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Developing Talent in Young Dancers
An interdisciplinary longitudinal research project
Imogen Walker, MScPhD Candidate
Sanna Nordin-Bates, PhDResearch Fellow
Emma Redding, PhDPrincipal Investigator
Research in the wider context
Helen Laws
Healthier Dancer Programme Manager,
Dance UK
Outline
• Introduction to dance science
• Why research talent?
• What we know so far
• Methods and findings
– Physiology
– Psychology
• The wider context
• Questions
IADMS enhances the health, well-being, training, and performance of dancers by
cultivating educational, medical, and scientific excellence.
International Association of Dance Medicine and Science Mission Statement (IADMS), 2008
What is dance science?
What is dance science?
Examples of studies:
• Relationships between muscular strength and injury incidence
• Performance anxiety experiences of professional dancers
Biomechanics
Psychology
Physiology
Somatics Dance Science
Why Research Talent?• Recent research indicates that by taking a systematic,
scientific approach we might better understand
– What talent is
– How it is best developed
• Talent models and research common in sport and
some in music: e.g. increased
– Recognition of the role of psychological and social factors in
addition to traditionally emphasised physiological factors
– Emphasis on the role of specific forms of deliberate practice
over innate talent
Talent in Dance
• Dance: talent is much talked about & sought after, but definitions of what & how important it is are– Varied
– Lacking in research / systematic evidence
– Traditional dance talent ID based on:
• Technical skill
• Physical characteristics (limb lengths, slenderness) & control
• Other dance-specific criteria: artistic/creative
– Sanders‟ Gifted and Talented Dancers: A Resource Booklet for Teachers deals largely with 2 factors:
• Psycho-behavioural characteristics
• Dance-specific criteria: artistic/creative
Talent in dance
• Physical characteristics
• Practice
• Talent development stages
• Psychological characteristics
• Social aspects
Physiological indicators
• Flexibility and hypermobility
• Anthropometry and body shape/type
• Aerobic fitness
• Muscular strength and power
• Motor skills
• Perceptual skills
e.g. Hamilton et al., 1997; Kadel et al., 2005; Laws, 2002; McCormack et al.,
2004; Singer & Janelle, 1999; Williams, 2002; Wyon & Redding, 2005.
Physiological factors
Overall, favourable inherited characteristics
combined with higher responsiveness to
training may advantage some dancers over others(Singer & Janelle, 1999)
Over time…
• Performance improvements
– In sport – Olympics (Ericsson & Lehman, 2004)
– In ballet (Daprati et al., 2009)
• Deliberate practice:
– 10-year rule/10,000 hours (Simon & Chase, 1973;
Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Römer, 1993)
– Structured practice with goal of improving
specific skill
– Not necessarily enjoyable (Ericsson et al., 1993)
– Technique class
Deliberate practice
• Evidence against 10,000 hours „rule‟
• Quality vs quantity
• Cannot be sole cause of expertise
• However: relationship between practice
and skill development undeniable
– implies that early specialisation should take
place to get enough practice hours in
(Baker & Horton, 2004; Baker, Côté & Abernethy, 2003; Howe, Davidson &
Sloboda, 1998; Singer & Janelle, 1999)
Early diversification or specialisation?
• Early diversification generally associated with more enjoyment, better peer relationships, and greater community exposure (Côté et al., 2009)
• In sport has been associated with adherence and success (Baker et al., 2003; Fraser et al., 2008)
• Early diversification transferable skills (Baker, 2003)
• In some domains, early specialisation may be required (Williams & Ford, 2008)
Sport talent development stages
1. Sampling years
• Deliberate play; sampling activities
2. Specialising years
• Deliberate play and deliberate practice
3. Investment years
• Deliberate practice; commitment
(Côté, 1999)
Physiology: Measures
To succeed in dance, dancers may need:
• Self-confidence
• Passion
• Psychological skills
– Imagery, goal-setting,
mental preparation, relaxation,
self-talk, coping skills
Psychological characteristics
e.g. Brassington & Adam; Fox & Wilson, 2008; Hanton, Neil & Mellalieu, 2008;
Macnamara, Holmes & Collins, 2008; Mageau et al., 2009; Mellalieu, Neil & O‟Brien,
2004; Morris, 2000; Nordin et al., in press; Vallerand et al., 2003.
Psychological factors
Most relevant to talent development – most can
be trained
Artistic: Expressive ability
• Talented performing artists need both technical
and expressive skill
• Technical expertise can help to play with
structure, rhythm etc. (Sloboda, 2000)
• May be developed through life experience (Schnitt &
Schnitt, 1987; Critien & Ollis, 2006)
• Imagery could help
– Elite dancers use imagery more frequently (Nordin &
Cumming, 2006)
Artistic: Creativity
• Generally not “light bulb” moments
– Requires much knowledge of field, trial and
error (Csikszentmihalyi , 1996)
• Self-confidence
– Risk-taking
– Expression (Watson, 2009)
• All dancers have creative potential but
may not be displayed at audition (Sanders,
2006)
Significant others
• Parents
• Teachers
• Friends
• Other family
members?
Parental influence in development
1. Sampling years• Introducing child to domain
• Noticing „special ability‟
• Encouraging child to practice
2. Specialising years• Encouragement
• Financial and emotional support
3. Investment years• Financial and emotional
support
Bloom, 1985; Côté, 1999; Ferreira & Armstrong, 2002; Fraser-Thomas, Côté &
Deakin, 2008; Kay, 2000; Weiss & Weiss, 2006
Teachers: Motivational climate
Task-involving Climate Ego-involving Climate
Focus on mastery Focus on outdoing others
Self-referenced Other-referenced
Cooperative Rivalry
Effort over success Success over effort
Ames, 1992; Newton, Duda & Yin, 2000.
Motivational climate: relationships
Carr & Wyon, 2003; Duda, 2001; Ntoumanis, Vazou & Duda, 2007; Quested & Duda,
2009; O‟Donoghue & Jones, 2007; Smith, Smoll & Cumming, 2008
Task-involving Climate Ego-involving Climate
Enjoyment Anxiety
Autonomy Perfectionism
Perceived competence, self-esteem
Emotional and physical exhaustion
Well-being Dropout
Talent in dance? Individual and environment
Physical factors
Creativity
Psychological skills
Expression/
dramatic
abilityDancer
ParentsPeers
Teachers and
motivational climate
Practice
Anything else?
• Roles of
– Societal values and culture
• Dance
• Gifted and talented
– Chance/luck
– Other talent areas in dance
• Portfolio career
Introduction to CAT project
Talent is a huge but under-researched area
in dance
Recognising a need to progress work in this
area, the nationwide CATs worked with
Laban to create a research project
• Profile & track CAT dancers
Research Questions:
1) What are these talented young dancers like?
2) How do they develop?
CAT Research Project
Interdisciplinary
Physiology
Adherence
CreativityInjury
Psychology
Aims• Track CAT dancers twice per year for 3 years,
examining which factors in their
– Background, training
– Physicality
– Psychology
• Are related to
– Well-being (injury, health)
– Performance outcomes
– Adherence/dropout
– Creativity
… so that eventually, we may better understand
how to best develop talent in young dancers
Measures
Background Psychology Physiology InjuryPerformance-
related
Demographics Self-esteem Balance Type Adherence / Dropout
Hours of dance &
other activitiesAnxiety Upper body strength Body area Graduate destinations
Dance experience Perfectionism Flexibility Location Reasons for leaving
Health & injury
backgroundEating attitudes Hypermobility Severity
Teachers‟ perceptions
of talent
Performance
experienceMotivational Climate
Anthropometry,
growth
Interruption to
dancingCreativity
Passion Aerobic fitness Treatment
Turnout Perceived causes
Jump height
So far…
Data collected from 8 Centres:
Winter 08 347 students
Summer 09 332 students
Winter 09 381 students
Summer 10 328 students
Project findings so far
• Overview of physical findings
• Overview of psychological findings
• In-depth physiology analysis
• In-depth interdisciplinary analysis
Methods and Findings: Physical
• Dance Aerobic Fitness Test (DAFT)
• Grip strength
• Flexibility
– Hamstring
– Turnout
• Balance
• Hypermobility
DAFT: Aerobic Fitness
• Significant decrease in heart rates over time =
increase in aerobic fitness
94
114
134
154
174
194
214
234
Stage 3 Stage 5
Heart
rate
, in
beats
per
min
ute
Winter 08
Summer 09
Physical measures
Significant increase over Year 1 in most
measures:
– Grip strength
– Active and passive hamstring flexibility
– Turnout
– Balance
Injury
• Around 25% of dancers reported current injury
50 100
Winter 08
Summer 09
23
27
77
73
Percent
Injured
Not injured
Psychology: Methods and Findings
• Self-esteem
• Anxiety
• Motivational climate
• Passion
Self-Esteem
• Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (1965)
• 10-items
Strongly disagree
Disagree AgreeStrongly
agree
1) On the whole, I am satisfied with myself
1 2 3 4
2) At times I think I am no good at all
1 2 3 4
Self-Esteem
• Scores relatively high
• Stable over time: not affected by day-to-day events
12
17
22
27
32
37
Winter 08 Summer 09
Self-E
ste
em
Score
Psychological measures
Stable levels in other psychological
measures:
• Passion
– 79% passionate about dance
– Relatively high scores
• Anxiety
– Relatively low scores
Motivational Climate
• Perceptions of Motivational Climate in Sport
Questionnaire-2 (Newton, Duda & Yin, 2000) modified for dance
• Teacher-created psychological atmosphere
• 2 types:
Task-involving Climate Ego-involving Climate
Focus on mastery Focus on outdoing others
Self-referenced Other-referenced
Cooperative Rivalry
Effort over success Success over effort
Motivational Climate in CAT
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Task Perceptions
Ego Perceptions
Boyce et al., 2009; De Bruin et al., 2009; Kip & Amorose, 2008; Norfield & Nordin, 2010; Quested & Duda, 2009, 2010; Reinboth & Duda; 2006; Weiss et al., 2009
Motivational Climate in CAT
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Task Perceptions
Ego Perceptions
Boyce et al., 2009; De Bruin et al., 2009; Kip & Amorose, 2008; Norfield & Nordin, 2010; Quested & Duda, 2009, 2010; Reinboth & Duda; 2006; Weiss et al., 2009
Motivational Climate in CAT
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Task Perceptions
Ego Perceptions
Boyce et al., 2009; De Bruin et al., 2009; Kip & Amorose, 2008; Norfield & Nordin, 2010; Quested & Duda, 2009, 2010; Reinboth & Duda; 2006; Weiss et al., 2009
Motivational Climate in CAT
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Task Perceptions
Ego Perceptions
Boyce et al., 2009; De Bruin et al., 2009; Kip & Amorose, 2008; Norfield & Nordin, 2010; Quested & Duda, 2009, 2010; Reinboth & Duda; 2006; Weiss et al., 2009
Motivational Climate in CAT
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Task Perceptions
Ego Perceptions
Boyce et al., 2009; De Bruin et al., 2009; Kip & Amorose, 2008; Norfield & Nordin, 2010; Quested & Duda, 2009, 2010; Reinboth & Duda; 2006; Weiss et al., 2009
Results: motivational climate
1
2
3
4
5
Winter 08 Summer 09
Clim
ate
Sco
re
All CATs: Task-involving
All CATs: Ego-involving
Significant increase in ego-involving perceptions
Summary
• Increases observed in physical variables
• Many psychological variables stable but
– Increases in ego-involving climate perceptions
• Longitudinal work will yield further results
Note
• Results presented here are averages for entire CAT cohort
• Findings and relationships may have changed during the second year and again during this final year
• Results can be affected by age, sex, hours of training, other physical activity... etc.
– Part of longitudinal analyses
In-depth studies
Highlighting physiological and psychological
research within the larger project
Can demographic variables and dance styles
predict indicators of fitness in dancers?
Measures: demographic variables
Demographics
Sex (m/f)
Age (yrs)
Injured/non-injured
No. of hrs dancing in
particular styles
Measures: physical variables
Physical
Flexibility
Passive and active straight
leg raise
Active and passive lateral
hip rotation
Muscular Strength Hand Grip
Dynamometer
Aerobic fitness Dance Aerobic Fitness Test
(Wyon et al 2003)
Balance Stork test
Who is stronger?
Dancers who were:
• older
• male
• spent more months in the dance programme
• more hours per week in contemporary dance
Who is more flexible?
Those with greater turnout:
• female
• more hours in ballet
• fewer hours to creative dance
Those with greater hamstring flexibility:
• female
• more hours in ballet
• more hours in contemporary
Who jumps higher?
Dancers who were:
• male
• older
• more hours in hip hop
Demands and impact of dance styles
Contemporary
– upper body strength
– hamstring flexibility
Ballet
– turnout
– hamstring flexibility
Hip hop dance
– jump height
Support for supplementary fitness training (Wyon, 2005)
Summary
Indicators of fitness are predicted by a
combination of innate and trainable factors
• Physiological factors:
– Males are stronger than females
– Females are more flexible than males
– Strength increases with age
• Demands and impact of dance styles
Does passion relate to indicators of
psychological and physical well-being?
Harmonious Passion Obsessive Passion
Flexible involvement Rigorous adherence
Fits with other activities May clash with other activities
Can stop if facing negative consequences (e.g. injury)
Struggles to stop even if facing negative consequences
Identity formation from several sources
Identity and feelings of self-worth derived only from passion activity
Dualistic model of passion (Vallerand et al., 2003)
Harmonious Passion Obsessive Passion
Positive affect Negative affect
Well-being Chronic injuries
Flow Guilt
Work satisfaction Rumination
Dualistic model of passion (Vallerand et al., 2003)
Carbonneau et al., 2008 Mageau et al., 2009; Philippe et al, 2009; Rip et al., 2006; Vallerand et al., 2003; Vallerand et al., 2007; Vallerand et al., 2008.
Are the two types of passion related to:
– Self-esteem
– Anxiety
– Injury
Results
Those who had sustained an injury in the past year reported
significantly greater levels of OP than those who had not
HP not related to injury incidence
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
Injured Not injured
OP
sco
re
*
Results
Anxiety
• HP negatively related to anxiety
• OP not related to anxiety
Self-esteem
Dancers with the highest self-esteem are:
- younger
- less anxious
- report greater HP
- report lower OP
Recommendations
HP and OP related to indicators of physical and
psychological well-being in dance
• OP related to injuries sustained in past year, HP
not related (similar to Rip et al., 2006)
• OP: rigid persistence, continuing to dance when
injured
– Education
– Encourage dancers to seek treatment
Recommendations
• Self-esteem: greater HP, lower OP, lower worry and lower age related to higher self-esteem
• Anxiety: negative relationship with HP; no relationship with OP
A task-involving motivational climate could:• Enhance development of HP (Mageau et al., 2009)
• Reduce anxiety (Smith et al., 2008)
• Boost self-esteem and perceived competence (Kim & Duda, 1997; Quested & Duda, 2009)
Summary
• Research is telling us about young people‟s
development through training
• So far, this has resulted in:
– Eating disorders policy created in collaboration with
all CATs
– Yearly reports providing information to managers
and teachers
– CPD days (e.g. motivational climate)
– Sharing information (conferences, journals and
magazines)
– Information sheets on psychological issues for the
Foundations for Excellence website
The wider context
Significance of this kind of research to:
• The dance profession and dance
medicine and science fields
• Participation in all contexts at grass roots
• YDE‟s Ten Year Vision
Significance for professional
dancers and DMS fields
• Injury prevention
• Performance enhancement– Research qs responsive to artists
• Requirements of dance
(psychological and physical)
• Helping maximise „return on
investment‟ – participants
and funders
Significance for the general public
This kind of research helps us to understand
the effects of dance on:
• Health
• Fitness
• Wellbeing
• Risk of injury at different
levels (beginners – elite)
Informing government and the NHS
YDE‟s Ten Year Vision
• Workforce development
• Improved access to appropriate dance
programmes
• Engagement
• Dance spaces
Workforce development
Skilled teachers and practitioners needed
Teacher training covering:
• Safe practice
• Age and context specifics
• Performance enhancement
• Life enhancement!
Access and engagement
• Identifying barriers
– Range of entry points
– location
• Why people dance
• Keeping them dancing
– Right opportunities – e.g. CATs
– Injury prevention / effective treatment
Dance Spaces
Wider dance science
research:
• Effect of environmental factors on dance
injury… and motivational climate?
• The ideal dance floor(s)
• Mitigating risk in non ideal circumstances
Summary
Interdisciplinary longitudinal research and scientifically sound evaluation key to:
• Art form development
• Art form sustainability
• Making the case for support
– Evidencing effective use of
resources to achieve desired
outcomes
– Case studies and statistics
Photo credits: Tim Cross, Belinda Lawley & Mark Pepperall, Eric Richmond, Rick Senley, Bill
Cooper, Andrew Eccles, Mandy Tickle & Andrew Ross
Thank you for your attention!
Questions?
Imogen Walker: i.walker@trinitylaban.ac.uk
Helen Laws: helen@danceuk.org
This project is funded by
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