
3.1.2 Voltage Regulators IC ..... .. ............................... . .. .... ... . . .... .. ..... . 13-14
3.1.3 Diodes ..... .. .. .. . . . . ...... : .... . ........ . .... ............ ........... . .... .... . .. .. .. .. ... 14
VI
3.1.4 Transistors . .................... . . . ......... . .. . ........ . .. . .......... .. ... . ..... . ...... 15-16
3.2 Power supply unit. ................ . .............................. .. ............................. 16-18
3.2.1 Transformer ... . .... . . ... .. ........... .. .... . ... .. ...... . ... .......... ...... .. . ..... . 18-20
3.2.2 Bridge rectifier , ......... . ............ .. . . .. .. ........................... . .... . ........ . .... 20
3.2.3 Filtering ... . .. .... ... ...... . . .. .. . ......... . .. . ..... . ...... . ... . . . .. . ......... . . . ...... .. . 20-21
3.2.3.1
3.2.3.2
Mathematical reasons .. .. .. . .. . . . . . ... ... . ......... . ....... ..... . .. .. . .. 21-22
Low voltage cut off .. ........ ...................... .............. .... .. .. 22
3.2.3.2.1 Mathematical reasons .. . ........ .. .... . ...... . ........... ... ... 22-23
3.2.4 Choice of voltage regulator .................. .. ............... . . .. ......... .. ... ...... . 23
3.3 Control unit. ... .. .. ... . ... ... . ... . ..... . .... . .. . . . .. ...... . ..... . .... . ... . ....... ... . . . . . . ... . 24-25
3.2.1 8051 Microcontroller. .. ... .. .... . . .. .. . . . ...... . ...... ... ......... . .... . ... .. .... . .... . 26-27
3.4 switch circuit. ... . ...... ....... . ..... . .... . . .. ....... ..... ... . ... . .......... . ......... . . .. ........ 28-30
3.5 Relay unit. . .... . ... . ........ . ... .. . .. . .. .. . ... . . .. . . .. .. ........ .. ..... ... . . .... . . . . . ...... . .. 30-31
3.5.1 Calculations involve . .. . .. . .. . ... . ..... .. . . .......... . ... . ........... . .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. 31
3.6 Display unit. . ... . ............................ . .. . .. . .. . .. . .... . ............ . .... . ... . . .. .... . 32-33
3.6.1 Programs .. . .. . ..... .. . . .... . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . ... .. ........ .. . . . . ... .. . ... .. . . . . . .... . . .. 34-36
3.7 circuit diagram . ....... . .... ... ........ . ..... . .... .. ........ . .................. . .. . ... . . . .......... 36
Chapter Four: Construction, Testing and Result .................... .. ............................ .. .... .. ...... .. .. 37
4.1 Testing .. .. . .......... . ... . ............ . .. . .. . ......... . . . .. . ........... . .. . .... . .... . . ... .... . .. 37-38
4.2 Result and discussion of result .............. . .. . .. . .. . ...... . ..... .. ............. ..... .. .. 38-40
4.3 casing .. . . ....... . ........ .' . . ....... . . .. ................ . ......... . .... .. ..... . ........ . ..... . . ... 40
4.4 Circuit Construction ...................... .. . ................ ......................... .. .40-41
4.5 List of components ............................ . . . . . ... . ...... . ......... . .... . . .. ... ... .. . ... 41
Vll
Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 conclusion . .................................................................................... 43
5.2 IZeCOlTIlTIendation .... . ... . .. ... .. .. . ... .. . .. .... .. . · .......... ... ... . ... ....... . ..... ... .. ... 44
Reference ......... . ....... ... ..... . .......... . ...... . ............ .. . .... . ..... ... . ................ . ..... ... . 45
Appendix . .... ... . ...... . . .. ... .. . ... .. ... . .. ... ............ ... ........ ... ........ ......... . ... . .. 46-48
Vlll
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG.2.1 Motorized voltage control system 6
FIG.2.2 Block diagram of a resonant circuit voltage regulator 7
FIG.2.3 Block diagram of the automated voltage regulator 8
FIG.2.4 Block diagram of an A.C inversion system 9
FIG.2.S Phase controlled automatic voltage regulator 10
FIG.2.6 Circuit block diagram 11
FIG.3.1 Capacitor circuit symbol 13
FIG.3.2 Schematic symbol and pin out of a 78xx series regulator 14
FIG.3.3 Diode circuit symbol 14 I
FIG.3.4 A circuit symbol of BJT transistor 15
FIG.3.S Block diagram of a regulated power unit 17
fIG.3.6 Power unit 18
FIG.3.7 The circuit symbol of a transformer 19
FIG.3.8 Pin layout of 8051 microcontroller 24
The program flow chart 25
BJT when reverse biased 28
ix
FIG 3.11 BJT when forward biased 29
FIG.3.12 Driver circuit 30
FIG.3.13 Relay circuit 30
FIG.3.14 Seven segment display 33
FIG.3.15 Program codes 34-36
FIG.3.16 Circuit diagram 37
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