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DESIGN OF SOFTWARE PACKAGE FORINCORPORATION OF RANDOM LOAD TESTINGAND DATA PROCESSING ON MATERIALS
TESTING SYSTEM MACHINE.
Frederick Martin Blakely
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
Monterey, California
THESISDESIGN OF SOFTWARE PACKAGE FOR INCORPORATIONOF RANDOM LOAD TESTING AND DATA PROCESSING
ON MATERIALS TESTING SYSTEM MACHINE
by
Frederick Martin Blakely, Jr.
June 1978
Thesis Advisor: G. H. Lindsey
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
T28405c
UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PACE (When Date Entered)
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEI. REPORT NUMBER
READ INSTRUCTIONSBEFORE COMPLETING FORM
2. GOVT ACCESSION NO RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
4. TITLE (end Subtitle)
Design of Software Package for Incorpor'ation of Random Load Testing and DataProcessing on Materials Testing SystemMachine
5. TYPE OF REPORT ft PERIOD COVERED
Master's Thesis:June 1978
«. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7. AUTHOR^
Frederick Martin Blakely
• • CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERS
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASKAREA ft WORK UNIT NUMBERS
11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS
Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
12. REPORT DATEJune 1978
13. NUMBER OF PAGES
14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME ft ADDRESSf/* dlllerent Irom Controlling Olllce)
Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
IS. SECURITY CLASS, (ot thl» riport)
UnclassifiedHi. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING
SCHEDULE
16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ot thl» Report)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ot the mbetrmct entered In Block 30, II dlllerent Irom Report)
IB. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
19. KEY WORDS (Continue on referee tide II neceeeery end Identity by block number)
Sequence LoadingWORDS (Continue on reveree eld*
Spectrum LoadingFatigue MonitorMicrocomputerMicroprocessor
Materials Testing SystemData Acquisition System
20. ABSTRACT (Continue on arr and Identity by block number)
This thesis describes the software design and implementationof a microprocessor-based, random load drive and data acquisitionsystem on a Material Testing System (MTS) machine.
A microprocessor, combination analog input/output module,magnetic cassette tape recorder, and strain gage network form astrain data acquisition system for recording sequential strainpeaks and troughs on specimens subjected to flight load histories
DD ,
'™n 1473
(Page 1)
EDITION OF 1 NOV «» IS OBSOLETES/N 0102-014- 6601 |
]_
UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Dmta Entered)
UNCLASSIFIEDfdu^Tv CLASSIFICATION OF this p » G E rw* •« n»i« f»i.;..<
The data will be used to estimate the fraction of the fatiguelife expended in a test specimen.
A high speed digital computer is linked by telephone lineto a microcomputer development system to create the randomiza-tion of fatigue loads specified in Mil Spec 8866 Spectrum Afor use by the MTS machine.
DD Form 1473 UNCLASSIFIEDI o
S/N 0102-014-6601 z> kcu«itv cl*mi»ic*tio«i or tmii Main** m» *"'•"«
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
Design of Software Package for Incorporationof Random Load Testing and Data Processing
on Materials Testing System Machine
by
Frederick Martin BlakelyLieutenant Commander, United States NavyB.S., Naval Postgraduate School, 1970
Submitted in partial fulfillment of therequirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
from the
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
June 1978
ABSTRACT
This thesis describes the software design and implementa-
tion of a microprocessor- based, random load drive and data
acquisition system on a Material Testing System (MTS) machine.
A microprocessor, combination analog input/output module,
magnetic cassette tape recorder, and strain gage network form
a strain data acquisition system for recording sequential
strain peaks and troughs on specimens subjected to flight load
histories. The data will be used to estimate the fraction of
the fatigue life expended in a test specimen.
A high speed digital computer is linked by telephone line
to a microcomputer development system to create the randomiza-
tion of fatigue loads specified in Mil Spec 8866 Spectrum A
for use by the MTS machine.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 11
II. STRAIN DATA RECORDING 14
A. HARDWARE COMPONENTS 14
1. Intel System 80/10 Microcomputer 14
2. System 80/10 Monitor Program 16
3. 8255 Programmable Peripheral InterfaceDevice 16
4. SBC-732 Combination Analog Input/OutputBoard 21
5. Memodyne Model 173 Cassette Recorder 21
B. SOFTWARE PACKAGE 24
1. Tape File Format 24
2. The Write Program 27
a. Write a Record Subroutine 28
b. Write a Character Subroutine 28
5. The Read Program 29
a. Read a Record Subroutine 29
b. Read a Character Subroutine 30
4. ADC and DAC Programming 30
a. General Description 30
b. Read/Write Formats 32
c. Command Register Format 32
d. Status Register Format 32
e. ADC Data 56
f. DAC Data 36
5
III. RANDOM LOAD TESTING 39
A. LOAD SEQUENCE RANDOMIZATION TECHNIQUE 3 9
B. RANDOM LOAD ACCURACY AND FORMAT 39
1. 8080A CPU Double Precision Accuracy 40
2. ADC and DAC Data Word Format 40
3. Conversion of Loads to Voltages 41
4. Example 43
C. COMMUNICATIONS LINK BETWEEN IBM- 3 60AND MDS-8 00 VIA TELEPHONE LINE 4 4
1. CP/CMS Control Program- 67/CambridgeMonitor System 44
2. MDS-800 Microcomputer Development System 44
3. Disk Operating System 44
4. Hexlink Program 45
5. CP/CMS DumpF Command 46
D. PUNCHING LOAD DATA ON PAPER TAPE 47
1. CP/M 47
2. CP/M Dump Command Modification (Dumpl) 48
3. Punching Paper Tape Command 48
IV. SYSTEM OPERATION 49
A. SUBROUTINES 49
1. VALDT Subroutine 49
2. SGLCHN Subroutine 50
3. HEADING Subroutine 51
4. Display File Subroutine (DSFILE) 53
5. RAMP Subroutine 55
B. EXECUTIVE ROUTINES 56
1. MAIN Executive 56
2. SORCLD Executive 58
3. LOAD Executive 60
4. ADCCHN Executive 61
5. ADCMXM Executive 62
6. MASTER Executive 62
7. READ Executive 63
C. PRELIMINARY SYSTEM QUALIFICATION 64
1. DC Calibration 64
2. Incremental DC Volt Step Test 64
3. Sinusoidal Signal Reconstruction 65
4. Peak and Troughs Test 65
5. Driver Test 65
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6 7
APPENDIX A: Glossary 68
APPENDIX B: Memory Map 7
APPENDIX C: Source Listings 71
APPENDIX D: Hexlink Program 108
APPENDIX E: Randomized Mil Spec 8866 Spectrum A Loads- -128
LIST OF REFERENCES 151
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 132
LIST OF TABLES
I. Features of Peripheral Interface Lines 17
II. Port Assignment 8255 20
III. SBC 732 Board Specifications 23
IIIA. SBC 732 Analog Output/Input Pin Assignment 31
IV. SBC 732 iMemory Address Assignments 33
V. Programmable Gain vs. ADC Full-Scale Range 34
VI. Frequency of Maneuver Loads 40
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Materials Testing System (MTS) 12
2. Single Board Computer 80/10 15
3. 8255 #2 Mode Control Word 19
4. SBC-732 Combination Analog- Input/Output Board 22
5. Memodyne Model 173 Cassette Recorder 25
6. Tape File Format -26
7. MUX Address and Gain Format -34
8. Command Register Format -35
9. Status Register Format 35
10. ADC Data Format -37
11. DAC Data Format -37
12. ADC and DAC Data Word -41
13. SBC-80/10 Front Panel with ADC and DACBNC Connectors 60
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to express his sincere appreciation
to all those who provided background material and technical
information in the microprocessor and computer science fields.
Particular thanks are due to Dr. Gerald H. Lindsey, thesis
advisor, for his direction and counsel; to LT. Cleveland D.
Englehart, USN, for his technical knowledge and software
programming techniques; to Mr. Ted Dunton, Chief Technician,
for his tireless and cheerful troubleshooting; to Mr. John
Drakeford, Industrial Control Project Manager, and Mr. Tom
Rossi, System Design Engineer, Intel Corporation, for their
aid in software application and product support.
Most of all, thanks to my family for their endless support
and understanding.
10
I. INTRODUCTION
With the greater complexity and cost of new weapon systems,
together with the general economic pressures to control expend-
itures, there is an urgent need to obtain maximum use from the
operational lives of aircraft.
Currently, fatigue monitoring of naval aircraft is based
on the total number of g readings recorded at four selected
levels by an exceedence level counting accelerometer . Using
microprocessors, it will soon be possible to record in sequence
each maximum and minimum load level experienced by an aircraft.
The data collected can be used to monitor the fatigue life of
a structure via the determination of damage accumulated at a
point found to be critical in a structural test of a prototype.
The objective of this research work was to design a soft-
ware package to incorporate random load testing and data pro-
cessing on a Materials Testing System (MTS) machine (Figure 1).
The random load history would come from either monitored flight
data or computer generated sequences.
The entire software package was written in two phases.
The first phase consists of software for a single channel
strain data acquisition system. This acquisition system is
designed to process and record in sequence data originating
from strain gages located at fatigue critical points. The
data obtained will be sequential peaks and troughs that will
be used to estimate the fraction of the fatigue life of the
structure that has been expended.
11
wmm
Figure 1 Materials Testing System (MTS)
12
The system developed is composed of two major subsystems:
the Write subsystem and the Read subsystem. The Write sub-
system is tasked with the collection of data. It makes use
of a microprocessor, analog to digital converter, a magnetic
tape recorder, and a strain gage network to monitor strain-
generated signals, identify significant events and record the
collected data. The Read subsystem is tasked with the retrieval
and display of the data from the Write subsystem recorder.
Phase two of the software package consists of software
necessary to incorporate randomization of MIL SPEC 8866
SPECTRUM A loads into a material testing system.
This system creates random loads on the IBM 360 computer,
transmits load data via telephone line to the MDS 800 micro-
computer development system, and finally punches the load data
on punch paper tape, which supplies the random load sequence
for the MTS.
The entire software package represents a smooth interface
between the high level Fortran language used by the IBM system
360 and the low level assembly language of the system 80/10
microcomputer
.
A glossary of terms commonly used in the instrumentation
engineering, data processing and computing disciplines is
presented in Appendix A.
13
II. STRAIN DATA RECORDING
A. HARDWARE COMPONENTS
1 . Intel System 80/10 Microcomputer
The Intel 80/10 Microcomputer System is self-contained,
utilizing the SBC-80/10 single board computer. The standard
system 80/10 contains IK (IK - 1024 bytes) of 8-bit read/write,
Random Access Memory (RAM). Sockets for up to 4K of 8-bit
words of non-volatile Read-Only-Memory (ROM) are provided in
the system. The 8-bit Intel 8080A CPU is the central proces-
sor for the system 80/10. [Figure 2].
The 8080A contains six 8-bit general purpose registers
and an accumulator. The six general purpose registers may be
addressed individually or in pairs, providing both single and
double precision operators.
The 8080A has a 16-bit program counter, which allows
direct addressing of up to 64K bytes of memory. An external
stack at memory location 7FFFH may be used as a last in/first
out stack to store the contents of the program counter, flags,
accumulator, and all of the six general purpose registers. A
16-bit stack pointer addresses the external stack. This pro-
vides subroutine nesting that is bounded only by memory size.
The system 80/10 contains 48 programmable parallel
input/output (I/O) lines implemented by two Intel 8255 Pro-
grammable Peripheral Interface (PPI) devices. Software is
used to configure the I/O lines in combinations of undirect ional
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parts and bidirectional parts. Section 3 will discuss in
detail the setup of the Intel 8255 PPI devices used for this
thesis
.
2. Svstem 80/10 Monitor Program
A standard feature of the system 80/10 is a software
monitor, which is programmed in two ROM's. The monitor pro-
vides two basic capabilities: (1) it accesses console input/
output routines as well as paper tape input/output control
software; (2) the monitor, along with a teletype (TTY) or a
cathode ray tube (CRT) , provides the user with a console that
furnishes immediate access to both memory and registers. It
also has control commands to begin execution, display, or
alter the contents of the memory or registers. The system
monitor ROM's are positioned in the first two ROM sockets of
the SBC-80/10 computer, occupying memory locations to 2048.
A more complete description of monitor commands is given in
Ref . [1] .
3
.
8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface Device
The peripheral interface section of Group 2 contains
24 peripheral interface lines, buffers, and control logic.
The characteristics and functions of the interface lines are
determined by the operating mode selected under program con-
trol; three modes of operation may be selected:
MODE - BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT
MODE 1 - STROBED INPUT/OUTPUT WITH INTERRUPT SUPPORT
MODE 2 - BIDIRECTIONAL BUS WITH INTERRUPT SUPPORT
16
Table I lists the basic features of the peripheral
interface lines within each mode group. This thesis will
utilize the mode basic input/output mode only.
TABLE I
Features of Peripheral Interface Lines
Mode — Basic Input/Output
Two 8-bit ports
Two 4-bit ports with bit set/reset capability
Outputs are latched
Inputs are not latched
Mode 1 — Strobed Input/Output
One or two strobed ports
Each Mode 1 port contains:
8-bit data port
3 control lines
Interrupt support logic
Any port may be input or output
If one Mode 1 port is used, the remaining 13 lines
may be configured in Mode 0.
If two Mode 1 ports are used, the remaining 2 bits
may be input or output with bit set/reset capability.
Mode 2 — Strobed Bidirectional Bus
One bidirectional bus which contains:
8-bit bidirectional bus supported by Port A
5 control lines
Interrupt support logic
Inputs and outputs are latched
Tho remaining 11 lines may be configured in either
Mode or Mode 1.
17
The mode definition control word shown in Figure 3
is used to specify the configuration of the peripheral inter-
face lines on the 8255 device. When the opcode field (bit 7)
of the control word is equal to one, the control word is in-
terpreted by the 8255 as a mode definition control word. The
system softwear may specify the modes of port A and B inde-
pendently as input or output when in mode 0. Port C may be
treated as input only, output only, or divided into two por-
tions of input and output, as required by the port A and port
B mode definitions.
In group 2 the 8255 chip, with the control register
address of EBH, was configured through the use of the mode
control word interface as:
PORT A - MODE OUTPUT
PORT B - MODE INPUT
PORT C - MODE INPUT (STATUS)
PORT C - MODE OUTPUT (CONTROL)
The following mode control word was used:
1000 0011 (Binary)
8 3 (Hex)
The assembly language program is:
CONTROL EQU OEBH; 8255 #2 ADDRESS
MVI A,83H ; move control word into ACCM
OUT CONTROL ; output to address OEBH
18
(control word)
10
-- port C lower, input
- port B, input
select mode for port B,port C lower
-- port C upper, output
— port A output
- select mode 00 for port A,port C upper
- enable system
Figure 3. 8255 #2 Mode Control Word.
Now, let's take a closer look at port C since its
functions are split between control and status monitoring.
The address of port C is 0EAH, as shown in Table II. For
example, 11110000, or 0F0H, will put the recorder in the Write
mode and start writing characters. The assembly language
program follows:
PORT C EQU 0EAH; PORT C
MVI A,0F0H ; PORT C
OUT PORT C ;
ADDRESS
CONTROL WORD
19
TABLE II
Port Assignment 8255
SBC-80/10 Cable (Tape)ADDR J2 DB2 5 Memodyne Name/Function
Port A 43 2 M 2°
45 3 N 21
47 4 U 22 DATA TO
49 5 V 23
51 6 w 2* RECORDER39 7 X 2
5
EB 37 8 Y 26
35 9 19 27
Port B 05 14 2 2°
7 15 C 21
9 16 F 22 DATA FROM
3 17 H 23
11 18 J 21
* RECORDER13 19 K 2
5
E9 15 20 10 26
17 21 11 27
STATUS
Port C 25 25 20 STATUS23 10 8 TAPE SYNC
EA21 11 S CIP19 12 17 BEOT
CONTROL
Port C 27 13 A LWD FWD
EA
2931
2223
L
12RWDSTART/STOP
33 24 22 WR/RD
1 14 GND
20
4
.
SBC-732 Combination Analog Input/Output Board
The SBC-732 is an analog input/output subsystem which,
under microprocessor control, performs the basic functions of
data acquisition of analog inputs and controlled analog output
signals [Fig. 4] . There are three programmable modes of oper-
ation for the acquisition of analog inputs: repetitive single
input, sequential channel scan input, and random channel input
The 732 multiplexer can accommodate 8 differential or
16 single-ended analog input channels. All input channels
are pretested to +_28V by clamping diodes and fusible current-
limit resistors.
The selected differential or single-ended input is
applied to the analog- to-digital connection (ADC) via a pro-
grammable gain amplifier, which under program control was
selected to provide a gain of 1. The ADC is a 12-bit, 35.7
microsecond, successive approximation device with an internal
sample-and-hold (S/H) amplifier. The ADC was jumper selected
for +_10V full scale inputs. The A/D conversion process was
initiated by program command.
Each of the two 12-bit non-isolated digital - to- analog
converters (DAC's) were configured for +10 volts full-scale
voltage output. Table III contains SBC-732 board specifica-
tions .
5
.
Memodyne Model 173 Cassette Recorder
The recorder is a memodyne model 173 magnetic tape
recorder. The model 173 is a parallel input/output, read/
write unit designed to be compatible with ASCII requirements.
21
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TABLE III
SBC-732 Specifications
Power Requirements Vcc
- + 5V 5S
I„„ = 2 . 5A maximumcc
Physical Characteristics:
Width:
Depth:
Thickness
:
Weight:
34.48 cm (12.00 inches)
17.15 cm (6.75 inches)
1 . 27 cm ( . 50 inches)
567 gm (20 ounces)
Addressing Reserves a block of 16 contiguous memory locationsrelating to a jumper-selectable memory baseaddress
.
Analog Input:
Number of Channels
:
Resolution
:
S/H Aperture Time
S/H Uncertainty
Overall Accuracy (25°C)
A/D Conversion Speed
8 differential or 16 singleended; expandable to 16 dif-ferential or 52 single-ended
12 bits (.025%), bipolar orunipolar
< 20 nanoseconds
5 nanoseconds
0.05% FSR + 1/2 LSB (Gain 2)
28 KHZ
Throughput
:
Sample Rate (single channel) 17 KHZ
Channel-to-Channel Rate 16 KHZ
Analog Output:
Number of Channels
Resolution
Two, non-isolated
12 bits, bipolar or unipolar(jumper selectable)
Voltage Output Characteristics:
Output Ranges
Output Current
Output Impedance
+5V, + 10V, +5V, +10V(jumper selectable)
5 MA @ +10V
. 2 ohm
23
When writing, this mode accepts 7-bit parallel input data
and formats the data word into serial format suitable for
recording on the tape. When reading, a start command will
cause one 8-bit character to be read and will present this
data in parallel format at the output. Figure 5 shows the
cassette tape recorder front panel and controls.
B. SOFTWARE PACKAGE
1 . Tape File Format
The purpose of the file format is to control input
and output data in a manner that will permit the determination
of the quantity and the accuracy encountered in the Read/Write
operations
.
All data stored on the tape will be arranged in the
file format illustrated in Figure 6. The three leading
zeroes in each record of the file provide the means for a
simple test to determine that the file type character is
approaching. The next character after the leading zeroes is
the file type character. This type of designation enables
the specific identification of each file. Record type 1
refers to source data that was obtained from actual flights;
on the other hand, record type 2 refers to source data derived
from computer generated flight loads. The next character in
a record is the record length, which indicates the quantity
of bytes which comprise the remainder of the record (excluding
the terminal checksum character) . The record length character
permits the writing of specific length Write/Read routines
24
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LeadingZeroes
RecordType
RecordLength Data Checksum
000 01 81H Julian Date
Aircraft Type
BUNO
Configuration
Gross Weight
CS
r Miss ion
000 02 94H MTS Scale Factor CS
Limit Load
• Cross SectionalArea
Random Number Seed
Strain Data Follows
000 03 (OO-FF)Hex (Strain Gage Data) CS
000 04 ODH End of File CS
Figure 6. Tape File Format
26
and ensures that the proper quantity of data is transferred
to/from the tape. The final character in a record is the
checksum, which is a Modulo 257 sum of the data in the record
between the file length character and the checksum itself.
As the data are written on the tape, the checksum is calculated
and then written at the end of each record to which they per-
tain. As the data are read from the tape, a new checksum is
calculated, computed with the previously calculated checksum
and, if an error exists, a CHECKSUM ERROR message is printed.
This error would indicate that a difference exists between the
data that were written on the tape and those which were read
from the tape. A rewind and rerecord operation is then at the
discretion of the operator.
2 . The Write Program
The modularity of the design of the program permits a
very simple conceptual construction of the Write main program.
Subroutines are called to perform the "work" of the program,
while the main program itself acts as the "manager." The
operation of the main Write program is as follows:
The type of source load data, actual or simulated,
determines whether record type 1 or 2 is accepted into RAM.
The recorder head is moved onto the tape oxide in preparation
to write. For each file, only three records are written
the tape. The tape is stopped after the fourth record is
written. The system 80/10 returns to monitor for future
control of the operation.
27
on
a. Write a Record Subroutine
The "write a record" subroutine (WRREC) writes
the individual records on the tape. Operation of the sub-
routine is as follows: 1) The address in RAM that starts
the record data chain is loaded into the H,L register pair.
2) The record type character is loaded into the D register.
3) The record length is loaded into the C register. 4) The
subroutine is called. 5) A gap is put on tape for the phys-
ical separation of records. 6) The checksum is initiated.
7) The three leading zeroes, file type and file length are
written on the tape. 8) One data byte is written on the
tape. 9) The checksum is updated. 10) The record length
counter is decremented. 11) If the record counter has not
reached zero, indicating that all data have been transferred,
the program continues looping through step 8. If the record
counter has reached zero, all data have been transferred; and
12) the checksum is written on the tape. 13) Finally, another
gap is put on the tape for further physical separation of files
b. Write a Character Subroutine
This subroutine (WRCHAR) takes a byte of data from
the accumulator and writes it on the tape. The operation of
the "write a character" subroutine is as follows: 1) the tape
recorder head is positioned near the tape oxide; 2) a write/
start signal is sent to the tape recorder control port (the
signal must be present for approximately one millisecond for
the recorder to recognize it); 5) the status bit is sampled:
if it is high, the recorder is still writing and the sampling
continues; when the status bit goes low, the recorder has
completed the Write operation; and 4) a five millisecond delay
is activated to ensure that the tape recorder is prepared to
accept another write/start signal initiating the writing of
the next data bit.
5 . The Read Program
The Read main program also "manages" the Read sub-
routines. The operation of the Read main program is as
follows: 1) the tape recorder head is positioned near the
tape oxide; 2) the RAM address at which the tape data will be
stored is loaded into H,L register pair; 5) all records on
the tape are read with each record type character being checked
for the "end of file" record character (in this program, record
type 4 indicates the end of the file) . If the file type 4 is
sensed, 4) the "end of file" message is printed and the 80/10
is returned to the calling program,
a. Read a Record Subroutine
This subroutine reads a record from the tape,
stores the data in RAM, and outputs the data to the output
device (CRT or TTY) . The operation of the READ A RECORD sub-
routine is as follows: 1) the RAM storage address is loaded
into the H,L register pair; 2) incoming data is checked and
rejected until the input of the record leading zeroes; 3) the
leading zeroes are noted, but rejected as data; 4) the record
type character is accepted as the first bytes of significant
data. If the record type is 4, the END OF FILE message is
printed and 80/10 is returned to monitor. If the record type
29
is not 4, then 5) the record length character is accepted,
indicating the length of data to be read from this record.
6) As each data byte is read, stored and output to CRT or
TTY, a new checksum is calculated. After all data have been
read, 7) the new checksum is compared with the previous check-
sum stored on tape, and if in error the CHECKSUM ERROR message
is printed. If no error, 8) control is returned to the calling
program.
b. Read a Character Subroutine
This subroutine takes a byte of data from the tape
and moves it into the accumulator. The operation of the READ
A CHARACTER subroutine is as follows: 1) the read/start sig-
nal is sent to the tape recorder control port for at least
one millisecond; 2) the tape SYNC bit is sampled until it is
high, indicating that the tape recorder has commenced reading;
3) the tape SYNC bit is sampled until it is low, indicating
that the tape recorder has completed the Read operation; 4) a
5-millisecond delay is provided to ensure that the tape re-
corder is ready to accept the next read/start signal for the
next character; 5) the byte of data is sent from the tape
recorder output port to the accumulator; 6) control is returned
to the calling program.
4 . ADC and DAC Programming
a. General Description
This section illustrates and describes the com-
mand, status, and data formats for programming the ADC and
DAC channels. A more complete description can be found in
Ref. [2]. Also see Table IIIA for pin assignments.
30
TABLE IIIA
SBC 732 ANALOG OUTPUT/ INPUTPIN ASSIGNMENT
Edge Connector/Pin Number Function EIA Comments
Jl/36 DAC 1: V «.out19
Jl/39 DAC 1: Analog Rtn Analog
Jl/42 DAC )3: V +H out18 Output
Jl/45 DAC 0: Analog Rtn
J2/4 Channel 1
J2/6 8 9
J2/8 1 2
J2/10 9 10
J2/12 2 3
J2/14 10 11
J2/16 3 4 Analog
J2/18 11 12 Input
J2/20 4 5
J2/22 12 14
J2/24 5 6
J2/26 13 13
J2/28 6 7
J2/30 14 16
J2/32 7 8
J2/34 15 17
J2/3-33 Analog Rtn 21-25
J2/39-45 Digital Common 1
J2/40 Clock Out 2
J2/42 Ext. Trigger In 3
J2/44 EOC Trigger Out 4
J2/46 EOS Status Out 5
J2/48 Analog Return 6
31
The system 80/10 communicates with SBC-732
through a sequence of Read and Write commands. Table IV lists
the individual commands associated with the SBC-732 ADC and
DAC ' s . These commands are addressed as specific memory loca-
tions relative to the memory base address F700H. If, for
example, the memory base address is F700, the address M + A
implies the specific memory address F70A.
b. Read/Write Formats
The multiplier (MUX) address and gain format is
shown in Figure 7. Bits 0-4 select the desired channel.
Starting channel for a random ohms, bit 5 is ignored, and
bits 6-7 select the programmable gain amplifier (PGA) input
voltage gain. Table V lists programmable gain versus ADC
full-scale range available to SBC-732 board.
The MUX address and gain are established by per-
forming a Write to M+ 1; the MUX address and gain may be
verified by performing a Read of M + l.
c. Command Register Format
The command register, which is associated entirely
(either directly or indirectly) with the A/D conversion pro-
cess, is loaded by a Write command to M+ 0. Bit must be
set before the A/D conversion can occur. The command register
format is shown in Figure 8.
d. Status Register Format
The contents of the status register, which con-
tains the status of the ADC and the function associated with
the A/D conversion process, are assessed by a Read command
32
TABLE IV
SBC -73 2
MEMORY ADDRESS ASSIGNMENTS
MEMORYADDRESS
COMMAND FUNCTION
M + Write Load Command Register
M+0 Read Read Status Register
M+l Write Load MUX Address Register and Gain Register
M+l Read Read MUX Address Register and Gain Register
M+2 Write Load. Last Channel Register
M + 3 Wnte Clear Interrupts
M + 4 Read Read Lower Byte of ADC Value
M + 5 Read Read Upper Byte of ADC Value
M + 8 Wnte Output Lower Byte for DACO to Hold Register (HR)
M + 9 Wnte Output Upper Byte to DACO (DACO-HR automatically)
M + A Write Output Lower Byte for DAC1 to Hold Register (HR)
M+B Write Output Upper Byte to DAC1 (DACl—HR automatically)j
33
TABLE V
Programmable Gain Vs. ADC Full-Scale Range
ADC FULL-SCALE RANGEGAIN
+ 5V + 10V + 5V + 10V
+ 5V + 10V + 5V + 10V XI
+ 2.5V + 5V + 2. 5 + 5V X2
+1. 25V + 2.5V +1.2 5 + 2.5 X4
+0. 625V +1.25V + 0.6 2 5V + 1.25 X8
M + 1
487-10
2U
23
22
21 2°
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
A k
XI
X2 1
X4 1
X8 1 1
GAINSELECT
X CHANNELSELECT(lof 32)
Figure 7. MUX Address and Gain Format.
34
M +
X X
ENABLE EOC INTERRUPT
ENABLE EOS INTERRUPT
CLEAR BUSY STATUS
*ttttA
ENABLE EXTERNAL TRIGGER
ENABLE AUTO- INCREMENT—ENABLE CONVERSION
Figure 8. Command Register Format
M +
CONVERSION DONE
SCAN DONE
7 6
EOC INTERRUPT ENABLED-
EOS INTERRUPT ENABLED
BOARD BUSY
EXTERNAL TRIGGER ENABLED
AUTO- INCREMENT ENABLED —CONVERSION ENABLED
Figure 9. Status Register Format
35
to M + 0. As shown in Figure 9, bits through 5 essentially
verify the last command word written into M+ 0. Bit 3 (BOARD
BUS), however, has a special function. The first time a Read
command to M + is performed after the busy status bit is
cleared by a Write to M+ 0, the BOARD BUSY bit will be read
as a "0". Each time thereafter that the status register is
read, the BOARD BUSY bit will be returned true. This func-
tion is useful for multiprocessor systems in which two or
more processors are sharing the SBC-732. The BOARD BUSY bit
can be cleared only by Write command to M + with bit 3 clear
Bits 6 and 7 are used primarily in non- interrupt driven
programs to determine when valid ADC data are ready to be
read (CONVERSION DONE).
e. ADC Data
After the A/D conversion is complete, the data
word is obtained by a Read command to M + 4 and a Read command
to M+ 5, as shown in Figure 10. M+ 4 contains the ADC bits
through 3 and M+ 5 contains ADC bits 4 through 11.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:
ADDATA EQU BASE + 4
LHLD ADDATA ; LOAD HL REG WITH
ADC DATA WORD
f. DAC Data
No program control other than the output data
word is required by the two DAC channels. For DACJ3, a Write
command must be given first to M + 8 to load the low byte into
36
M + 5 HIGH BYTE M + 4 LOW BYTE
MSB
76543210
ADCBIT 11
1ADCBIT 4
7 6
ADCBIT 3
LSB
5 4 3 2 1
A ' ^—ZEROS
ADCBIT
Figure 10. ADC Data Format
M + 9 DAC - HIGH BYTE
M + B DAC 1 - HIGH BYTE
M + 8 DAC - LOW BYTE
M + A DAC 1 - LOW BYTE
MSB
76543210A A
DACHT 11
LSB
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Q
A -— ^
ZEROS
DAC DAC DACBIT 4 BIT 3 BIT
Figure 11. DAC Data Format
37
the Hold Register, and the Hold Register maintains the four
least significant bits valid at the DAC0 input; then a Write
command to M+ 9 presents the high byte to the DAC0 input.
DACJ9 automatically makes the conversion of the input data
when the Write command to M + 9 occurs.
The operation of DAC1 is identical to that of
DACJ0 except M + A is used for the low byte and M + B is used
for the high byte. Figure 11 illustrates the DAC data format.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:
DACPFS EQU OFFF0H
LXI H, DACPFS
CALL WRDAC0
DAC POSITIVE FUL1 SCALE
LOAD HL FFF0H
WRDAC0: SHLD DACJ0 ; OUTPUTS POSITIVE FULL
SCALE
RET (FFF0)
38
III. RANDOM LOAD TESTING
This section deals with the load sequence randomization
technique developed by Lt. John Scott Atkinson, Jr.,[Re£. 3].
Fortran arithmetic declarations and manipulations required for
8080 CPU compatibility; the communications interface program
called "HEXLINK" which links the MDS-800 to the IBM-360 via
telephone line; and the preparation of paper tape of random
load data using modification of DUMP program written by
Digital Research for CP/M.
A. LOAD SEQUENCE RANDOMIZATION TECHNIQUE
The load sequence randomization technique uses the computer
library subroutine RANDU to place 10 percent of the MIL-SPEC
8866, spectrum A positive loads [Table VI] in a random order.
Each of the positive loads is paired with a minimum load of
11 percent limit load, representing 1-g flight. During the
randomization, each load has an equal probability of selection.
A counter restricts the number of times a value is selected
to the number of occurrences of the particular load level in
MIL spectrum A.
B. RANDOM LOAD ACCURACY AND FORMAT
The accuracy and format of the random loads were dictated
by the 16-bit double precision accuracy of the 8080A CPU and
the ADC and DAC 12-bit data word format.
39
TABLE VI
FREQUENCY OF MANEUVER LOADS
Number of Times per Thousand Hoursthat Load Factor is Experienced
Percent of MaximmrSymmetrical Limit
35
l (Positive)Load Factor
Fl ight Maneuver LoadSpectrum A
17,000
45 9,500
55 6,500
65 4,500
75 2,500
85 1,360
95 440
105 150
115 40
125 16
Total .42,006
1. 8080A CPU Double Precision Accuracy
Since the 8080A CPU can handle 16-bit binary data,
the loads generated in Fortran algorithm were limited to
16-bit accuracy by simply declaring them INTEGER *2.
2
.
ADC and DAC Data Word Format
The ADC and DAC data word is formed using double
precision (2 bytes), referred to as the high byte and the low
byte. The 12 most significant bits are used in the conversion
process, thus leaving the least significant 4 bits of the
low byte with zeroes. This nibble was used to indicate the
40
designated channel (0-15). The ADC and DAC word is shown in
figure 12.
HIGH BYTE LOW BYTE
.
B r : 11 Bit 4 Bit C
Channel No.
Figure 12. ADC and DAC Data Word.
3 . Conversion of Loads to Voltages
The next step in the analysis was to correlate a
load generated with a corresponding voltage. The MTS requires
+10 volts to operate its four selectable load ranges. The
load ranges are: +10,000, +20,000, +50,000, and +100,000 lbs.
The range is selected by estimating the maximum stress expected
to occur. For example, if the 20,000 lb. range is selected
and +10 volts is applied, then the MTS will produce a 20,000
lb. load. Using 12 bits, the largest number that can be rep-
resented is 16 x 16 x 16 = 4096 parts. This means that if the
voltage range is +_10 volts, then there would be 4096 incre-
mental steps between the voltage limits. Since our investi-
gation will deal with positive loads only (0 to +10 volts),
the incremental range is now 2048 steps. In other words,
there are 204.8 steps per volt in the - 10 volt range.
41
Now, to determine the number of steps required for
a specific voltage supply, multiply the voltage by 204.8
steps/volt: for example, 9.375 volts is equivalent to 1920
steps
.
Next, the number of steps is represented in a 16-bit
pattern. Continuing with our example, the 1920 steps have
the following 16-bit pattern.
BYTE 1 BYTE 2
111 10 = 1920
Since the analog converter data word used the three
most significant nibbles of the combination of Byte 1 and
Byte 2, the above 16-bit pattern is shifted 4 bits to the
left. This is accomplished by multiplying the above 16-bit
pattern by 16. The 16-bit pattern now is as follows:
111 10 '
1
The representation of volts by the ADC or DAC is
8000H or (1000 0000 0000 0000) in 16-bit binary pattern.
This means that the least value of the most significant nibble
is eight (1000) . This means that 1 is added to the most sig-
nificant bit, giving the following 16-bit pattern:
I1111 110 0000, 0000
42
The same results can be achieved by adding 32,678 to
the 16-bit pattern.
The Hexdecimal representation of the above 16-bit
binary number is F800. In summary, if F800 is outputted via
DAC channel, it will produce a voltage of 9.375 volts, which
corresponds to a load of 18,750 lbs. on the 20,000 lb. MTS
load range.
4 . Example
Suppose the critical stress analysis of a specimen
2with 0.9 in. cross -sect ional area had a limit load of 14,000
PSI . The largest load in the spectrum will be
1.25 x 14,000 x .9 = 15,750.
Selecting the 20,000 lb. load range and multiplying by 10
volts
,
ll'7nn°n lu
S' x 10 volts = 7.875 volts.
20, 000 lbs
.
In other words, 7.875 volts is equivalent to 15,750 lb. load,
when the 20,000 lb. range is selected on the MTS.
To determine the number of steps from zero, multiply
by 204.8 steps/volt, and add 2048 (difference between 8000H
and 0000H. The result is 3660.8 steps with respect to 0000H.h
Converting to hexidecimal gives EaDX, where X designates
channel number.
Now that the random load data have been created and
stored in a vector, a technique for transmitting the data to
the microcomputer development system needs to be considered.
43
C. COMMUNICATIONS LINK BETWEEN IBM- 3 60AND MDS-8 00 VIA TELEPHONE LINE
1. CP/CMS Control Program- 67/Cambridge Monitor System
The CP-67/CMS time-sharing system consists of two
independent components: the control program (CP67, or CP
for short) and the Cambridge monitor system (CMS) . The control
program creates the time-sharing part of the system to allow
many users to access the computer simultaneously. The Cam-
bridge Monitor System provides the conversational part of the
system to allow a user to monitor his work from a remote
terminal
.
CMS gives the user a full range of capabilities - -
creating and managing files, compiling and executing problem
programs, and debugging, using only a remote terminal. For a
complete description of CP/CMS capabilities, see references
[4] and [5]
.
2
.
MDS-800 Microcomputer Development System
In its basic configuration, the INTEL MDS-800 Micro-
computer Development System consists of a CPU, 16K RAM, per-
ipheral interface controller, front panel controller, power
supply and enclosure. The MDS was directly connected to the
following peripheral devices: CRT and keyboard console, high
speed line printer, standard teletype with paper tape reader
and punch [Ref . 6]
.
3
.
Disk Operating System
The INTEL Disk Operating System (DOS) consists of
three major components, a dual floppy disk drive unit, a disk
controller, and the DOS support software.
44
Each 7.5 inch diameter floppy disk (diskette) had a
capacity of 256K bytes of semi-random access storage. With
the dual drive, over 0.5 million bytes of data, programs, or
other information could be assessed with relative ease and
moderate speed.
The software support package offered by Digital
Research was chosen as the operating system. CP/M consists
of several utility routines in addition to the Basic Disk
Operating System (BDOS) . These routines allow the user to
form and edit disk files, programs, or data files, and to
assemble and load assembly language programs, and provide a
powerful debug routine. A more complete description of the
CP/M BDOS is contained in Ref . [7] .
4 . Hexlink Program
Assembly language was used in the construction of the
communications interface program "LINK." "LINK" was developed
by Lt. Mack T. Elliott, USN [Ref. 8] to interface the MDS-800
(and Model 40 printer) with CP/CMS through a 1200-band tele-
phone line. Both the line and the printer are driven by an
8251 USARTS incorporated in a SBC-534 I/O board. LINK oper-
ates in one of three modes:
a. Direct link up mode
b. Transmit file mode
c. Receive file mode.
Our discussions will be limited to the Receive File
Mode. The Receive File Mode issues all CP/CMS commands to
effect the transfer of an entire P-Disk File to the floppy disk
45
It was necessary to modify "LINK" in its original form to in-
clude special filtering techniques of characters so that load
data would be in hexidecimal format. This means that all
characters other than (0-9, A-F) were excluded. It was still
necessary to employ additional filtering because of the
CP/CMS DumpF command output format.
5. CP/CMS DumpF Command
CP/CMS DumpF command types the contents of all or part
of a specified file in hexidecimal format. The output format
is as follows:
RECORD 1 LENGTH =512(Hexidecimal Data)
The additional filtering is required because the E, C , and D
in the word "Record" would slip through the filter, since
these letters are between A and F. These letters would pair
up and pass as valid data, i.e., E and C would form together
the hexidecimal byte value of "EC." Now, taking the entire
first line, the following characters would be accepted as
valid data: EC Dl, E5 12, followed by normal data. It can
be readily seen that when the record count becomes double
digit, i.e., 10 or greater, the number of characters to pass
through the existing filter system will be odd, thus allowing
an invalid character to form with valid data. This has the
effect of shifting valid data to the right one character,
completely changing the meaning of the data. The solution to
this problem was to check for character R, then filter out
46
all characters until carriage return line feed was sensed,
which comes after the 512 in the above example. This ensures
that all characters that pass through are valid data. With
the above filtering techniques, the system is ready to pass
data from CP/CMS to the Microcomputer Development System via
telephone line. The procedures are outlined below:
USER
HEXLINK
USER
HEXLINK
USER
HEXLINK
CONTROL R
CMS FILENAME FILETYPE
FILE FT09F001
DISK: FILENAME FILETYPE
A : DATUM1 HEX
DUMPF
RECEIVING
HEXLINK > TRANSMISSION COMPLETE
02 00 RECORDS TRANSMITTED
D. PUNCHING LOAD DATA. ON PAPER TAPE
1. CP/M
CP/M is a monitor control program for microcomputer
system development which uses IBM compatible flexible disks
for back-up storage. Using a computer mainframe based upon
Intel's 8080 microprocessor, CP/M provides a general environ-
ment for program construction, storage, and editing, along
with assembly and program check-out functions [Ref. 9].
47
2
.
CP/M Dump Command Modification (Dumpl)
The Dump program was developed by Digital Research
Corp. and is compatible with the CP/M system. Dump types the
contents of the disk file at the console in hexadecimal form.
The file contents are listed 16 bytes at a time with the
absolute byte address listed to the left of each line in
hexadecimal
.
Dumpl is a modification to DUMP program that types
into memory, beginning at address 4400H, the contents of the
disk file. This modification was necessary in order to punch
a paper tape of data.
3
.
Punching Paper Tape Command
The MDS-800 monitor commands, specifically W4400,
F700, will punch a paper tape beginning at address 4400H and
terminating at F700H. The tape will be punched in standard
INTEL HEX FORMAT. The data generated on the IBM-360/67 is
now on paper tape in proper INTEL format, ready to be read
into the system 80/10 via TTY.
48
IV. SYSTEM OPERATION
A. SUBROUTINES
Appendix C contains a complete source listing of all
subroutines, including a branch table with PROM and memory
address locations. Selected subroutines will be discussed
in detail because of complexity and function. The less com-
plex subroutines are self-explanatory. Other subroutines,
such as WRCHAR, WRREC, RDCHAR, and RDREC, are covered in a
separate section.
The following subroutines will be discussed in detail:
VALDT, SGLCHN, HEADING, DSFILE, and RAMP.
1. VALDT Subroutine
The VALDT subroutine is designed to determine whether
an event is strain significant or not. VALDT was intended to
be used in conjunction with SGLCHN and STORE subroutines.
The change in magnitude of a signal is the first
indication that an event may be strain significant.
The sign of the slope of the change is determined and
compared with the sign of the slope of the previous change.
Any change in sign will identify a peak or a valley in the
analog signal and is further indication that a strain-
significant event may have occurred. Furthermore, to be sig-
nificant, the value of the strain reading must be above a
predetermined positive threshold or below a predetermined
negative threshold.
49
2. SGLCHN Subroutine
The SGLCHN subroutine uses the variables FSTCHN and
GAIN to define the channel and gain to be used in the conver-
sion of the analog input. The logic is similar to the sub-
routine, RANCHN, supplied by the manufacturer; however,
SGLCHN uses VALDT subroutine to determine strain significant
data. This routine converts a single channel at a time,
although the algorithm could very easily be expanded to
include a series of channels.
The mechanics of the software that accomplished this
task are based on a four-element vector. They are as follows
X : the current value of the signal on the designatedchannel
XLST: the previous value of the signal on the channeldes ignated
SIGN: the sign of the last change of the signal on thechannel designated (00H means positive slope;01H means negative slope)
FLAG: an indicator showing the status of the laststrain-significant event. 00H means within thethreshold, non-zero means outside the threshold.
Once a signal has been determined to be a strain-
significant event, it is identified by channel number and
stored in RAM. If an event fills the last storage location
in RAM, the recording procedure is initiated. The block of
256 bytes containing the data words is transferred, byte-by-
byte, to the recorder and written on the magnetic tape. Upon
completion of the transfer, the RAM is free to be refilled.
50
3. HEADING Subroutine
The HEADING subroutine is designed to format the
heading information that is to be written on cassette tape.
The particular heading information depends on whether the load
data were computer generated or obtained from actual aircraft
flights. The HEADING subroutine is used in ADCCHN, ADCMXM
and MASTER Executive routines. The operator is guided through
the subroutine by system prompt output on the (TTY) . The
first prompt the operator sees is as follows:
"LOAD DATA - ACTUAL OR SIMULATED A/S"
The operator now selects actual (A) or simulated (S) load data,
If the operator selects "S", then the system will respond with
the following prompts:
"MTS SCALE FACTOR (ENTER 5-DIGITS + SB)*'
The MTS SCALE FACTOR refers to the four load ranges
(+10,000; +20,000; + 50,000; +100,000) on the MTS. The
operator enters the appropriate five digits. If 100,000
scale is used, the operator would enter 99999.
"LIMIT LOAD (ENTER 5-DIGITS)"
The LIMIT LOAD refers to the design load derived from
stress analysis. The operator enters five digits plus a
space bar.
"CROSS SECT AREA (ENTER 3-DIGITS + DP)"
The CROSS SECT AREA refers to the cross-sectional
area of the test specimen at the point of investigation.
51
The operator can enter any combination of three digits and a
decimal point, plus a space bar.
"RANDOM NUMBER SEED (ENTER 6 DIGITS)"
The RANDOM NUMBER SEED refers to the seed used in the
load sequence randomization technique. The operator enters
six digits plus a space bar.
Had the operator declared the load data as actual,
then the system would display the following messages:
"JULIAN DATE (ENTER 4 DIGITS + SB)"
The operator enters three digits representing the
number of days that have expired since the beginning of the
year plus the last digit of the year; example, 1358 (135th
day, 1978). The operator types space bar for next prompt.
"AIRCRAFT TYPE (ENTER 4 CHARS + SB)"
The AIRCRAFT TYPE refers to the type of aircraft the
data were recorded from; for example, A-7E, F-4J, EA-6B, etc.
The operator enters aircraft type plus space bar.
"BUNO (ENTER 6 DIGITS + SB)"
The BUNO refers to the Bureau number of the aircraft.
The operator enters the six-digit Bureau number plus a space
bar.
"CONFIGURATION [ENTER 1-LETTER A, B, C OR D)
"
The CONFIGURATION refers to the external stores load-
ing. The letters A through D are defined by the user. For
example, the following definitions might be used:
52
"AM BASIC AIRCRAFT NO STORES
"B" CONF. "A" PLUS CENTERLINE STORE
"C" CONF. "B" PLUS INBOARD WING STORES
M D" CONF. "C" PLUS OUTBOARD WING STORES.
The operator enters the appropriate letter plus a space bar.
"GROSS WEIGHT (ENTER 5 DIGITS + SB)"
The GROSS WEIGHT refers to the aircraft's appropriate
gross weight. The operator enters five digits plus space bar.
"MISSION (ENTER 1-DIGIT 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5)"
The MISSION is user defined. For example, the user
may wish to define "1" as Air Combat or "2" as Close Air
Support or "3" as Point Intercept, etc. The operator enters
the appropriate digits plus a space bar.
The system will not write the above heading information
on the cassette tape. Once all the heading information is re-
corded, the tape is stopped and the system returns to the
calling routine.
4. Display File Subroutine (DSFILE)
The DSFILE subroutine is designed to output each
record to the teletype in a specified format. It is designed
to read each record of a file from a cassette tape and output
the record on the TTY in a specified format. The output
varies slightly, depending on whether the load data were
actual, or computer generated. The operator is guided through
the routine by prompts at the console.
53
We now consider the two different output formats. If
the load data were computer generated, then the following out-
put will be displayed:
SIMULATED LOAD DATA
MTS SCALE FACTOR : 2 000
LIMIT LOAD : 30000
CROSS SECT AREA : .500
RANDOM NUMBER SEED : 00 58 3
STRAIN DATA FOLLOWS:
The system will now prompt the operator with the
following
:
HARD COPY STRAIN DATA (Y/N)
The operator now has the choice of typing out the con
verted data or not. If "Y" is depressed, then the converted
data will be displayed in blocks of 256 bytes. Each block
of data will have eight columns with 16 rows. Sample output
follows
:
HARD COPY STRAIl*i DAT;I (Y/N)YE4F8 03o8 7018 0238 7018 0338 7018 0048
701S 0138 7018 0A38 7018 0238 7018 0A38
701S 0338 7018 03BS 7018 138 7018 0238
7018 0338 7018 0238 7018 0338 7018 0338
7188 0338 7018 0238 7018 03B8 7018 0338
7018 0338 7018 0238 7018 0338 7018 0138
7018 0338 7018 0C38 7018 0238 7018 02B8
7018 0338 7018 0338 7018 0138 7018 0338
7018 0238 7018 0338 7018 1 138 7018 0338
7018 0238 701S 0338 7018 0838 7018 0338
7018 0238 7018 0238 7018 0238 70 18 0338
7018 0238 7018 0338 7018 0038 7018 0338
7018 0338 70 18 0E38 7018 138 7018 0338
7018 0C38 7018 0238 7018 0338 7018 0238
7018 0238 7018 0238 7018 0238 7018 0A38
7018 3138 7018 0E38 7018 0238 7018 02
54
If the operator did not want a hard copy of the data,
depressing any other key will dump the next 256 byte block a
record type 5 data. This process will continue until control
senses a record type 4, at which time the system will type
"END OF FILE" on the TTY and return the user to the MAIN
Executive routine.
Had the load data been from actual aircraft flights,
then the operator would display the following information:
ACTUAL LOAD DATA
JULIAN DATE
AIRCRAFT TYPE
BUNO
CONFIGURATION
GROSS WEIGHT
MISSION
1628
EA-6B
132628
C
52500
1
The remainder of the routine would be exactly as described
above. The display subroutine is used in the READ Executive
routine.
5. RAMP Subroutine
The RAMP subroutine is designed to output a voltage
via one of the DAC ' s corresponding to a particular load.
The driver loads are stored in the random load buffer, which
begins at memory location 4400H and extends to memory location
7F00H. The routine compares two successive loads, and incre-
ments or decrements the DAC output in steps of 0.00488 volts
until the load values are equal. In between each incremental
55
step the system delays a total of 6 millisec and checks the
assigned channel for significant strain data. The 6 millisec
delay provides the DAC output with a constant slope at an
average rate of one cycle per second.
When the two loads are equal, the system will relieve
the next load and repeat the above process until a "1AH" byte,
located at the end of the random data, is sensed. This byte
signals the end of the data, and the system checks to see if
it is to be repeated. The random load data can be repeated
up to 16 times, providing approximately ten hours of contin-
uous testing. At the completion of the specified number of
runs, the routine prompts the operator "M>" by automatically
returning to the MAIN Executive routine.>6
B. EXECUTIVE ROUTINES
The Executive routines integrate the entire software pack
age by using various combinations cf subroutines to perform
specific tasks. There are seven Executive routines: MAIN,
SORCLD, ADCCHN, ADCMXM, READ, LOAD, and MASTER. The follow-
ing paragraphs will discuss in detail the function of each
Executive routine.
1 . MAIN Executive
The MAIN Executive routine is designed to function
as an access routine to the other Executive routines and the
system 80/10 monitor. It is assumed that the system has been
powered up and the punch paper tape containing all the prompt
56
messages has been read in via paper tape reader. To gain
access, the operator types in at the console "G3C40." The
system will respond with "M>" followed by "CONTROL G FOR
INSTRUCTIONS." Each time the MAIN Executive is accessed, the
stack pointer is initialized and the DAC ' s are set to volts.
This last point is very important because, if it becomes
necessary to "RESET" the system, both DAC ' s are driven to
minus full scale. This could be disastrous if a test speci-
men were hooked up. Continuing, should the operator choose
to enter CONTROL G at the console, the following prompt would
be displayed:
CONTROL A - ENTER ADC CKN EXECUTIVE
CONTROL B - ENTER ADCMXM EXECUTIVE
CONTROL C - ENTER SBC 80/10 MONITOR
CONTROL D - EXIT EXECUTIVE ROUTINE
CONTROL E - ENTER MASTER EXECUTIVE
CONTROL G - INSTRUCTIONS
CONTROL L - ENTER LOAD EXECUTIVE
CONTROL R - ENTER READ EXECUTIVE
CONTROL S - ENTER SURCLD EXECUTIVE
Decimal Point = DP
Space Bar = SB.
The operator now has access to the entire system via the
above instructions. At this point the operator may wish to
access the system 80/10 monitor to read in a random load paper
tape. The operator accesses the monitor system by a "CONTROL
C." The system will respond with "." At this time, the
57
operator would load the punch paper tape containing the random
load data into tape reader, switch mode switch to "KT" and
depress the "R" key, followed by carriage return (CR) . The
system will begin to read in the punched paper tape of random
load data beginning at memory location 4400. This process of
reading in load data need be done only once, since the SORCLD
Executive will permanently record load data on a master load
tape. After reading the punched paper tape, the tape movement
will cease and the system will display "." at the console.
The operator should next depress the "RESET" button, located
on the front panel of the system 80/10 microcomputer (Fig. 13)
(Note: The machine should have hydraulic drive off prior to
depressing reset button, since DAC ' s are driven to minus full
scale.
)
It is necessary to insert a special byte value (1AH)
at F700H at this time to signal the end of load data and pre-
vent the system from possibly interfering with the stack area.
To gain access back to the MAIN Executive, the opera-
tor types in at the console "G3C40." The system will respond
with "M>" followed by "CONTROL G FOR INSTRUCTIONS."
If the operator has just used a paper tape containing
random loads, the next Executive routine selected would be
"SORCLD."
2. SORCLD Executive
The SORCLD Executive is designed to make a copy on
magnetic tape of the data between memory locations 4400-F700
HEX. Before entering SORCLD, ensure that the tape is rewound,
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59
the "Write" head is engaged, and the Write/Read switch is in
the "Write" mode. The routine is accessed from the MAIN
Executive by holding down the "CONTROL" key and depressing
the "S" key.
The cassette tape will begin to record load data
located between 4400-7F00H. Upon completion, the system will
display the following prompt and automatically return to the
MAIN Executive:
LOAD DATA TRANSFER - COMPLETED
RELEASE WRITE HEAD
DEPRESS REWIND BUTTON
REMOVE LOAD DATA CASSETTE
ENGAGE WRITE HEAD
CHECK FOR M>.
"M>"
CONTROL G FOR INSTRUCTIONS
Had the random load data been recorded previously on
magnetic tape, the operator could have elected to enter the
LOAD Executive.
3 . LOAD Executive
The LOAD Executive is designed to read random load
data contained on cassette magnetic tape into memory, begin-
ning at location 4400H.
Before entering the LOAD Executive, the operator
should insure that the tape is rewound, the "Read head" is
engaged, and the Write/Read switch is in the "Read" position.
The LOAD Executive is accessed from the MAIN Executive by
60
CONTROL L command. The tape recorder will begin to read the
random load data into memory. At the completion of this cycle,
the system will indicate that the load data transfer is com-
pleted and will automatically return to the MAIN Executive.
The prompt message is that given in the SORCLD Executive.
4. ADCCHN Executive
The ADCCHN Executive is designed to perform ADC on a
selected channel at a 28 KHZ rate. The converted data is
stored in a 256 byte buffer. When the buffer fills up, the
data are dumped onto the cassette tape; thus freeing the buffer
for more data. This process continues until the operator
elects to terminate by entering a CONTROL D at the console,
at which time the partially filled buffer is dumped onto
cassette tape, the tape is stopped and the system is returned
to the MAIN Executive routine.
The ADCCHN Executive is accessed from the MAIN Execu-
tive by entering a CONTROL A at the console. The system will
respond with "A>" followed by LOAD DATA - ACTUAL OR SIMULATED
(A/S)." Upon selecting "A" or "S" the operator will proceed
through bookkeeping prompts as discussed under "Heading" sub-
routine. After heading information has been entered, the
operator will be prompted with the following message, "SELECT
CHANNEL NUMBER (0-F HEX)." The operator depresses the appro-
priate key, and the conversion process will begin. This
routine is especially useful when testing and calibrating
individual channels.
61
5. ADCMXM Executive
The ADCMXM Executive is designed to perform ADC on a
selected channel. However, the only data that get stored in
the data buffer, and eventually on cassette tape, are the
maximum or minimum values of the converted data. The sub-
routine VALDT provides the logic for obtaining maximums and
minimums . The significant data bytes are stored in a memory
data buffer until the buffer is filled, at which time the
buffer is emptied onto cassette tape. This process continues
until the operator enters CONTROL D at the console, at which
time the partially filled buffer is emptied onto tape, and
the tape is stopped. The routine will automatically return
the user to the MAIN Executive routine.
6. MASTER Executive
The MASTER Executive is designed to drive the materials
testing system (MTS) with a random load, and simultaneously
monitor a selected channel for strain- s ignificant events. The
random load data used to drive the MTS are located beginning
at memory location 4400H. [See Appendix B]
.
The MASTER Executive is accessed from the MAIN Execu-
tive by entering a CONTROL E at the console. The system will
respond "E>" prompt, followed by "LOAD DATA - ACTUAL OR SIMU-
LATED (A/S)." Following the heading prompts, the system will
prompt the operator with "NUMBER OF RUNS ENTER - 1 DIGIT (0-H
HEX)." The operator enters the number of times that the load
data sequence is to be repeated, i.e., if the operator wishes
to repeat the load sequence four (4) times, then enter a "4."
62
This capability enables the operator to run the load sequence
16 times, which, with the given number of loads (7552) will
provide approximately 10 hours of continuous testing. The
next system prompt is "SELECT CHANNEL NUMBER (O-F HEX)." The
operator types in the channel number and the system will begin
to convert data and writing peaks and valleys on the cassette
tape. The system automatically returns to the MAIN Executive
following the last cycle through the random load data.
7. READ Executive
The READ Executive is designed to read (or play back)
a file created by the Write program. The information is dis-
played at the console. The operator has the choice of display-
ing record type 3 data or continuing. To gain access to the
READ Executive from the MAIN Executive, the operator types a
CONTROL R at the console. Prior to the CONTROL R command,
the cassette tape should be rewound, the Read head engaged,
and the Write/Read switch set to the Read position. The
system will respond with "R," then immediately begin reading
tape records. The record 1 or 2 type data are displayed
directly. The record 3 data are dumped in 256 byte blocks
into RAM, the tape is stopped, and the operator is prompted,
"HARD COPY STRAIN DATA (Y/N)." If the operator should elect
"Y," then the specific data loaded in the 256 byte RAM buffer
are typed out at the console. If the operator enters "N,"
the next block of data is read from the tape into RAM. This
process is continued until the END-OF-FILE is typed at the
console and the system automatically returns to the MAIN
Executive
.
63
C. PRELIMINARY SYSTEM QUALIFICATION
This section discusses the preliminary qualification tests
conducted on the data acquisition system, intended to exercise
the device throughout its expected range of operation so that
actual performance limitations, if any, may be determined.
1. DC Calibration
Accompanying the SBC-732 analog input/output model was
a voltage calibration and scan test software package [Ref . ]
.
This program consists of a three-step sequence which must be
performed in the following order: (1) P$A offset adjustment,
(2) ADC offset adjustment, and (3) ADC range adjustment.
Following the calibration test, the ADC system was verified
by applying standard precision DC voltage. The +10 volt range
was chosen to coincide with the MTS machine operating range.
The test also verified the subroutine associated with the
ADCCHN Executive routine. For instance, 2 volts from a stand-
ard precision supply were read into the system and an interro-
gation of the memory showed that the system stored 99ADH,
which corresponds to 2 volts.
2
.
Incremental DC Volt Step Test
This test was designed to verify the theoretical incre
mental voltage of each bit used in the conversion process.
Using 12 bits for conversion, there are (16 x 16 x 16 = 4096)
incremental steps possible. This means, using the + 10 volt
range, that each incremental step is equivalent to 0.00488
volts. A standard precision voltage source was applied in
steps of 5 millivolts. Changes in the bit pattern verified
the theoretical predictions.
64
3 . Sinusoidal Signal Reconstruction
This test was designed to evaluate the system's abil-
ity to accurately acquire, store,, and reconstruct a sinusoidal
signal with a known amplitude. The analog input signal was
converted and recorded on cassette tape using the ADCCHN Exec-
utive routine. Recorded data were read into memory location
beginning at 4400H and outputted via system DAC ' s to a strip
chart recorder. The reconstruction signal was compared to
the original signal and produced deviations of less than II.
4. Peak and Troughs Test
This test was designed to check the accuracy of the
system to record only the peaks and valleys of a known sinus-
oidal signal. The amplitude of the sign wave was calibrated
and measured. The peaks and valleys were reached on magnetic
cassette tape using the ADCMXM Executive routine. The con-
verted value from the tape was broken down into its voltage
representation and compared with actual input voltage. For
example, the converted value of FEE0H is equivalent to (256
x 15 + 16 x 14 + 14 = 4078) steps, which is the same as
9.9121 volts. This voltage was then compared with strip
chart value of 9.94 volts, which was well within the accur-
acies of the instrumentation.
5
.
Driver Test
This test was designed to exercise the entire system
using the random loads generated on the IBM-360 and to drive
the MTS machine using the RAMP subroutine. Some initial con-
cern was experienced with the speed of the drive signal and
65
the response of the MTS machine when the output signals were
attenuated by 10%. The RAMP rate was set to an average of
.7 cycles per second; the first list results indicated that
the driver voltage was being attenuated at both the peaks and
troughs by about 0.5 volts on a to 10 volt signal.
Further investigation revealed that because of the
incremental step technique used to create the driver signal,
it was necessary to hold the RAMP signal longer at the DAC
output port before proceeding to the next incremental step.
Test results indicated that it was necessary to hold the signal
at the DAC output about 8 millisec before proceeding to the
next step. The resulting acceptable driver rate was approx-
imately .6 cycles per sec. This test verified the subroutines
used in the MASTER Executive routine.
66
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based upon the performance tests discussed in the preced-
ing section, it is concluded that the system is executing its
several modes of operation accurately and reliably. Further-
more, during the course of the software interface development,
modifications were constantly made with the intent of improving
the performance and operator interface. The modularity of the
software package makes it versatile and easily adapted to
future changing needs.
67
APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY
1. ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
This is a seven-bit-plus-parity code established by the
American National Standards Institute to achieve compat-
ibility between data services. Also called USASCII.
2. Assembly: A listing which contains both source code and
machine code.
3. BIT: Binary digiT. A single unit of information in a
binary word.
4. Buffer: A group of memory locations used to store specific
data (input data, constants, output data, etc.).
5. Byte: An eight-BIT word which is processed as a single
quantity.
6. CPU: Central Processing Unit. The area of the micro-
processor which computes and sequences all logic and
arithmetic functions.
7. CRT: Cathode Ray Tube - A televis ion- like picture tube
used in visual display terminals.
8. D/A: The inverse of the A/D process.
9. EPROM: Erasable/programmable read only memory.
10. I/O: Input/output.
68
11. K: A suffix which indicates a group of 1024 (2 ) items
as in "4K of memory" meaning 4096 memory locations.
12. MUX: A multiplexing device.
13. Nibble: The upper or lower four BITs in one byte.
14. RAM: Random access memory. Volatile memory used for
variable storage and data manipulation.
15. Register: A storage location located in the CPU.
16. ROM: Read only memory, non-volatile.
17. Sample and Hold: A device for sampling the amplitude
of a signal at a given time and holding that amplitude.
18. Software: The program which resides in the U-P's memory
19. Source code: The program written by the user.
69
BeginningAddress
APPENDIX B
MEMORY MAP
DescriptionEndingAddress
03FFH
07FFH
OBFFH
OFFFH
3BFFH
363FH
0000H
0400H
0800H
0600H
1000H
3C00H
3C40H
5C80H
4300H
4400H
7F00H
F700H
EPROM #1 SBC-80/10 Monitor
EPROM #2 SBC-80/10 Monitor Subroutine
EPROM #3 Subroutines
EPROM #4 Subroutines + ExecutiveRoutines
UK Uncommitted Memory
RAM Reserved for Monitor
Start Software Program
Buffer #3
Mess ages /Variables
256 Byte Data Buffer
15,104 Byte Random Load Buffer
Stack Buffer
Memory Based Address for SBC-732Board
42FFH
43FFH
7F00H
7FFFH
F77FH
70
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LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Intel Corporation, System 80/10 Hardware Reference Manual,
1976.
2. Intel Corporation, SBC 732 Combination Analog Input/OutputBoard Hardware Reference Manual , 1977.
3. Atkinson, J.S., Jr., A Study of Spectrum Loading andRange-Pair Counting Method Effects on Cumulative FatigueDamage , Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School,Monterey, CA, March 1977.
4
.
I BM , Control Program- 67/Cambridge Monitor System (CP-67/CMS)Version 3.2 Program Number 360 D-05.2.005 User's Guide ,
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5. W. R. Church Computer Center, User's Manual , 1974.
6. Intel Corporation, MDS-800 Intellec MPS MicrocomputerDevelopment System Hardware Reference Manual , 1975.
7. Intel Corporation, Diskette Operating System MicrocomputerDevelopment System MDS-DOS Operator's Manual , 1975.
8. Elliott, M.T., Master's Thesis to be published September1978, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.
9. Digital Research Corp., An Introduction to CP/M Featuresand Facilities , 1976.
10. Butler, C.L., Software Design for a Fatigue MonitoringData Acquisition System , Master's Thesis, Naval Post-graduate School, Monterey, CA, September 1976.
131
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Defense Documentation CenterCameron StationAlexandria, Virginia 22314
Library, Code 0142Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
Department Chairman, Code 67Department of AeronauticsNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
Assoc. Professor G. H. Lindsey, Code 67LiDepartment of AeronauticsNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
LCDR Frederick Martin Blakely, USN14334 North Ashdale AvenueWoodbridge, VA 22193
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ThesisB54835c.l
T769 3
6
Blake] yDesign of software
package for iotforpora-
tion of rapdom loadtesting^elid data pro-cessing on materials
—testing system machine.
thesB54835
Design of software package for incorpora
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