determination of total and hexavalent chromium in bile
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7/30/2019 Determination of Total and Hexavalent Chromium in Bile
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Determination of total and hexavalent chromium in bile ...
Environmental Research
Determination of total and hexavalent chromium in bile after intravenous administration of
potassium dichromate in ratsEnvironmental Research, Volume 37, Issue 2,August 1985, Pages 490-496
Alessandro Cavalleri, Claudio Minoia, Plinio Richelmi, Carla Baldi, Guiseppina Micoli
Abstract
Total and hexavalent chromium were measured in bile samples obtained from cannulated bile
ducts of male rats iv administered with potassium dichromate at various doses corresponding to
0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg of chromium. The evaluation of the hexavalent form was performed by
separation with a liquid anion exchanger and electrothermal atomization-atomic absorption
spectrophotometric determination. Within 2 hr 1.352.23% of the chromium injected wasrecovered in bile as total chromium, the hexavalent form accounting for less than 1% of the total
chromium collected, which seems almost entirely excreted as trivalent chromium. Since Cr(VI)
administered iv was quickly reduced to Cr(III) in blood, the possibility exists for chromium in
trivalent form to penetrate into the liver cells and to be excreted in the bile, possibly by binding
to a carrier such as the low-molecular-weight substance described by Yamamoto et al. (A.
Yamamoto, O. Wada, and T. Ono, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 59, 515, 1981).
PDF (369 K)
Effect of pH on rejection of hexavalent chromium by nan...
Desalination
Effect of pH on rejection of hexavalent chromium by nanofiltrationDesalination, Volume 219, Issues 1-3, 25 January 2008, Pages 171-178
M. Muthukrishnan, B.K. Guha
Abstract
Removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr
+6
) was carried out with different nanofiltration (NF)membranes for varying concentration and pH of the membrane feed solution. Two
membranes were used for this investigation: one high rejection membrane (NFI) and the other
a low rejection membrane (NFII). The percent rejection of chromium was found to increase
with the increase of feed solution pH. It has been observed that the effect of feed
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F1985&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=article&_cdi=6774&_sort=v&_st=4&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=2603&_acct=C000027478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2512477&md5=795f7a2b76a84285c4e8b8a266355d51http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WDS-4F1S9TX-87&_user=2512477&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F1985&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=article&_cdi=6774&_sort=v&_st=4&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=2603&_acct=C000027478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2512477&md5=795f7a2b76a84285c4e8b8a266355d51http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WDS-4F1S9TX-87&_user=2512477&_origUdi=B6WDS-485XGY3-2&_fmt=high&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F1985&_rdoc=1&_orig=article&_acct=C000027478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2512477&md5=b5c68f34ac21a7e63c150ffd3126387fhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WDS-4F1S9TX-87&_user=2512477&_origUdi=B6WDS-485XGY3-2&_fmt=high&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F1985&_rdoc=1&_orig=article&_acct=C000027478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2512477&md5=b5c68f34ac21a7e63c150ffd3126387f 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7/30/2019 Determination of Total and Hexavalent Chromium in Bile
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concentration on the percent rejection was quite low, but the nature of effect varies with the
pH of the solution with a transition happening at above pH 7.0. The rejection was observed to
increase with increasing in concentration for feed pH below 7.0, whereas at higher pH a
reverse trend occurs with lowering of rejection for higher feed concentration. The permeateflux was found to be lower at higher feed concentration, but varied only marginally with
change in pH value. UV-spectrograph of the permeate solution at different pH value was
carried out to determine the nature of the ionic species of chromium present in the system.
Results show that the variation of rejection at different pH is due to the nature of ionic
component present at the specific pH. The role of feed solution pH for membrane separation
of chromium has been explained with the help of this spectrograph.
PDF (346 K)
Determination of atmospheric concentrations of inorgani...
Journal of Chromatography A
Determination of atmospheric concentrations of inorganic anions by ion chromatography
following ultrasonic extraction
Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 1094, Issues 1-2, 11 November 2005, Pages 118-121
Seyed Mortaza Talebi, Mohammad Abedi
AbstractThe capability of the suppressed conductometric detection ion chromatography (IC) was
investigated for the separation and determination of inorganic anions (F, Cl
, NO3
and SO4
2)
in standard reference materials SRM-1648 urban particulate matter following ultrasonic
extraction. The effects of the cationic surfactant (SDS) and the anionic surfactant (CTAB) on
ultrasonic extraction efficiency of inorganic anions from complex matrix of airborne
particulate matter were investigated. The results showed that surfactant can enhance the
extraction efficiency. Finally, the concentrations of inorganic anions in the atmosphere of the
city of Isfahan were determined. The results showed a trend of SO42
> NO3
> Cl
> F
.
PDF (139 K)
Sensitivity of estuarine phytoplankton to hexavalent ch...
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
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er=2512477&_orig=article&_coverDate=11/11/2005&_sk=989059998&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzV&md5=f0be1b618c05062b1394e514217201e0&ie=/sdarticle.pdfhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TFX-4R94WFD-K-1&_cdi=5238&_user=2512477&_orig=article&_coverDate=01/25/2008&_sk=997809998&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzV&md5=420e3551724ecd9dcb1901a2467bf06c&ie=/sdarticle.pdfhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TG8-4GYNY75-4-C&_cdi=5248&_user=2512477&_orig=article&_coverDate=11/11/2005&_sk=989059998&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzV&md5=f0be1b618c05062b1394e514217201e0&ie=/sdarticle.pdfhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TFX-4R94WFD-K-1&_cdi=5238&_user=2512477&_orig=article&_coverDate=01/25/2008&_sk=997809998&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzV&md5=420e3551724ecd9dcb1901a2467bf06c&ie=/sdarticle.pdfhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WDV-4DV0MVF-P3&_user=2512477&_origUdi=B6WDS-485XGY3-2&_fmt=high&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F1983&_rdoc=1&_orig=article&_acct=C000027478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2512477&md5=11a0d0163fc9c81f5b9d6a93315dfea9http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WDV-4DV0MVF-P3&_user=2512477&_origUdi=B6WDS-485XGY3-2&_fmt=high&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F1983&_rdoc=1&_orig=article&_acct=C000027478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2512477&md5=11a0d0163fc9c81f5b9d6a93315dfea9http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TG8-4GYNY75-4-C&_cdi=5248&_user=2512477&_orig=article&_coverDate=11%2F11%2F2005&_sk=989059998&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzV&md5=f0be1b618c05062b1394e514217201e0&ie=/sdarticle.pdfhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TG8-4GYNY75-4&_user=2512477&_coverDate=11%2F11%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=article&_cdi=5248&_sort=v&_st=4&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=2603&_acct=C000027478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2512477&md5=d85971e479f84db41c18dd2314933c0fhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TG8-4GYNY75-4&_user=2512477&_coverDate=11%2F11%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=article&_cdi=5248&_sort=v&_st=4&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=2603&_acct=C000027478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2512477&md5=d85971e479f84db41c18dd2314933c0fhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TG8-4GYNY75-4&_user=2512477&_origUdi=B6WDS-485XGY3-2&_fmt=high&_coverDate=11%2F11%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_orig=article&_acct=C000027478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2512477&md5=5f9c3e6f98fde2ae83057d6fb6f3874dhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TG8-4GYNY75-4&_user=2512477&_origUdi=B6WDS-485XGY3-2&_fmt=high&_coverDate=11%2F11%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_orig=article&_acct=C000027478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2512477&md5=5f9c3e6f98fde2ae83057d6fb6f3874dhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TFX-4R94WFD-K-1&_cdi=5238&_user=2512477&_orig=article&_coverDate=01%2F25%2F2008&_sk=997809998&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzV&md5=420e3551724ecd9dcb1901a2467bf06c&ie=/sdarticle.pdf 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7/30/2019 Determination of Total and Hexavalent Chromium in Bile
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Sensitivity of estuarine phytoplankton to hexavalent chromiumEstuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, Volume 17, Issue 2,August 1983, Pages 181-187
Bruce E. Frey, G. Fritz Riedel, Ann E. Bass, Lawrence F. Small
Abstract
Experiments were conducted in which we tested the effects of hexavalent chromium on both
natural assemblages of phytoplankton and cultures ofThalassiosira pseudonana clone 3H.
Water was collected from various locations in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, with salinities ranging
from 325 to 003. A variety of nutrient regimes were tested by adding major nutrients
and micro-nutrients, and/or stripping micro-nutrients with activated carbon. In one high
salinity experiment, chromium was stimulatory, as were micro-nutrient additions. In other high
and medium salinity experiments, chromium was neither stimulatory nor inhibitory, at levels
up to 19 mole l1
Cr. There was, however, slight inhibition of growth at 190 mole l1
Cr,
due specifically to inhibition ofSkeletonema costatum. In our freshwater experiments,
chromium was very inhibitory at 19 mole l1
Cr, and slightly inhibitory at 019 mole l1
Cr. Species inhibited by chromium were Surirella ovata, Detonula confervacea, and Cyclotella
sp. Experiments were conducted with T. pseudonana grown over a wide range of salinities.
Chromium was found to be very inhibitory in freshwater and became progressively less toxic
as the salinity increased. Most inhibition was neutralized by a salinity of 21.
PDF (507 K)
In vivo production of hexavalent chromium
Biomaterials
In vivo production of hexavalent chromium
Biomaterials, Volume 5, Issue 4,July 1984, Pages 244-245
G.T. Rogers
Abstract
Surgical implants which contain chromium result in increasedin vivoconcentrations. The
oxidation chemistry of this reaction is considered.
PDF (199 K)
Abstract
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overDate=07%2F31%2F1984&_sk=999949995&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzV&md5=19eb62116bbd7da69c84d5ee21c41916&ie=/sdarticle.pdfhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TWB-48HRK0D-KD&_user=2512477&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F1984&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=article&_cdi=5558&_sort=v&_st=4&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=2603&_acct=C000027478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2512477&md5=a84acff389e0e3b59492243a8cba13cehttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TWB-48HRK0D-KD&_user=2512477&_origUdi=B6WDS-485XGY3-2&_fmt=high&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F1984&_rdoc=1&_orig=article&_acct=C000027478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2512477&md5=5ffb03933ec65c3ca906ff33593333c1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TWB-48HRK0D-KD&_user=2512477&_origUdi=B6WDS-485XGY3-2&_fmt=high&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F1984&_rdoc=1&_orig=article&_acct=C000027478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2512477&md5=5ffb03933ec65c3ca906ff33593333c1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6WDV-4DV0MVF-P3-1&_cdi=6776&_user=2512477&_orig=article&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F1983&_sk=999829997&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzV&md5=b7ca0c70b5af5289401872086ccce5a4&ie=/sdarticle.pdfhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WDV-4DV0MVF-P3&_user=2512477&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F1983&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=article&_cdi=6776&_sort=v&_st=4&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=2603&_acct=C000027478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2512477&md5=29f888af049cb3b86e3ac42d21554a9a 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7/30/2019 Determination of Total and Hexavalent Chromium in Bile
4/8
Airborne particulate matter was collected from the atmosphere of the city of Isfahan by a high-
volume air sampler. Determination of the concentration of total chromium was carried out
by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after acid digestion. The determination of
hexavalent chromium was carried out by ion chromatography following the collection of
Cr(vi) in an impinger. Day-to-day variations in concentrations of total and hexavalent
chromium were investigated and an excellent similarity was found between them. Atmospheric
levels of total and hexavalent chromium were also investigated in different months of the
year, and maximum concentrations were found in October.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Experimental2.1. Collection of samples
2.2. Digestion of airborne particulate matter
2.3. Determination of total chromium concentration
3. Results and discussion
References
1. Introduction
Chromium is released into the atmosphere from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The
major sources of this element in the urban atmosphere are anthropogenic sources, including the
production of iron and steel and, in a smaller proportion, the combustion of fossil fuels
(Demuynk et al., 1979). Chromium in the atmosphere is associated with airborne particulate
matter and is ubiquitous in the lower atmosphere ( Dobbins, 1979; Lum et al., 1982).
Chromium exists in the environment predominantly in two physicochemical forms: Cr(iii) and
Cr(vi). The toxicity of their compounds differs greatly. Trivalent-state chromium is necessary
for the maintenance of a normal glucose tolerance factor, while Cr(vi) is toxic and carcinogen
(Padarauskkas and Schwedt, 1995). Determination of the total concentration of chromium
in the urban atmosphere is not sufficient to evaluate the hazards of this element. However,
determination of the atmospheric concentration of hexavalent chromium is important
because of its high toxicity, continuous nature of exposures and also the size of the population at
risk, especially in metropolitan areas ( Rochi and Alforque, 1990). Chromium (vi) is less stable
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