designations for the 2006 pm2.5 standards: evaluating the nine factors in setting nonattainment area...
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Designations for the 2006 PM2.5 Standards:
Evaluating the Nine Factors in Setting Nonattainment Area Boundaries
Part 1 – Overview
Rich Damberg, Tom Rosendahl
EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
June 21, 2007
2
Statutory Requirement
• “Nonattainment area” is defined in section 107 of the Clean Air Act as:
“…any area that does not meet (or that contributes to ambient air quality in a nearby area that does not meet) the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard for the pollutant.”
Analytical Challenge in the Designations Process:
- Identifying the nearby areas and sources thatcontribute to PM2.5 violations
Fine Particle Concentrations are Affected by Nearby Sources and Transported Emissions
4
The 9 Designation Factors To Help Determine Nearby Area of Influence
for 24-hr NAAQS Violations
Emissions
Air Quality
Meteorology
TopographyPolitical
and OtherBoundaries
Current EmissionControls
Growth
Traffic &Commuting
Population and
Urbanization
NonAttainment Boundaries
5
Overall Approach• All factors are taken into consideration in making
nonattainment decisions– Decisions based on the weight of evidence of the nine
technical factors.
• No bright lines are used for evaluating factors across all areas. Counties in a metro area are evaluated in relative terms, on a case-specific basis.
• Designations are to be based on best available current data for air quality, emissions, other factors
• In general, if a county in a metro area has a violating monitor, designate the full county.– Possible exceptions due to topography, size of county
6
Overall Approach (cont.)• Nonattainment problems are caused by a
combination of regional and local emissions– For purpose of designations, focus evaluation on
counties within the metro area and counties adjacent to the metro area.
• Emissions: direct PM2.5 (carbon and crustal material), SO2, NOx, VOC, ammonia
• “Speciation monitoring” techniques can be used to help identify chemical components of PM2.5 mass as well as sources of emissions
• Goal is to maintain national consistency and fairness in decision making.
7
Sources of Information• EPA Air Quality System - national PM2.5 monitoring network
- Federal Reference Method monitors- Speciation Trends Network, IMPROVE
• 2002 National Emissions Inventory (version 3)- Direct carbon and crustal emissions are estimated from total PM2.5 emissions with the SMOKE emissions processor
• 2000 US Census population data and population growth data • 2000 US Census, Journey to Work database• Vehicle miles traveled
– Estimates obtained from FHWA Highway Performance Modeling System
• NOAA weather and meteorological data• NOAA HYSPLIT back trajectory model• OMB 2003 metro area definitions• USGS topographic information• Satellite imagery – Google Earth
NAA or site outside NAA violates the 24-hr NAAQS in 2003-2005 and 2004-2006 (28 NAA, 38 sites outside NAA) NAA or site outside NAA meets the 24-hr NAAQS in 2003-2005 but violates in 2004-2006 (1 NAA, 9 sites outside NAA) NAA or site outside NAA violates the 24-hr NAAQS in 2003-2005 but meets in 2004-2006 (4 areas, 21 sites outside NAA) NAA meets the 24-hr NAAQS in 2003-2005 and 2004-2006 (6 NAA)
2003-2005 versus Preliminary 2004-2006 PM2.5 24-hour NAAQS Status: PM2.5 Nonattainment Areas (NAA) and Additional Violating Sites
Data from AQS 4/7/2007
4 NAA (yellow) and 21 sites (yellow) outside of NAA violated the revised 24-hr NAAQS in 2003-2005 but did not violate it with 2004-2006 data. In some cases this is because the 2004-2006 data is incomplete for the previously violating sites. Several of these incomplete sites have been closed.
9
Population / Degree of Urbanization• What type of area is it?
– Large metro area – Moderate-sized city– Small town / township
• How many counties make up the metro area?– Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) and
Consolidated Statistical Area (CSA)
• How do the counties in the area compare in terms of population density?
• Is the area affected by urban sprawl?
Emissions
Air Quality
Meteorology
TopographyPolitical
and OtherBoundaries
Current EmissionControls
Growth
Traffic &Commuting
Population and
Urbanization
NonAttainment Boundaries
10
11
San Jose – Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metro AreaPopulation 1.7 million
Shoshone County, Idaho – City of PinehurstPopulation 13,000
Milwaukee, WisconsinPopulation 1.5 million39 ug/m3
Satellite imagery can help illustrate the degree of urbanization and can help identify important emissionssources in the vicinity of theviolating monitor(s)
Population DensityWashington, DC
Kent
New Castle
District of Columbia
Anne Arundel
Baltimore
Calvert
Caroline
Carroll
Cecil
Charles
Dorchester
Frederick
Harford
Howard
Kent
Montgomery
Prince George's
Queen Anne's
St. Mary'sSomerset
Talbot
Washington
Wicomico
Baltimore City
AdamsFranklin
York
Albemarle
Arlington
Caroline
Clarke
Culpeper
Fairfax
Fauquier
Frederick
King George
Loudoun
Madison
Orange
Prince William
Rappahannock
Spotsylvania
Stafford
Warren
Westmoreland
Alexandria CityFairfax City
Falls Church City
Fredericksburg City
Manassas CityManassas Park City
Winchester City
Berkeley
Jefferson
Morgan
25 People Per Dot
Population DensityAtlanta, GA
County Pop. DensityK-persons per Sq. Mile
0.12 to 2.46 (58)0.08 to 0.12 (23)0.06 to 0.08 (16)0.05 to 0.06 (23)0.01 to 0.05 (49)
16
Growth Rates
• What has been the population growth rate in the area in recent years?
• Which counties have the highest rates?– The counties with highest population density
may differ from those with the highest growth rates.
• Is growth expected to continue?
Population Growth Rates
Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha, WICBSA
15 K
OzaukeeWashingtonDodge
MilwaukeeWaukesha
Kenosha
Jefferson
Racine
Walworth
Rockford-Freeport-Rochelle, IL
Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City, IL-IN-WI
Sheboygan, WI
Janesville, WI
1 K
1 K
6 K
7 K
7 K
3 K
Milwaukee-Racine-
Waukesha, WI CBSA
Percentage of workers who commute to other counties in the metro area
Source: 2000 US Census, Journey to Work data
Traffic and Commuting Patterns
- Is there a high degree of commuting in the metro area?- Consider inclusion of counties with significant level of commuting to counties within the city or metro area
19
Jurisdictional and Other Boundaries
• County and metropolitan area boundaries
• Including multi-state areas
• Metropolitan planning organizations
• Existing nonattainment area
boundaries
• Air pollution control districts
• Tribal lands
20
Salt Lake C ity-O gden-Clearfield CSA
Missoula Metro
Logan Metro
Blackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...
Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...
Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...
Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...
Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...
Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...
Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...
Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...
E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...
F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...
Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...
Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...
Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...
Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...
Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...
Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...
Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...
P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...
Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...
Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...
S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...
Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...
Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...
U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...
Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...
W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...
W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...
W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...
Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...
Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Consideration of Indian Lands
Salt Lake C ity-O gden-Clearfield CSA
Missoula Metro
Logan Metro
Blackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...
Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...
Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...
Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...
Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...
Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...
Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...
Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...
E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...
F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...
Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...
Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...
Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...
Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...
Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...
Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...
Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...
P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...
Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...
Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...
S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...
Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...
Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...
U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...
Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...
W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...
W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...
W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...
Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...
Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Consideration of Indian LandsConsideration of Tribal Lands
MadisonMadisonMadisonMadisonMadisonMadisonMadisonMadisonMadison
PleasantsPleasantsPleasantsPleasantsPleasantsPleasantsPleasantsPleasantsPleasants
RobertsonRobertsonRobertsonRobertsonRobertsonRobertsonRobertsonRobertsonRobertson
MontgomeryMontgomeryMontgomeryMontgomeryMontgomeryMontgomeryMontgomeryMontgomeryMontgomery
RockcastleRockcastleRockcastleRockcastleRockcastleRockcastleRockcastleRockcastleRockcastle
JohnsonJohnsonJohnsonJohnsonJohnsonJohnsonJohnsonJohnsonJohnson
JacksonJacksonJacksonJacksonJacksonJacksonJacksonJacksonJackson
Pike
Lewis
Carter
Mason
Fleming
Greenup
RowanBath
Clark
Wolfe
Estill
Powell
Clay
Perry
Breathitt
Martin
Mercer
Logan
Mingo
Lincoln
Raleigh
Fayette
ClayKanawha
Putnam
BoydCabell
Scioto
Campbell
Warren
Brown
Pike
Ross
Jackson
Vinton
Meigs
Athens
Hocking
Roane
Calhoun
RitchieWood
Washington
KENTUCKY
OHIO
WESTVIRGINIA
15.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.0
12.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.5
17.117.117.117.117.117.117.117.117.1
17.217.217.217.217.217.217.217.217.2
Bourbon
Bracken
Elliott
Fayette
Floyd
Garrard
Harrison
Jackson
Kenton
Knott
Laurel
Lawrence
Lee
Leslie Letcher
Magoffin
Menifee Morgan
Nicholas
Owsley
Pendleton
Pulaski
Scott
Adams
Butler
Clermont
Clinton
Fairfield
Fayette
Gallia
Greene
HamiltonHighland
Lawrence
MonroeMontgomery
Morgan
NoblePerry
Pickaway
Bland
Buchanan
Dickenson
Giles
Russell
Tazewell
Wise
Boone
Braxton
Gilmer
McDowell
Mason
Nicholas
Summers
Tyler
Wayne
Wirt
Wyoming
12.212.212.212.212.212.212.212.212.2
13.513.513.513.513.513.513.513.513.5
13.613.613.613.613.613.613.613.613.6
13.813.813.813.813.813.813.813.813.8
12.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.5
13.113.113.113.113.113.113.113.113.1
16.216.216.216.216.216.216.216.216.2
15.815.815.815.815.815.815.815.815.8
16.616.616.616.616.616.616.616.616.6
16.016.016.016.016.016.016.016.016.0
Huntington-Ashland Multi-State Area
24
Topography / Geography
• Are there topographic features that defines or affects the contributing source region?– Examples: high mountains, narrow valley
• Primarily a western issue
Elkhart, IndianaPopulation 183,00036 ug/m3
Kinda flat …Topography is notmuch of an issue here.
Topography / GeographyTopography / Geography
- Example: Libby, Montana- Example: Libby, Montana
Montana
Washington
Idaho
Lincoln, County
Shoshone County, Idaho – City of Pinehurst
Small town in large county
Shoshone County, Idaho – City of Pinehurst
Logan, UtahPopulation 103,00065 ug/m3
MeteorologyMeteorology
Possible tools:Possible tools:- Pollution roses Pollution roses based on based on hourly wind hourly wind direction datadirection dataand 24-hourand 24-hourPM2.5 dataPM2.5 data- Back trajectories- Back trajectoriesfor analysisfor analysisof high daysof high days
31
Emissions Data
• Where are important nearby emissions sources located?
• What are emissions of PM2.5 and precursors by county?
• Are certain sources key contributors during specific seasons? – Speciation data provides important information– High nitrate and carbon in winter, sulfate in summer
0 3 6
m iles
M C W ANE C AS T IR O N PIPE C O .491, 31, 100, 439
BE R M AN BR O T HE R S IR O N & M E T AL C O ., INC .132, 26, 37, 7
S M I S T E E L, INC .142, 35, 161, 40
U. S . PIPE & FO UNDR Y C O M PANY INC .(NO . B 'HAM PLANT )389, 16, 99, 533
AM E R IC AN C AS T IR O N PIPE C O M PANY1274, 249, 276, 898
DR UM M O ND C O M PANY , INC .1068, 2659, 863, 642
BIR M ING HAM S T E E L C O R PO R AT IO N127, 17, 243, 187
S LO S S INDUS T R IE S C O R PO R AT IO N - M INE R AL W O O L PLANT276, 473, 23, 60
S LO S S INDUS T R IE S C O R PO R AT IO N - C O K E /UT IL IT IE S /BT F371, 2093, 662, 99
S O . DUC T ILE C AS T ING C O . D IV -C AR O LINA C IT AT IO N C O R P119, 0, 4 , 19
G R IFF IN W HE E L C O M PANY180, 4, 54, 16
U. S . PIPE & FO UNDR Y C O M PANY ,INC .(BE S S E M E R PLANT )376, 18, 109, 312
ALABAM A M E T AL INDUS T R IE S C O R PO R AT IO N (AM IC O )0, 0 , 1 , 141
ALABAM A PO W E R C O M PANY (PO W E LL AV E NUE S T E AM PLANT )3, 339, 219, 2
ALABAM A PO W E R C O M PANY (M ILLE R PO W E R PLANT )1806, 47619, 29997, 328
S ILG AN C O NT AINE R S M ANUFAC T UR ING C O R P.0, 0 , 3 , 139
S O UT HE R N NAT UR AL G AS C O R P.0, 0 , 585, 34
U.S . S T E E L - FAIR FIE LD1213, 729, 974, 957
U.S . S T E E L - FAIR FIE LD W O R K S PIPE M ILL154, 0, 100, 143
18
16.7
Numbers represent tons of emissions of PM2.5, SO2, NOx, VOC
Birmingham, AL Local Emissions Sources
Birmingham, AL – 2001 Emissions
34
Topics to come:
- Conceptual model for PM2.5 24-hour concentrations
-Analyses of PM2.5 Mass and Speciation Data for high days
-Analyses combining air quality, meteorology, and emissions
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