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Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.1 – Trails West
• Mountain men like Jedediah Smith and Jim
Beckworth survived by being tough and resourceful.
• To obtain furs, mountain men roamed the Great
Plains to the far west, and between the Mississippi
River and the Pacific Ocean.
• The rendezvous system allowed individual trappers
to come to a prearranged site for a rendezvous with
traders from the east who in turn sold supplies to
the trappers.
Mountain Men and the
Rendezvous
Jedediah Smith
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.1 – Trails West
• Smith, Beckworth, and other daring fur trappers
and explorers opened up routes West by
discovering the best trails through the Rocky
Mountains.
• Mountain men worked some streams so heavily,
they killed off the animals forcing them to search
for other streams
• These explorations provided Americans with first-
hand knowledge of the Far West
• Thousands of pioneers used South Pass, the wide
valley through the Rockies that Jedediah Smith had
publicized
• South Pass was wide and less steep, wagon trails
could run through it
Mountain Men Open the
West
Jim Beckwourth
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.1 – Trails West
• People called land speculators bought huge areas
of land
• They made great profits by selling those sections to
the thousands of settlers who dreamed of owning
their own farms
• They earned money by making and selling items
that farmers needed
The Lure of the West
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.1 – Trails West
• Missouri trader William Becknell set out with
hardware, cloth, and china along the Santa Fe Trail,
that went from Missouri to Santa Fe
• One of Becknell’s bags, was cut, and spilled gold
and silver on the street
• The next spring, Becknell headed to Santa Fe by
loading his trade goods into covered wagons – he
discovered a shortcut and allowing him to avoid
steep slopes
• Before long, hundreds of traders and prairie
schooners braved the cutoff to make the 800-mile
journey from Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico
each year
The Trail to Santa Fe
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.1 – Trails West
• The Oregon Trail ran from Independence, Missouri
to the Oregon Territory
• Marcus and Narcissa Whitman’s glowing reports of
Oregon’s rich land began to attract other American
settlers
• In 1843, nearly 1,000 people traveled from
Missouri to Oregon
Oregon Fever
Oregon Trail
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.1 – Trails West
• Henry Sager, his wife, and six children left Missouri
to find fertile land in Oregon
• The Oregon Trail was dangerous, so pioneers
joined wagon trains
• Life on the trail was full of hardship and, later
“camp fever” killed both of the Sager parents
One Family Heads West
Conestoga Wagon on the Oregon Trail
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.1 – Trails West
• The Mormons were members of the Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
• Joseph Smith had founded this church in upstate
New York in 1830
• Brigham Young moved his people out of the United
States to Utah
• They built a new settlement by the Great Salt Lake,
and through teamwork, they made their new
desert homeland bloom
The Mormon Trail
Chapter 13, Section 2 – The Texas
Revolution
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.2 – The Texas Revolution
• The Spanish land called Tejas was rich and
desirable, and had forests in the east, rich soil for
growing corn and cotton, and great grassy plains
for grazing animals
• The Spanish officials wanted settlers to move to
Texas to defend against Native Americans and
illegal Americans
• The Spanish government offered huge tracts of
land to empresarios
• Moses Austin asked for permission to start a
colony in Texas, Spain agreed, and the settlers on
his land had to follow Spanish laws
Spanish Texas
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.2 – The Texas Revolution
• In 1821, Mexico successfully gained its
independence from Spain
• Stephen Austin’s land grant became worthless, so
he had to persuade the new government to let him
start his colony
• The original Texas settler families, “Old Three
Hundred”, agreed to become Mexican citizens and
members of the Roman Catholic Church
• The success of Austin’s colony attracted more land
speculators and settlers moved to Texas, and by
1830 the population had swelled to about 30,000
Mexican Independence
Changes Texas
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.2 – The Texas Revolution
• As more Americans settled in Texas, tensions with
Tejanos increased
• The Tejanos found the Americans difficult to live
with, because Americans seemed unwilling to
adapt to Mexican laws
• Responding to warnings, Mexico closed the state to
further American immigration, required Texans to
pay taxes for the first time, and the government
sent more Mexican troops to Texas
Rising Tensions in Texas
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.2 – The Texas Revolution
• Some Texans talked about breaking away from
Mexico
• In 1833, Austin set off for Mexico City with a
petition to request that Texas become a self
governing state within Mexico
• Austin met with General Antonio Lopez de Santa
Anna, but was jailed after Santa Anna learned of a
letter Austin had written that supported Texas
becoming its own state
• In late September 1835, Mexican soldiers marched
to Gonzales to seize a cannon, and Texans had
hung a flag that said, “Come and Take It”
• Two months later, Texans drove Mexicans out of
San Antonio; angered by these insults, Santa Anna
and 6,000 troops headed to Texas
Texans Revolts Against
Mexico
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.2 – The Texas Revolution
• March 1-2, 1836, Texans met at a settlement called
Washington-on-the-Brazos
• They declared independence with Sam Houston in
command of the army
• 420 men, led by James Fannin, were stationed at
Goliad, and 183 volunteers were at the Alamo,
headed by William Travis, and this included Davy
Crockett, Jim Bowie, and Juan Seguin
• The Alamo’s defenders held of the Mexican attack
for 12 days, but on the 13th day, Santa Anna
ordered more than 1,800 men to storm the fortress
• All but 5 Texans were dead and the Battle of the
Alamo was over, 183 died, and Susanna Dickenson
was ordered to tell others the story of what she
saw
The Fight for the Alamo
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.2 – The Texas Revolution
• With Santa Anna on the attack, Texans, both
soldiers and settlers, fled eastward
• Over 300 soldiers were captured by Mexicans and
executed at Goliad, but even in retreat and defeat,
Houston’s army doubled to 800 angry men
• On April 21, 1836, the Texans advanced on the
Mexican army at the San Jacinto River screaming
“Remember the Alamo!” “Remember Goliad!”
• In 18 minutes, the battle was over, and Texas was
now independent
The Victory at San Jacinto
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.2 – The Texas Revolution
• Sam Houston was elected president of the Lone
Star Republic by a landslide
• In 1836, Texas asked Congress for annexation, but
it was rejected on the issue of slavery, so they
remained an independent nation for almost ten
years
Lone Star Republic
Chapter 13, Section 3 – The War
with Mexico
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.3 – The War with Mexico
• Although populated with Native Americans and
Mexicans, those lands were viewed by white
settlers as unoccupied.
• Many Americans believed that the US was destined
to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
• Manifest destiny suggested that expansion was not
only good but bound to happen, even if it meant
pushing Native Americans and Mexicans out of the
way.
• Since 1818, Oregon had been occupied jointly by
the United States and Britain, but in 1846, the
United States and Britain agreed to divide Oregon
at the 49th parallel.
Americans Support Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.3 – The War with Mexico
• In 1845, Congress admitted Texas as a slave state,
but Mexico still claimed Texas.
• Texas and Mexico could not agree on the official
border, Texas claimed the Rio Grande, Mexico
claimed the Nueces River as the border of Texas .
• James K. Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico and
offered $25 million for Texas, California, and New
Mexico, but it failed.
• Zachary Taylor was stationed on the northern bank
of the Rio Grande, but on April 25, a Mexican
cavalry unit crossed the Rio Grande, and they
ambushed an American patrol and killed or
wounded 16 soldiers .
• Congress declared war and The War with Mexico
had begun, but Illinois representative Abraham
Lincoln questioned the need to declare war.
• Southerners saw expansion into Texas as an
opportunity to expand slavery and increase their
power in Congress, and in May 1846, Gen Taylor
led troops into Mexico.
Troubles with Mexico
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.3 – The War with Mexico
• General Stephen Kearney and his men left Fort
Leavenworth, Kansas for New Mexico.
• Using persuasion instead of force, he convinced the
Mexican troops that he meant to withdraw, then
they marched with a small force to California.
• John C. Fremont rebelled against Mexican rule in
the Bear Flag Revolt.
• They arrested the Mexican commander of
Northern California and the rebels declared
California independent of Mexico and named it the
Republic of California.
Capturing New Mexico and
California
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.3 – The War with Mexico
• American forces invaded Mexico from two
directions.
• General Taylor battled his way south from Texas
toward the city of Monterey, but it was Santa Anna
who retreated after the Battle of Buena Vista.
• The war in northern Mexico was over, but in
southern Mexico, a second force led by General
Winfield Scott landed at Veracruz.
• Scott met fierce resistance at the Battle of
Chapultepec, but Mexico City fell to Scott in
September 1847.
The Invasion of Mexico
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.3 – The War with Mexico
• On Feb. 2, 1848, the war officially ended with the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
• Mexico recognized that Texas was part of the
United States, and the Rio Grande was the border;
Mexico ceded California, Nevada, Utah, most of
Arizona, and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and
Wyoming.
• The United States paid $15 million and promised to
protect the 80,000 Mexicans who were living on US
soil.
The Mexican Cession
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.3 – The War with Mexico
• In 1853, Mexico sold the land in southern New
Mexico and Arizona for a transcontinental railroad,
called the Gadsden Purchase, to the United States
for $10 million.
• In 1848, the United States stretched from “sea to
shining sea.”
“From Sea to Shining Sea”
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.3 – The War with Mexico
“From Sea to Shining Sea”
Chapter 13, Section 4 – The
California Gold Rush
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.4 – The California Gold Rush
• California was populated by 150,000 Native
Americans and 8,000 to 12,000 Californios.
• Mariano Vallejo, commander of Northern
California, owned 250,000 acres of land.
• John Sutter persuaded the governor to grant him
50,000 acres in the unsettled Sacramento Valley.
• James Marshall inspected the canal that brought
water to Sutter’s Mill.
• Marshall stated, “I reached my hand down and
picked it up; it made my heart thump for I felt
certain it was gold.”
California Before the Rush
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.4 – The California Gold Rush
• All over California, people raced to the American
River starting the California gold rush.
• People have valued gold because it is scarce,
beautiful, easy to shape, and resistant to tarnish,
and miners soon found gold in other streams
flowing out of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
• A 49er who wished to reach California from the
East had a choice of three routes:
1. Sail 18,000 miles around South America and up
the Pacific coast,
2. Sail to the Isthmus of Panama, cross overland,
and then sail to California, or
3. Travel the trails across North America, braving
the hardships.
• Most gold seekers were single men because the
adventure was so difficult.
Rush for Gold
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.4 – The California Gold Rush
• Mining camps began as rows of tents along the
streams flowing out of the Sierra Nevada and they
could be dangerous.
• Miners spent their days standing knee-deep in icy
streams, where they sifted through tons of mud
and sand to find small amounts of gold.
• Miners had to pay outrageously high prices for
basic supplies.
Life in the Mining Camps
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.4 – The California Gold Rush
• Mining camps began as rows of tents along the
streams flowing out of the Sierra Nevada and they
could be dangerous.
• Miners spent their days standing knee-deep in icy
streams, where they sifted through tons of mud
and sand to find small amounts of gold.
• Miners had to pay outrageously high prices for
basic supplies.
• About two-thirds of the forty-niners were
Americans, many from New England.
• Thousands came from Sonora in Mexico, others
from Europe, South America, Australia, and from
China.
• By the end of 1851, one of every ten immigrants
was Chinese, but the Chinese proved to be patient
miners, and they made these sites yield profits.
Life in the Mining Camps
Miners from Around the
World
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.4 – The California Gold Rush
• A mixture of greed, anger, and prejudice caused
some miners to cheat others.
• American miners began to force Native Americans
and foreigners such as Mexicans and Chinese out of
the gold fields to reduce competition.
• The Foreign Miners Tax imposed a tax of $20 per
month on foreign miners.
• Driven from the mines, the Chinese opened shops,
restaurants, laundries.
Miner Conflicts
Chapter 13 – Manifest
Destiny
Chapter 13.4 – The California Gold Rush
• By 1852, the gold rush was over, and over 250,000
people flooded California.
• San Francisco became a center of banking,
manufacturing, shipping, and trade, and the
population rose from 400 in 1835 to 35,000 in
1850.
• The newcomers did not respect the Californios,
their customs, or rights.
• Mariano Vallejo lost all but 300 acres of his huge
estate and thousands of Native Americans died
from diseases from the newcomers.
• California applied for statehood in 1849, and was
admitted as a free state in 1850.
• Southerners feared that because the statehood of
California made free states outnumber slave
states, Northerners might abolish slavery.
The Impact of the Gold Rush
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