design of welded connections - lincoln electric
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DETAILS OF WELDEDCONNECTIONS
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Details of Joints
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Butt
Corner
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Corner Edge
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Tee T
ap
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AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and DefinitionsAWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions
butt oint.A oint between two members ali ned
approximately in the same plane.
corner joint. A joint between two members located
approximately at right angles to each other in the
form of an L.
L
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,
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2.5 : 1 Taper
Radius
>24(600mm)
For steel with Fy > 80 ksi [620 MPa], D14.4 requires a
radius. Fy > 80 ksi [620 MPa], D14.4
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Butt Jointdifferent thicknesses
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AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 5.15.1AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 5.15.1
Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
Butt Jointdifferent thicknesses.
1.0
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Slope plate
Slope both
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Slope plate
Slope both
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Secondary Stresses
No Secondary Stresses
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AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 5.15.2AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 5.15.2
Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
Butt Jointdifferent thicknesses
.
1.0
Required when the offset is greater than the
thickness of the thinner part.
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Butt Joints:
different thickness and width
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Butt Joints:
different thickness and width
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Corner Joint
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Equipment?
Personnel?
Confined Space?
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CORNER JOINTS
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CORNER JOINTS
Lamellar Tearin
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CORNER JOINTS
stresses by using PJP
groove weld if design
.
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CORNER JOINTS
member where lamellar
tearing is suspected.
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TEE JOINT?T
Resists tearing better
concentrated on the
edge.
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TEE JOINT?T
Resists tearing better
concentrated on the
edge.
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Lap Joints
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AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005
Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
5.5 Lap Joints
5.5.1 The minimum overlap of parts in stress-carrying lap joints shall be five times the thickness of
the thinner part. Unless lateral deflection of the parts
is prevented, they shall be connected by at least twotransverse lines of fillets, plug or slot welds or by two
or more longitudinal fillet or slot welds.
5.5.1
5
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Lap Joints
.not < 1 (25mm)
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ec an ca uppor
AWS D14 4/D14 4M:2005AWS D14 4/D14 4M:2005
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AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005
Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
5.5 Lap Joints
5.5.2 If longitudinal fillet welds are used alone in lap,
weld shall be no less than the perpendicular distance
.
shall not exceed 16 times the thickness of the
connected thinner art unless.
5.5.2
16
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LL >> DD
D
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Groove Weld Types
Sin le Bevel
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Groove Weld Types
Sin le Vee
V
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Groove Weld Types
Sin le U
U
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Groove Weld Types
Sin le J
J
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Sin le Vee versus Sin le U
V vs. U
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Sin le Vee versus Sin le UV vs U
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Groove Weld Types: Single vs. Double
Sin le VeeVvs
Double VeeV
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Groove Weld Types: Single vs. Double
Sin le VeeVvs
Double Bevel K
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D bl V G
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Double Vee Groove
Same depth
V
Unequal depth
G W ld T d
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Groove Weld T pe and
Single Vee in Butt Joint
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Single Vee in Butt Joint
Single Vee in Corner JointV
Single Vee in Tee Joint
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Single Vee in Tee Joint
Single Bevel in Tee JointT
Single Sided Groove Welds
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Single Sided Groove Welds
O en Root
With Backing
Backing
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Backing
TeeCorner
T
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Weld Backing Types:
Steel
Copper
Ceramic
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ar o e men
Notch Effects
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Backing removed,
root backgouged
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Fill cavity, apply
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ec r ca y on uc ve
Metallurgical Effects
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ec r ca y on-con uc ve
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AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeSteelSteel
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CJP Groove Weld Types:
Prequalified versus Qualified by Test
VS.
AWS D1.1 Prequalified JointsAWS D1.1 Prequalified Joints
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One sided, with steel backing
ee
AWS D1.1 Prequalified JointAWS D1.1 Prequalified Joint
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Two sided, with backgouging
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Air-Arc Gouging
AWS D1.1 Prequalified JointAWS D1.1 Prequalified Joint
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Two sided, with backgouging
AWS D1.1 Qualified by TestAWS D1.1 Qualified by Test
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One sided, open root
AWS D1.1 Qualified by TestAWS D1.1 Qualified by Test
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One sided, open root
Proper root conditions (rootProper root conditions (root
opening, included angleopening, included angle
(
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One sided, open root
Excessive rootExcessive rooto enin leads to melto enin leads to melt--
throughthrough
AWS D1.1 Qualified by TestAWS D1.1 Qualified by Test
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One sided, open root
Tight root opening leads toTight root opening leads to
incomplete fusionincomplete fusion
AWS D1.1 Qualified by TestAWS D1.1 Qualified by Test
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Two sided, without backgouging
AWS D1.1 Qualified by TestAWS D1.1 Qualified by Test
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Two sided, without backgouging
AWS D1.1 Qualified by TestAWS D1.1 Qualified by Test
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Two sided, without backgouging
AWS D1.1 Qualified by TestAWS D1.1 Qualified by Test
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Two sided, without backgouging
AWS D1.1 Qualified by TestAWS D1.1 Qualified by Test
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Two sided, without backgouging
AWS D1.1 Qualified by TestAWS D1.1 Qualified by Test
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Two sided, without backgouging
Details of PJP Groove Welds
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PJP Groove Weld: unfused root
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Unacce table: strainin about root
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Acce table: no strainin about root
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Acce table: no strainin about root
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roa < p a e c ness
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PJP Groove Welds
Throat < plate thickness
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Throat < plate thickness
1/4 [6 mm]6mm
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1/16 in [2 mm]
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t
1/16 in [2 mm]
1/16 i
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1/16 in
[2 mm]
ax mum e e
Size Does NotApplyIf t= t,
en
= .
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and > t-1/16
AWS D1.1 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
2.3.2.3 Minimum Length
The minimum length of a fillet weld shall
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The minimum length of a fillet weld shall
,
the effective size of the weld shall be
considered not to exceed 25% of its
2.3.2.3
25%
= mm ,
then Lmin = 1 (24 mm)
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Leg Size ()
ORif = 1/2 (12 mm)
and L= 1.5 (40 mm),
then min = 3/8 (10 mm)
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Length (L)
eff
Leg Size (
)
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005
Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
5.21 Details of Fillet Welds
5 21 1 6 The minimum length of an
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5.21.1.6 The minimum length of an
intermittent fillet weld shall be 1 in.[40 mm], and spacing shall not
exceed 12 times the thickness of
thinner part, but not more than 6 in.150 mm .
5.21 . . .
12150
Lmin = 1.5 [38 mm] and Lmin = 4
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Leg Size ()
Length (L)
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T
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< 90o > 90o
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Greater angle
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Greater
AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeSteelSteel
2.3.4 Weld Size and Length.
. .
For fillet welds and skewed T-joints, the following shall be
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For fillet welds and skewed T joints, the following shall be
provided on the contract documents.(1) For fillet welds between parts with surfaces meeting at an
angle between 80 and 100, contract documents shall
.
(2) For welds between parts with the surfaces meeting at an
angle less than 80 or greater than 100, the contract
documents shall specify the effective throat.
T
2 80100
AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeSteelSteel
pec y e we eg s zewithin these limits:
80o
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80o
80o< 100o
> o< 100o
AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
2.3.4 Weld Size and Length.
or e we s an s ewe - o n s, e o ow ng s a e
provided on the contract documents
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provided on the contract documents.
1 For fillet welds between arts with surfaces meetin at an
angle between 80 and 100, contract documents shall
specify the fillet weld leg size.
(2) For welds between parts with the surfaces meeting at anangle less than 80 or greater than 100, the contract
documents shall s ecif the effective throat.
T
2 80100
AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
pec y e ec ve roa -effwithin these limits:
for >100o and < 80o
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for >100o and < 80o
>100o
>100o
< < o
t-eff
t-eff
t-eff
t-eff
AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
2.3.5.2 Fillet Welds and Welds in Skewed T-Joints.
The following shall be provided on the shop drawings:
angle between 80 and 100, shop drawings shall show the
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g , p g
fillet weld leg size,(2) For welds between parts with surfaces meeting at an angle
less than 80 or greater than 100, the shop drawings shall
s ow e e a e arrangemen o we s an requ re eg s ze
to account for effects of joint geometry and, where appropriate,
the Z-loss reduction for the process to be used and the angle,
2.3.5.2 T
180 100
Z
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AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
2.4.3.2 Welds in Acute Angles Between 80 and 60 and
in Obtuse Angles Greater than 100.
When welds are deposited in angles between 80 and 60 or
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p g
in angles greater than 100 the contract documents shallspecify the required effective throat. The shop drawings shall
clearly show the placement of welds and the required leg
mens ons o sa s y e requ re e ec ve roa see nnex
B).
. . .
8060 100
B
80o- 100o
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AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
Multiplier
60o 0.71
Multiplier
95o 1.03
5o .7
70o 0 81
.
105o 1 12
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70o 0.81 105 1.12
75o 0.86
80o 0.91
.
115o 1.19
85o
0.9690o 1.0
.
125o 1.25
.
135o
1.31
Adapted from Annex B Table B.1Adapted from Annex B Table B.1
AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
2.4.3.3 Welds in Angles Between 60 and 30.
When welding is required in an acute angle that is less than
u equa o or grea er an gure . , e
effective throat shall be increased by the Z-loss allowance
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Table 2.2 . The contract documents shall s ecif the re uired
effective throat. The shop drawings shall show the required leg
dimensions to satisfy the required effective throat, increased by
e - oss a owance a e . see nnex or ca cu a on o
effective throat).
. . .
60 30 [3.11(D)]
Z2.2
Z
B
AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
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t
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Z-loss
Z
Fillet Weld Terminations
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.
AWS D1.1:2010, clause 2.9.3
AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
. .
2.9.3
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. . . .
sides of parts or may be stopped short or may have
end returns exce t as limited b the followin cases:
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AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
. .
2.9.3
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. . . .
sides of parts or may be stopped short or may have
end returns exce t as limited b the followin cases:
AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
. . . .
2.9.3.2
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edge or side of a part subject to calculated tensile
size of the weld from the start of the extension (see
Fi ure 2.6 .
2.6
Holdback
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AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeSteelSteel
2.9.3.3 Maximum End Return Length.
Welded joints shall be arranged to allow the flexibility
2.9.3.3
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assume n e connec on es gn. e ou s an ng
legs of connection base metal are attached with end
,
exceed four times the nominal size of the weld (see
. .
42.7
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AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
2.9.3.4 Transverse Stiffener Welds.
Except where the ends of stiffeners are welded to the
flange, fillet welds joining transverse stiffeners to girder
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webs shall start or terminate not less than four timesnor more than six times the thickness of the web from
the web toe of the web-to-flange welds.
46
AISC makes this applicable when tw < (18 mmm).
Exception to general practice
w
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4t < d < 6t
Cracking can occur in shipping
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Does not apply when stiffeners are welded to flanges
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AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeSteelSteel
. . . .
2.9.3.5
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plane shall be interrupted at the corner common to
.
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AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeSteelSteel
. . .
drawings shall specify the effective weld length.
2 3 4
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2.3.4
End returns and hold-backs for fillet welds, if
documents.
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005
Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
5.10.1 Fillet welds which support a tensile force that is
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corners of parts or members, but shall be returned
continuously, full size, around the corner for a length
equa o w ce e we s ze w ere suc re urn can e
made in the same plane. Boxing shall be indicated on
design and detail drawings.
5.10.1
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Fillet vs. PJP Groove Weldvs.
Both used in corner, tee joints
s more e c en n use o
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s more e c en n use o
weld metal
T
PJP
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Fillet versus PJP Groove Welds
vs.
Same throat
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50% less metal50% less metal
50%50%
Fillet versus PJP Groove Weldsvs.
Cost to bevel
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Fillet vs. PJP Groove Weldvs.
Both used in corner, tee joints
s more e c en n use o
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s more e c en n use oweld metal
Fillets dont require joint prep.
T
PJP
vs.
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,use fillets
tw 3/4 (20mm)
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If t
> 3/4 (20mm),
tw>20PJP
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AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and DefinitionsAWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions
tack weld.A weld made to hold parts
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the final welds are made.
change stress distribution.
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Tack welds can a ect atigue
erformance
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If cyclically loaded, tack welds to
.
E
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If cyclically loaded, continuous
.
B
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AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
5.18 Tack Welds and Construction Aid Welds
5.18.1 General Requirements
(1) Tack welds and construction aid welds shall be
made with a qualified or prequalified WPS and by qualified
personne .
(2) Tack welds that are not incorporated in final
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( ) p
welds, and construction aid welds that are not removed, shall
meet visual inspection requirements before a member isaccepted.
5.18
5.18.1
(1) WPS(2)
AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
5.18.2 Exclusions. Tack welds and construction aid
welds are ermitted exce t that:
(1) In tension zones of cyclically loaded structures,
there shall be no tack welds not incorporated into the
final weld except as permitted by 2.16.2, nor
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construction aid welds. Locations more than 1/6 of
the depth of the web from tension flanges of beamsor girders are considered outside the tension zone.
5.18.2
(1) 2.16.2
1/6
AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code----SteelSteel
steel with specified yield strength greater than 70 ksi
,construction aid welds shall require the approval of
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(2)
485MPa
AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeAWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding CodeSteelSteel
. . . . . ,
welds and construction aid welds, not incorporated
,the Engineer.
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. . . .
Weld Metal Strength
Matching
Undermatching
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Overmatching
Only require for CJP in tension
OK for all welds
Usually used for groove welds
Compares minimum specified values
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Compares minimum specified values
y u ra os = eren
Fy/Fu
UNDERMATCHING STRENGTH
Typical application is fillets,
More crack resistant
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More crack resistant
PJP
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Strength
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Never required in D14.4, AISC
.
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design, may be non-conservative
0.4 Fy t > 0.3 EXX t
y u = .75,
then
u >
e.g., Dont Overmatch0.3 EXX t
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0.4 Fy t
AWS D14.4
Table 2
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AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
CJP Groove Welds
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CJP Groove Weld in Tension
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AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
CJP Groove Welds
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AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
CJP Groove Welds
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CJP Groove Weld in
Compression
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AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
CJP Groove Welds
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AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
CJP Groove Welds
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AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
CJP Groove Welds
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AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
CJP Groove Welds
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AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
PJP Groove Welds
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AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and EquipmentSpecification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
Plu and Slot Welds
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CJPs in tension
CPJ
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CONNECTIONS
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