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DEVELOPMENT AND FABRICATION OF DUAL CHAMBERED MICROBIAL FUEL CELL TO TREAT
DISTILLERY WASTEWATWER AND SIMULTANEOUS BIO-ELECTRICITY GENERATION-A FEASIBILITY
STUDY
PROJECT REFERENCE NO.: 39S_BE_1253
COLLEGE : ALVA’S INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
MOODBIDRI
BRANCH : DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GUIDE : MR. SANJAY.S
STUDENTS : MR. DEEKSHIT K SHETTY
MR. DEVISHA D SHETTY
MS. KARISHMA KIRAN P
MS. LAKSHMI TULASI C H
ABSTRACT
Energy need has been increasing worldwide exponentially. At present global energy
requirements are mostly dependent on the fossil fuels, which eventually lead to
foreseeable depletion of limited fossil energy sources. In this context, regeneration of the
brewery spent wash is one of the better possibilities. Now a days, countries like India in
progressing towards harnessing new energy sources. Fuel cells (FCs) have been
thoroughly investigated by many researchers in the past and concluded that FCs could be
applied for the treatment of liquid waste streams and also in generation of electricity.
From a variety of materials, including complex organic waste and renewable biomass.
These sources provide FCs with a great advantage over chemical fuel cells that can utilize
only purified reactive fuels (e.g., hydrogen). A developing primary application of FCs is
its use in wastewater treatment coupled with electricity generation, although further
technical developments are necessary for its practical use.
The aim of this study was to test a novel DC-MFC design for distillery wastewater
treatment and simultaneous bio-electricity production. The hypothesis of the design was
to bring MFCs closer to large scale industrialization. As such the materials and mechanics
of the design were conceived with the consideration of the needs of large scale
wastewater treatment plants. Higher percentage of COD and BOD removal and
significant electricity generation using MFC can be achieved. Thus the combination of
wastewater treatment along with the bio-electricity production may help in saving of
millions of rupees.
For all the trials conducted in the laboratory, considerable reduction in
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS) has been achieved. The removal efficiencies ranged between
95.34% to 96.34% for BOD, 90.84% to 98.12% for COD and 40.69% to 59.95% for
TDS. The maximum bio- electricity generated was 199.90 mV. Hence the overall reactor
efficiency is very encouraging and could be scaled up easily in the near future.
Key words: DC-MFC, Distillery wastewater, Copper Electrodes.
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
One of the most important environmental problems faced by the world is management of
wastes. Industrial processes create a variety of wastewater pollutants; which are difficult and
costly to treat. Wastewater characteristics and levels of pollutants vary significantly from
industry to industry. Now-a-days emphasis is laid on waste minimization and revenue
generation through byproduct recovery. Pollution preventing the generation of wastes, while
waste minimization refers to reducing the volume or toxicity of hazardous wastes by water
recycling and reuse, and the byproduct recovery as a fall out of manufacturing process
creates ample scope for revenue generation thereby offsetting the costs substantially.
There are two major types of waste inorganic waste and organic waste. Organic
wastewaters are potent sources of water pollution. Various organic wastewaters that are
known to cause serious problems may be attributed to distillery effluents, pulp and paper
effluents, textile effluents, and tannery effluents, among others. Among these types distillery
wastewater is highly charged with organic matter, when dumped into water sources without
treatment or with inappropriate treatment, causes serious pollution. Among the raw material
sources for distillery, two very important raw materials are cane sugar molasses and beet
sugar molasses. Molasses is a by-product of the extraction process and is heavily used as a
raw material in many distilleries around the world. The discharge of wastewaters from
wineries and distilleries is becoming increasingly restricted as pressures from environmental
regulations increase and as awareness of the negative impacts of seasonal discharges of water
containing high nutrient and organic loadings into water courses spreads. Raw stillage
discharge has a highly deleterious effect on fish life. Stillage has been proposed for use as a
fertilizer, food supplement, biomass production agent, animal feed, and potash source. The
world’s total production of alcohol from cane molasses is more than 13 million m3/annum.
The aqueous distillery effluent stream known as spent wash is a dark brown highly organic
effluent and is approximately 12-15 times by volume of the product alcohol. It is one of the
most complex, troublesome and strongest organic industrial effluents, having extremely high
COD and BOD values. Because of the high concentration of organic load, distillery spent
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 2
wash is a potential source of renewable energy. If it is directly discharged to water-bodies
without treatment, it may damage the aquatic system. Apart from causing water pollution,
unpleasant odour of effluent spreads several Km around the distillery. The untreated
/partially treated effluent if discharged in the land makes it infertile. Environmental issues
have become one of the most important factors controlling the growth of distillery industries.
In recent years, membranes and membrane separation techniques have grown from a simple
laboratory tool to an industrial process with considerable technical and commercial impact.
Today membranes are used on a large scale to produce potable water from the sea by reverse
osmosis, to clean industrial effluents (distillery wastewater) and to recover valuable
constituents by electro-dialysis. In many cases, membrane processes are faster, more efficient
and more economical than conventional separation techniques. With membrane, the
separation is usually at ambient temperature, thus allowing temperature sensitive solutions to
be treated without the constituents being damaged or chemically altered.
Inspite of various treatment techniques available to treat distillery wastewater, there is a
growing demand to evolve an effective treatment technique to effectively treat the distillery
wastewater. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) can be used in an efficient manner to treat such
problematic wastewater and also to harness bio-electricity simultaneously during treatment.
Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are unique devices that can utilize microorganisms as catalysts
for converting chemical energy directly into electricity, representing a promising technology
for simultaneous energy production and wastewater treatment. MFCs operated using mixed
microbial cultures currently achieve substantially greater power densities than those with
pure cultures. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are a type of biofuels cell recently attracted
considerable interest.MFC cells get right to the heart of many of the principles we run into in
the discussion of bioenergy. They are an excellent way to illustrate electron transfer
principles and to discuss subjects such as reduction and oxidation. Microbial fuel cells work
by creating situations in which bacteria can feed off a substrate or food . The actual cell
consists of electrodes separated by a semi permeable membrane submerged in an electrolyte
solution. It consists of anode (negative electrode) and a cathode (positive electrode)
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 3
Objectives
To characterize distillery wastewater for routine parameters.
To develop and fabricate a novel Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell (DC-MFC).
To evaluate the potential of DC-MFC to treat the distillery wastewater.
To evaluate the potential of DC-MFC to generate bio-electricity with distillery
wastewater.
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
N. Samsudeen et. al (2015) says that the effect of various system parameters such as
wastewater Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) concentration, pH, conductivity,
membrane size and thickness on efficient energy production using mixed isolated culture
from the distillery wastewater in the MFC was studied. The power density increased with
increase in the anolyte pH from 6 to 8. The peak power density and COD removal
efficiency was observed as 63.8 ± 0.65 mW/m2 and 63.5 ± 1.5% at pH 8, respectively.
The MFC performance increased with increasing COD concentration (800–3200 mg/l),
conductivity (1.1–9.7 mS/cm) and membrane area (8–24 cm2). The MFC operating with
wastewater COD concentration of 3200 mg/l and its conductivity of 9.7 mS/cm produced
the highest power density of 202 ± 6 mW/m2 with a corresponding current density of 412
± 12 mA/m2. The results showed that the efficient electricity generation and simultaneous
treatment of distillery wastewater can be attained in the MFC.
G. Mohanakrishna et. al (2009) says that Microbial fuel cell (MFC; open-air cathode)
was evaluated as bio-electrochemical treatment system for distillery wastewater during
bioelectricity generation. MFC was operated at three substrate loading conditions in fed-
batch mode under acidophilic (pH 6) condition using anaerobic consortia as
anodicbiocatalyst.Current visualized marked improvement with increase in substrate load
without any process inhibition (2.12–2.48 mA). Apart from electricity generation, MFC
documented efficient treatment of distillery wastewater and illustrated its function as an
integrated wastewater treatment system by simultaneously removing multiple pollutants.
Fuel cell operation yielded enhanced substrate degradation (COD, 72.84%) compared to
the fermentation process (∼29.5% improvement). Interestingly due to treatment in MFC,
considerable reduction in color (31.67%) of distillery wastewater was also observed as
against color intensification normally observed due to re-polymerization in corresponding
anaerobic process. Good reduction in total dissolved solids (TDS, 23.96%) was also
noticed due to fuel cell operation, which is generally not amenable in biological
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 5
treatment. The simultaneous removal of multiple pollutants observed in distillery
Wastewater might be attributed to the biologically catalyzed electrochemical reactions
occurring in the anodic chamber of MFC mediated by anaerobic substrate metabolism.
Jiansheng Huang et. al (2010-2011) says that Wastewater is not just waste but could
also be sources of energy. Along with many biological approaches, the microbial fuel cell
(MFC) has been demonstrated its capability for wastewater treatment and electricity
generation. However, the factors, wastewater treatment efficiency, capability of
electricity generation and the scaled-up capability, have been limited its application at a
large scale. In order to improve the application capacity of the MFC, a system combining
an anaerobic fluidized bed (AFB) and a MFC was designed in this study. It was used to
treat alcohol distillery wastewater and generate electricity simultaneously. In this study,
the COD removal efficiency is from 80–90% in stabilization period. A maximum power
density of 124.03mW/m2 was achieved under an external resistance of 120 Ω and a
variety of system operational settings. Furthermore, a longer hydraulic retention time
(HRT) leads to a higher COD removal efficiency. Key factors influencing the electricity
generation capacity of the AFB-MFC include the external resistance, the conductivity of
the influent, anolyte, and catholyte. These results indicate that the AFB-MFC can be used
for electricity generation at a large scale while alcohol distillery wastewater can be
efficiently treated under appropriate system operational settings.
Vineetha Vet. al (2013) says that Microbial fuel cells (MFC) offer the direct generation
of electricity from different sources of waste water, simultaneously accomplishing waste
water treatment. MFC converts organic matter to electricity with the help of
microorganisms as biocatalysts. While electricity generation using bacteria has been
known to be possible for over a decade, only recent studies have shown that mediators
are not required. This development can drive a completely new wastewater treatment
technology based on microbial fuel cell. The objective of this study is to enhance the
power production efficiency of a single chambered mediator less microbial fuel cell from
waste water using modified anodes. It was observed that this single chambered mediator
less microbial fuel cell was capable of giving higher removal of Chemical Oxygen
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 6
Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). In addition, comparison of
electricity generation was carried out with plain carbon rods and iron coated carbon rods
as anodes. The maximum electricity generation (7I/lA) and maximum voltage production
(35I/lA) was obtained from MFC with heated iron coated carbon as anode.
Chi-Wen Lin et. al (2014) says that Cell-immobilization technology has long been
considered as an important tool for microbial fuel cell(MFC) design. For the first time, a
direct comparison between MFCs catalyzed by freely-suspended cells, surface-attached
cells and matrix-embedded cells for simultaneous electricity generation and distillery
wastewater treatment in both batch and continuous operation modes was systematically
performed. The results indicated that MFCs catalyzed by surface-attached cells and
matrix-embedded cells had better chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and power
production efficiencies than those catalyzed by freely-suspended cells. The normalized
energy recovery (NER), or power divided by the amount of COD consumed, was found
to be decreasing with increasing COD concentration in all three different setups.
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis indicated that the structure of
microbial community was influenced by the mode of operation, COD concentration and
cell immobilization methods of the MFC. Nevertheless, surface-attached cells and
matrix-embedded cells had a higher similarity than freely-suspended cells regardless of
the mode of operation. The information obtained here will be an important reference for
future design and application of MFCs for simultaneous wastewater treatment and power
production.
Phuc Thi Ha et. al (2012) says that Simultaneous electricity generation and distillery
wastewater (DWW) treatment were accomplished using a Thermophilic microbial fuel
cell (MFC). The results suggest that Thermophilic MFCs, which require less energy for
cooling the DWW, can achieve high efficiency for electricity generation and also reduce
sulphate along with oxidizing complex organic substrates. The generated current density
(2.3 A/m2) and power density (up to 1.0 W/m
2) were higher than previous wastewater-
treating MFCs. The significance of the high Columbic efficiency (CE; up to 89%)
indicated that electrical current was the most significant electron sink in Thermophilic
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 7
MFCs. Bacterial diversity based on pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that
known Deferribacteres and Firmicutes members were not dominant in the
ThermophilicMFC fed with DWW; instead, uncharacterized Bacteroidetes thermophiles
were up to 52% of the total reads in the anode biofilm. Despite the complexity of the
DWW, one single bacterial sequence (OTU D1) close to an uncultured Bacteroidetes
bacterium became predominant, up to almost 40% of total reads. The proliferation of the
D1 species was concurrent with high electricity generation and high Columbic efficiency.
Hampannavar U.S et. al (2010) says that Distillery wastewater was treated in Microbial
Fuel Cell (MFC) at ambient room temperature which varied between 27-32oC. Microbial
Fuel Cells can be simultaneously used for the treatment of wastewater and generation of
electricity. In this study single chamber MFC and double chambered MFC were
compared for the distillery wastewater treatment and generation of electricity. Micro-
organisms present in distillery wastewater and sewage were used as inoculum, and
distillery wastewater acted as substrate. Single chamber MFC was efficient and found to
be producing maximum current of 0.84 mA, power density of 28.15 mW/m2 whereas
double chambered MFC produced a maximum current of 0.36 mA and power density of
17.76 mW/m2. Double chambered MFC was efficient in the removal of COD (64%
removal) when compared with single chamber MFC which attained 61% COD removal
efficiency. The removal of dissolved solids in both single and double chambered MFC
was found to be 48%. Five varied feed concentrations were loaded to both the single and
double chambered MFC and the systems were stable. The COD and dissolved solids
removal observed in distillery wastewater might be attributed to the microbial catalyzed
electrochemical reactions occurring in the anodic chamber of single and double
chambered MFC.
Anil Kumar Dikshit et. al (2013) says that Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device that
converts chemical energy into electrical energy by using microorganisms. MFC holds a
key in green technology for the production of bioenergy simultaneously treating
wastewater. A strategy has been used to reduce the cost of the construction and working
of MFC. A two-chambered design has been developed, with salt bridge separating the
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 8
two chambers. The working of MFC designwas checked by using artificial wastewater
before using an aerobically digested distillery wastewater. Both artificial wastewater as
well as an aerobically digested distillery wastewater was standardized in order to make
MFC functional.
Peter Aelterman et. al (2006) says that Microbial fuel cell (MFC) research is a rapidly
evolving field that lacks established terminology and methods for the analysis of system
performance. This makes it difficult for researchers to compare devices on an equivalent
basis. The construction and analysis of MFCs requires knowledge of different scientific
and engineering fields, ranging from microbiology and electrochemistry to materials and
environmental engineering. Describing MFC systems therefore involves an
understanding of these different scientific and engineering principles. In this paper, we
provide a review of the different materials and methods used to construct MFCs,
techniques used to analyze system performance, and recommendations on what
information to include in MFC studies and the most useful ways to present results.
Bruce E. Logan et. al (2005) says that Power density, electrode potential, Coulombic
efficiency, and energy recovery in single-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were
examined as a function of solution ionic strength, electrode spacing and composition, and
temperature. Increasing the solution ionic strength from 100 to 400 mM by adding NaCl
increased power output from 720 to 1330 mW/m2. Power generation was also increased
from 720 to 1210 mW/m2 by decreasing the distance between the anode and cathode
from 4 to 2 cm. The power increases due to ionic strength and electrode spacing resulted
from a decrease in the internal resistance. Power output was also increased by 68% by
replacing the cathode (purchased from a manufacturer) with our own carbon cloth
cathode containing the same Pt loading. The performances of conventional anaerobic
treatment processes, such as anaerobic digestion, are adversely affected by temperatures
below 30 °C. However, decreasing the temperature from 32 to 20 °C reduced power
output by only 9%, primarily as a result of the reduction of the cathode potential.
Coulombic efficiencies and overall energy recovery varied as a function of operating
conditions, but were a maximum of 61.4 and 15.1% (operating conditions of 32 °C,
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 9
carbon paper cathode, and the solution amended with 300 mM NaCl). These results,
which demonstrate that power densities can be increased to over 1 W/m2 by changing the
operating conditions or electrode spacing, should lead to further improvements in power
generation and energy recovery in single-chamber, MFCs.
Ramanathan Ramnarayanan et. al (2004) says that Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have
been used to produce electricity from different compounds, including acetate, lactate, and
glucose. We demonstrate here that it is also possible to produce electricity in a MFC from
domestic wastewater, while at the same time accomplishing biological wastewater
treatment (removal of chemical oxygen demand; COD). Tests were conducted using a
single chamber microbial fuel cell (SC-MFC) containing eight graphite electrodes
(anodes) and a single air cathode. The system was operated under continuous flow
conditions with primary clarifier effluent obtained from a local wastewater treatment
plant. The prototype SC-MFC reactor generated electrical power (maximum of 26 mW
m-2
) while removing up to 80% of the COD of the wastewater. Power output was
proportional to the hydraulic retention time over a range of 3−33 h and to the influent
wastewater strength over a range of 50−220 mg/L of COD. Current generation was
controlled primarily by the efficiency of the cathode. Optimal cathode performance was
obtained by allowing passive air flow rather than forced air flow (4.5−5.5 L/min). The
Coulombic efficiency of the system, based on COD removal and current generation, was
<12% indicating a substantial fraction of the organic matter was lost without current
generation. Bioreactors based on power generation in MFCs may represent a completely
new approach to wastewater treatment. If power generation in these systems can be
increased, MFC technology may provide a new method to offset wastewater treatment
plant operating costs, making advanced wastewater treatment more affordable for both
developing and industrialized nations.
Chunhua Feng et. al (2009) says that This study reports on the modification of the
anode and the cathode in a dual-chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) with a polypyrrole
(PPy)/ anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) conductive film to boost its performance
and the application of the MFC to drive neutral electron-Fenton reactions occurring in the
cathode chamber. The MFC equipped with the conductive film-coated anode and cathode
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 10
delivered the maximum power density of 823mWcm-2
that was one order of magnitude
larger than that obtained in the MFC with the unmodified electrodes. This was resulted
from the enhanced activities of microbial metabolism in the anode and oxygen reduction
in the cathode owing to the decoration of both electrodes with the PPy/AQDS composite.
The MFC with the modified electrodes resulted in the largest rate of H2O2 generation in
the cathode chamber by the two-electron reduction ofO2. The increase in the
concentration of H2O2 was beneficial for the enhancement in the amount of hydroxyl
radicals produced by the reaction of H2O2 with Fe2+
, thus allowing an increased oxidative
ability of the electro-Fenton process towards the decolorization and mineralization of an
azodye (i.e., Orange II) at pH 7.0.
Nipon Pisutpaisala et. al (2015) says that Distillery wastewater contains high organic
compounds and nutrients suitable for microorganisms in biological processes such as
microbial fuel cell (MFC) which converts the chemical energy contained in organic
matter into electricity by microorganisms. The bioelectricity production during the
treatment of the distillery wastewater was studied using the air-cathode SC-MFCs. The
distillery wastewater varied concentrations in the range of 125 to 3,000mg COD L-1
and
operated in fed batch mode at 37°C. The results show that the voltage and current outputs
increased with increases in distillery wastewater concentration (0.005-0.055 mA). Greater
soluble chemical oxygen demand (CODS) removal (29.5-56.7%) and total solids
reduction was obtained up 35%. Indicated that the distillery wastewater can produced
bioelectricity and can be treated using the membrane-less, air-cathode SC-MFCs.
Iftikhar A. Raja et. al (2013) says that Natural energy sources like fossil fuels are
depleting due to increased human activities. Different types of alternatives are being
explored to solve this problem with the consideration that they are sustainable. There are
many environmental concerns connected with fossil fuel burning which after oxidation
processes release greater amounts of carbon emissions in atmosphere. Now the trends are
shifting towards exploiting renewable energy options, such asbioethanol, biodiesel,
biohydrogen, biogas, and bioelectricity. Bioelectricity is harvested from organic
substrates using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) that operate on oxidation reduction (redox)
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 11
reactions.MFCs produce electricity in the presence of microorganisms from
biodegradable substances. Waste-water contains enormous amount of organic matter that
can be oxidized in MFC for electricity harvesting. In this review, the main focus is made
on the applicability of microbial fuels cells for simultaneous waste-water treatment and
electricity production.
Animesh Deval et. al (2014) says that Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device which
converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy using microorganisms. MFC is
becoming very important green biotechnological tool to generate clean energy
simultaneously treating waste. Any organic biodegradable matter can be used as feed for
microorganisms that has capacity to generate electrons and protons through their
metabolism, thus help in generation of electricity. In this research, two chambered MFC
has been used to treat an aerobically digested distillery wastewater (ADDW). ADDW
generally goes to lagoons for further degradation and hence ADDW becomes ideal for
extraction of further energy. Aerobes and anaerobes were isolated from ADDW and
checked for the activity in MFC. Endogenous microbial consortium was found to be
playing important role in generation of electricity as individual isolates failed to show the
activity. Mixed consortia could generate 92.25±28.6 mW/m3 power with reduction of
50% TOC within 48 hrs. Thus mixed culture proved to be useful in wastewater treatment
simultaneously generating electricity.
Zhenya Zhang et. al (2013) says that Simultaneous sulfide and organics removals with
electricity generation can be achieved in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In present research,
principles of sulfide removal as well as the involved bacteria in the MFCs with sulfide
and glucose as the complex substrate are investigated. Results indicated that
electrochemical and biological oxidations are the main effects for sulfide removal.
Community analysis shows a great diversity of bacteria on the anode surface, including
the exoelectrogenic bacteria and sulfur-related bacteria. They are present in greater
abundance than those in the MFCs fed with only sulfide and responsible for the effective
electricity generation and sulfide oxidation in our proposed MFCs. The results are
conducive to reveal the interactions between the pollutants and microbes in aspects of
pollutants removals and energy recovery in the MFCs for sulfide removal.
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
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Ashok M. Bhagwat et. al (2014) says that Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) convert chemical
energy into electrical energy using microorganisms. Various factors influence electricity
generation by MFC. Surface areas of cathode and anode have been reported as significant
factors affecting the performance of MFC. Hence, in the present study, the above
mentioned factors were investigated for understanding their influence on generation of
electricity. It was observed that the surface area of cathode did enhance the energy
generation but only up to a certain limit (18.42 cm2). However, surface area of anode was
found to be more important and critical in increase the capacity and sustainability of the
MFC system. Hence, it can be concluded that in an MFC system, bacteria are solely
responsible for generation of electrons and thus, electricity. Providing large surface area
for bacterial growth at anode would thus be a key parameter to enhance the electricity
generation.
Sanin F.D et. al (2015) says that Industrialization and growing population, creates an
extreme pressure on the existing oil and coal reserves and causing a bottleneck called as
"global energy crisis". Natural energy resources such as oil, coal and natural gas are finite
and soon will be consumed together with the rising energy needs and this insecurity will
also affect the global economy. Beside the technological and economical risks associated
with the current energy practices, significant amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are
being released to the atmosphere by fossil fuels and contribute to global warming. For
this reason, especially within the last decade, countries have devoted significant efforts to
investigate and develop alternative technologies of renewable and sustainable energy
resources to overcome the energy crisis and environmental pollution challenges.
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are one of the renewable energy technologies that convert
the chemical energy in the bonds of organic matter into electrical energy via the
biocatalytic activity of microorganisms. In a MFC, substrate is first degraded in the anode
chamber producing electrons and protons. The electrons are carried to the cathode via an
external circuit, whereas the protons pass through the proton exchange membrane (PEM)
to react with the terminal electron acceptor (O2). MFC performance depends on many
factors such as PEM, substrate type, reactor configuration, electrode materials, catalyst,
etc.. Type of substrate is a basic parameter since the organic content of the feed may
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 13
enhance or inhibit energy production. Wastewater is one of the substrates that could be
used in a MFC. Today, existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are energy
intensive and costly. Considering this, MFCs take the first place among sustainable
energy practices by achieving wastewater treatment and sludge stabilization while
supplying the energy required. However, although MFCs are perfect candidates for
wastewater treatment, their large scale applications are limited due to economic and
technical challenges. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the parameters
affecting the performance of a MFC.
Jie Yang et. al (2013) says that Today's global energy crisis requires a multifaceted
solution. Bioenergy is an important part of the solution. The microbial fuel cell (MFC)
technology stands out as an attractive potential technology in bioenergy. MFCs can
convert energy stored in organic matter directly into bioelectricity. MFCs can also be
operated in the electrolysis mode as microbial electrolysis cells to produce bioproducts
such as hydrogen and ethanol. Various wastewaters containing low-grade organic
carbons that are otherwise unutilized can be used as feed streams for MFCs. Despite
major advances in the past decade, further improvements in MFC power output and cost
reduction are needed for MFCs to be practical. This paper analysed MFC operating
principles using bioenergetics and bioelectrochemistry. Several major issues were
explored to improve the MFC performance. An emphasis was placed on the use of
catalytic materials for MFC electrodes. Recent advances in the production of various
biomaterials using MFCs were also investigated.
Amal Raj et. al (2015) says that The reactor design is the most significant factor in
microbial fuel cell (MFC) which enhances the power production during the treatment of
distillery wastewater. The triple chamber MFC was constructed with two anodes and a
cathode compartment separated by a proton exchange membrane. The power production
in triple chamber MFC was 1.9 times higher as compared to a dual chamber MFC and it
achieved power density of 168 mW/m2 normalized to cathode surface area. However, the
power density production was not much difference in both MFCs with respect to anode
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
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surface area. The power density increased from 168 to 198 mW/m2 with decreasing the
inter electrode distance between the anode and cathode. The anolyte and catholyte
concentrations were also varied to determine their effect on power production in triple
chamber MFC. Higher concentrations of substrate in terms of chemical oxygen demand
in the anode chamber exhibited higher power production of 429 mW/m2. The power
production was decreased with increasing the concentration of catholyte in triple chamber
MFC
Booki Min et. al (2004) says that Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) generate much lower
power densities than hydrogen fuel cells, the characteristics of the cathode can also
substantially affect electricity generation. Cathodes used for MFCs are often either Pt-
coated carbon electrodes immersed in water that use dissolved oxygen as the electron
acceptor or they are plain carbon electrodes in a ferricyanide solution. The characteristics
and performance of these two cathodes were compared using a two-chambered MFC.
Power generation using the Pt-carbon cathode and dissolved oxygen (saturated) reached a
maximum of 0.097 mW within 120 h after inoculation (wastewater sludge and 20 mM
acetate) when the cathode was equal size to the anode (2.5 × 4.5 cm). Once stable power
was generated after replacing the MFC with fresh medium (no sludge), the Coulombic
efficiency ranged from 63 to 78%. Power was proportional to the dissolved oxygen
concentration in a manner consistent with Monod-type kinetics, with a half saturation
constant of KDO = 1.74 mg of O2/L. Power increased by 24% when the cathode surface
areas were increased from 22.5 to 67.5 cm2 and decreased by 56% when the cathode
surface area was reduced to 5.8 cm2. Power was also substantially reduced (by 78% to
0.02 mW) if Pt was not used on the cathode. By using ferricyanide instead of dissolved
oxygen, the maximum power increased by 50−80% versus that obtained with dissolved
oxygen. This result was primarily due to increased mass transfer efficiencies and the
larger cathode potential (332 mV) of ferricyanide than that obtained with dissolved
oxygen (268 mV). A cathode potential of 804 mV (NHE basis) is theoretically possible
using dissolved oxygen, indicating that further improvements in cathode performance
with oxygen as the electron acceptor are possible that could lead to increased power
densities in this type of MFC.
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Geetha .K et. al (2015) says that electricity generation and industrial wastewater
treatment using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with primary treated distillery wastewater as
substrate and permanganate as cathodic electron acceptor was studied. Initially, low
voltage (0.625 V) and current (2.9 mA) were obtained at a substrate loading of 2,680 mg
COD and further increased (1.165 V and 5.40 mA) at 4,360 mg COD with the provided
larger anode surface area and the cathode electron acceptor. As a wastewater treatment,
85% COD was removed at a 2,680 mg COD, whereas at 4,360 mg COD 57% of COD
removal was observed. During electrochemical oxidation, 24.3% and 36% of melanoidins
decolorization with 41.8% and 31% of Coulombic efficiency were also achieved at 2,680
mg COD and 4360 mg COD due to the biocatalytic activity of mixed bacterial
consortium. This study shows the capability of MFC system to treat the high-organic load
as well as generation of energy using biocatalytic oxidation.
Ashley E. Franks et. al (2010) says that Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are devices that can
use bacterial metabolism to produce an electrical current from a wide range organic
substrates. Due to the promise of sustainable energy production from organic wastes,
research has intensified in this field in the last few years. While holding great promise
only a few marine sediment MFCs have been used practically, providing current for low
power devices. To further improve MFC technology an understanding of the limitations
and microbiology of these systems is required. Some researchers are uncovering that the
greatest value of MFC technology may not be the production of electricity but the ability
of electrode associated microbes to degrade wastes and toxic chemicals. We conclude
that for further development of MFC applications, a greater focus on understanding the
microbial processes in MFC systems is required.
Sridevi V et. al (2013) says that In whole world, cane molasses base distilleries are
included under one of the polluting industries in concern to water pollution. After
fermentation remains waste from bottom of distillation columns, termed stillage. This
highly aqueous residue containing organic soluble is considered a troublesome and
potentially polluting waste due to its extremely high BOD and COD values. The typical
odour emanating from distilleries is a major nuisance. The color of the spent wash
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interferes with its oxygenation and self-purification. The treatment of distillery wastes is
a priority area for environmental sustenance and its quality. Due to the large volumes of
effluents and presence of certain recalcitrant compounds the treatment of this stream is
rather challenging by conventional methods. Therefore to supplement the existing
treatments, a number of studies encompassing physic-chemical and biological treatments
have been conducted. This review presents an account of the problem, biological
treatment methods and role of enzymes in decolorizing wastewater.
Emre Oguz Koroglu et. al (2014) says that Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bio
electrochemical systems, which enable to convert chemical energy directly into electrical
energy with microorganism. Studies focused on using organic materials of waste to
increase power production performance. In this study two different MFC reactors were
investigated to produce electricity using domestic wastewater. The highest current and
power density were 1385 mA/ and 16 mW/ combination with 78% COD removal.
Ti-Ti/CMI7000 assemblies generated 750mA/ of current densities and 5mW/ of
power density and HRT of 1 day was found favourable for MFC system.
Anupama et. al (2011) says that Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a type of renewable
technology for electricity generation since it recovers energy from renewable materials
that are difficult to dispose of such as organic wastes and wastewaters. In the present
study, mixed consortia from domestic sewage were used in Double Chambered Microbial
Fuel Cell for the treatment of distillery wastewater. Distillery wastewater was diluted to
get different concentrations from 1100 mg COD/L to 10100 mg COD/L and this was
given as feed to microbes present in MFC. The COD removal efficiency increased with
the increase in feed concentrations until 6100 mg COD/L and further increase in feed
concentration led to deterioration in the COD removal efficiency and current generation.
The maximum COD removal of 64% was achieved at the feed concentration of 6100 mg
COD/L. MFC produced a maximum current of 0.36 mA and power density of 18.35
mW/ .
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Yujie Feng et. al (2007) says that Effective wastewater treatment using microbial fuel
cells (MFCs) will require a better understanding of how operational parameters and
solution chemistry affect treatment efficiency, but few studies have examined power
generation using actual wastewaters. The efficiency of wastewater treatment of a beer
brewery wastewater was examined here in terms of maximum power densities, Columbic
efficiencies (CEs), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal as a function of
temperature and wastewater strength. Decreasing the temperature from 30°C to 20°C
reduced the maximum power density from 205m (5.1 , 0.76 ; 30°C)
buffering capacity strongly affected reactor performance. The addition of a 50-mM
phosphate buffer increased power output by 136% to438m , and 200 mM buffer
increased power by 158% to 528 mW/ . In the absence of salts (NaCl), maximum
power output varied linearly with wastewater strength (84 to 2,240 mg COD/L) from 29
to 205 mW/ . When NaCl was added to increase conductivity, power output followed a
Monod-like relationship with wastewater strength. The maximum power (Pmax)
increased in proportion to the solution conductivity, but the half-saturation constant was
relatively unaffected and showed no correlation to solution conductivity. These results
show that brewery wastewater can be effectively treated using MFCs, but that achievable
power densities will depend on wastewater strength, solution conductivity, and buffering
capacity.
Yogita P. Labrath et. al (2013) says that a single chamber microbial fuel cell (SCMFC)
was operated with distillery spent wash (DSW) wastewater and microorganisms in cow-
dung as inoculum source from pH is 4 to 9. MFC signifies maximum current in the
sequence of pH 6 (0.46 mA) > pH 7 (0.4 mA) > pH 8-9 (0.16-0.19 mA); whereas the
chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed in order of pH 8-9 (80-81%) > pH 7 (79%) >
pH 6 (68%). The losses in columbic yield were due to alternating electron acceptors and
air diffusion through the reactor. The polarization curve yielded the maximum current
density of 84 mA/m and maximum power density 2 of 29 mW/ at an external
resistance of 820 (pH 6). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) demonstrated 3-electron transfer
process with best electrochemical responses at pH 6 and 7. The MFC at desired operating
conditions showed a positive response for bioelectricity generation.
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Sara Borin et. al (2014) says that Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a useful biotechnology to
produce electrical energy from different organic substrates. This work reports for the first
time results of the application of single chamber MFCs to generate electrical energy from
diluted white wine (WWL) and red wine (RWL) lees. Power obtained was of 8.2
W/ (262 mW/ ; 500 U) and of 3.1W/ (111 mW/ ; 500U) using white and red
wine lees, respectively. Biological processes lead to a reduction of chemical oxygen
(TCOD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5) of 27% and 83% for RWL and of 90%
and 95% for WWL, respectively. These results depended on the degradability of organic
compounds contained, as suggest by BOD5/TCOD of WWL (0.93) v/s BOD5/TCOD of
RWL (0.33), and to the high presence of polyphenols in RWL that inhibited the process.
Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 15 ± 0%, for WWL, was in line with those reported in the
literature for other substrates, i.e. CE of 14.9 ± 11.3%. Different substrates led to
different microbial consortia, particularly at the anode. Bacterial species responsible for
the generation of electricity, were physically connected to the electrode, where the direct
electron transfer took place.
Purushottam Khairnar et. al (2013) says that One of the most important environmental
problems faced by the world is management of wastes. Industrial processes create a
variety of wastewater pollutants; which are difficult and costly to treat. Wastewater
characteristics and levels of pollutants vary significantly from industry to industry. Now-
a-days emphasis is laid on waste minimization and revenue generation through byproduct
recovery. Pollution prevention focuses on preventing the generation of wastes, while
waste minimization refers to reducing the volume or toxicity of hazardous wastes by
water recycling and reuse, and process modifications and the byproduct recovery as a fall
out of manufacturing process creates ample scope for revenue generation thereby
offsetting the costs substantially. Production of ethyl alcohol in distilleries based on cane
sugar molasses constitutes a major industry in Asia and South America. The world’s total
production of alcohol from cane molasses is more than13 million /annum. The
aqueous distillery effluent stream known as spent wash is a dark brown highly organic
effluent and is approximately 12-15 times by volume of the product alcohol. It is one of
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
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the most complex, troublesome and strongest organic industrial effluents, having
extremely high COD and BOD values. Because of the high concentration of organic load,
distillery spent wash is a potential source of renewable energy. The project of the status
and appropriate treatment alternatives for disposal of the distillery wastewater.
T.R. Sreekrishnan et. al (2013) says that Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) present a novel
method for simultaneous bioelectricity generation and wastewater treatment. In this
study, an air–cathode MFC with membrane-electrode assembly was operated over three
batch cycles (total of 160 days) and results indicated that molasses mixed sewage
wastewater(high strength wastewater) containing 9978 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand
(COD) could be used as substrate to produce bioelectricity with this system. Three
different compositions of wastewater were used as substrate. The original wastewater,
half-diluted wastewater and centrifuged wastewater were used as substrate in MFCs.
Maximum voltage output of 762 mV and maximal power density of382.5 mW/ (5.06
W/ ) were obtained with the original wastewater by the 14th day of operation. During
this time the system evolved to 0.93 internal resistance and 59% removal of the total
CODwere achieved. Centrifuged wastewater showed poor performance in terms of power
production (0.12 mW/ or 4.2 mW ), presumably due to organic substrate limitations.
The MFC running on diluted wastewater showed a power density of 56.17 mW/ (2.25
mW/ ), with 70% COD removal.Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)
analysis, together with other characterization methods, confirmedthe breakdown of
organic compounds in the wastewater, EDX and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
revealed the surface morphology of the materials utilized and showed the evolution in
electrode and membrane composition after the long term MFC processes. Denaturing
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles showed the presence of mixed populations
enclosing the electrochemically-active bacteria that established a biofilm on the anode
surface and as such differed from the suspended bacterial community in the anode
medium. These results demonstrate that complex wastewater can be used as a substrate
for power generation in MFCs and also can be treated with high COD removal
efficiencies.
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Lekshmi S.R et. al (2013) says that Distillery industries in India pose a very serious
threat to the environment because of the large volume of wastewater they generate which
contains significant amount of recalcitrant compounds. Distillery spent wash has very
high COD and BOD with low pH and dark brown color. The treatment of spent wash
using various treatment technologies and reactor configurations has been widely
explored. However, none of the work reports about the performance of most advanced
hybrid configuration of reactors at various operating conditions for the treatment of spent
wash. Therefore, the study has been undertaken to assess the performance of Hybrid
Anaerobic Baffle Reactor (HABR) for the treatment of distillery wastewater (spent
wash). The main objective of the paper is to explore the use of anaerobic digestion as
complete solution to treat BOD and COD in the same reactor in conjunction with suitable
oxidation technique. The above proposed methodology will be used for treating raw
effluent from the distilleries which can be further reused for agriculture or other purposes.
The availability of enhanced amount of biogas from reactors shall make proposed
technology attractive to the industry.
Pawar Avinash Shivajirao et. al (2012) says that The purification of waste water from
various industrial processes is a worldwide problem of increasing importance due to the
restricted amounts of water suitable for direct use, the high price of the purification and
the necessity of utilizing the waste products. Maintaining the drinking water quality is
essential to public health. Although various water treatments is a common practice for
supplying good quality of water from a source of water, maintaining an adequate water
quality throughout a distribution system has never been an easy task. Municipal,
agricultural and industrial liquid or solid wastes differ very much in their chemical,
physical and biological characteristics. The diverse spectrum of wastes requiring efficient
treatment has focused the attention of researchers on membrane, ion-exchange and
biological technologies. The most effective and ecological technological systems
developed during the past 20 years are as a rule based on a combination of the chemical,
physical and biological methods. Anaerobic digestion, anaerobic filters, lagoons,
activated sludge and trickling filters have all been successfully applied to the treatment of
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distillery wastewater. Membrane and membrane separation techniques with immobilized
microorganism or enzyme have very significant role in treatment of distillery wastewater.
Sohail Ayub et. al (2014) says that The distillery sector is one of the seventeen categories
of major polluting industries in India. These units generate large volume of dark brown
colored wastewater, which is known as “spent wash”. Liquid wastes from breweries and
distilleries possess a characteristically high pollution load and have continued to pose a
critical problem of environmental pollution in many countries. The principal pollution
effects of the wastewaters of these fermentation industries on a water course are multiple
in natures. An attempt has been made to high light the treatment of distillery spent wash
by using natural adsorbent. The results obtained herein indicate the feasibility of
activated carbon used as an adsorbent for removal of pollutants from distillery spent
wash. The results show the significant amount of reduction of pollutants by activated
carbon. The study concluded that adsorbent dosage, contact time and effluent dilutions all
the three are important parameters affecting the pollutants removal by adsorption.
K.Haribabu et. al (2014) says that In this study, a bio carrier made up of low density
polypropylene of surface area 524 m per particle and of density 870 kg/ was used in
the treatment of wastewater using fluidized bed reactor. Holdup studies are performed for
bed heights (0.2 m to 0.8m) to predict the operating conditions. The effect of Bed height
(0.6 m to 1 m), Hydraulic retention time (6 hr to 40 hr), and superficial gas velocity
(0.00106 m/s, 0.00159 m/s, 0.00212 m/s), Concentration (2 g/L – 7.5 g/L) on the
percentage of COD reduction were studied. For bed height of 0.8m, optimum holdup and
maximum COD reduction was obtained. From the results, it was observed that percentage
of COD reduction increases as the superficial gas velocity increases and decreases as the
initial concentration decreases. A COD reduction of 97.5% was achieved at an initial
concentration of 2 g/L and for a superficial gas velocity of 0.00212 m/s at hydraulic
retention time of 40 hr.
Prathap Parameswaran et. al (2016) says that Spent yeast (SY), a major challenge for
the brewing industry, was treated using a microbial electrolysis cell to recover energy.
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Concentrations of SY from bench alcoholic fermentation and ethanol were tested, ranging
from 750 to 1500 mg COD/L and 0 to 2400 mg COD/L respectively. COD removal
efficiency (RE), columbic efficiency (CE), columbic recovery (CR), hydrogen production
and current density were evaluated. The best treatment condition was
750 mg COD/L SY + 1200 mg COD/L ethanol giving higher COD RE, CE, CR
(90 ± 1%, 90 ± 2% and 81 ± 1% respectively), as compared with 1500 mg COD/L SY
(76 ± 2%, 63 ± 7% and 48 ± 4% respectively); ethanol addition was significantly
favourable (p value = 0.011), possibly due to electron availability and SY autolysis.
1500 mg COD/L SY + 1200 mg COD/L ethanol achieved higher current density
(222.0 ± 31.3 A/m3) and hydrogen production (2.18 ± 0.66 %) but with lower efficiencies
(87 ± 2% COD RE, 71.0±.4% CE). Future work should focus on electron sinks,
acclimation and optimizing SY breakdown.
Jackson Z Lee et. al (2015) says that Already half of all global fish stocks have been
deemed fully exploited which has led to the collapse of several fisheries and the potential
collapse of others over the next several decades Concomitantly, aquaculture (the farm
rearing of fish) has grown at an annual rate of 14% (FAO Fisheries Department, ).
Because aquaculture feed production relies on significant amounts of non-sustainable fish
meal protein harvested from ocean fisheries, further aquaculture growth will result in
more fish meal shortages and further depletion of ocean fisheries. Therefore, there has
been renewed interest in the development of less expensive and more sustainable fish
meal replacements. In the brewing industry, solid by products of various forms (spent
grains, hops, yeasts, etc.), once a costly landfill waste, have become a livestock feed
source. Even after this removal of solids, a large amount of dissolved carbon still remains
in the typical brewery wastewater. This brewery waste can be aerobically and
microbiologically treated in a process-wastewater treatment facility and the carbon-
degrading microbiota harvested as dried microbial biomass, called single-cell protein
(SCP). A major concern has been the negative performance and connotations associated
with wastewater and, in particular, reuse of raw sewage.
M. Muthukumar et. al (2014) says that Effect of NaCl on electricity generation, COD
removal, reduction in carbohydrate and starch content in dual chambered, salt bridge
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Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) employing raw sago-processing wastewater with an organic
load of 14,400 mg COD/l as substrate was evaluated. Four dual chambered MFCs were
constructed and the study aimed to find out the impact of addition of NaCl which is
carried out for effective MFC performance. Isolation and identification of microbes from
initial influent and final effluent was performed using serial dilution, spread plate and
selective agar techniques. Interestingly, it was found that the MFC in which NaCl was
added to its cathode chamber was best in performance compared to other three MFCs,
with a maximum voltage of 603mV and current of 6.03mA. It also documented that the
maximum COD removal efficiency of 83% with a total reduction of carbohydrate and
starch content from the wastewater was obtained. Utilizing sago wastewater for the
production of bioelectricity from MFC technique is considered as a feasible and
sustainable process.
Abhilasha Singh Mathuriya et. al (2012) says that Renewable energy is an increasing
need in our society. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) represent a new method for
treating wastewater and simultaneously producing electricity. In the present study,
we demonstrated the feasibility of bioelectricity generation from brewery wastewater
treatment using a mediator less MFC at different pH. We also demonstrated that
addition of readily utilizable substrates like glucose and sucrose to the wastewater
can enhance the electricity production and COD removal. pH 7 was most
favorable for Bioelectricity production. Up to 10.89 mA current generation and 93.8%
COD removal efficiency was obtained by this method.
Adesoji T et. al (2015) says that Water is a scarce resource in many parts of the world;
consequently the application of innovative strategies to treat wastewater for reuse is a
priority. The brewery industry is one of the largest industrial users of water, but its
effluent is characterised by high levels of organic contaminants which require
remediation before reuse.
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CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 MATERIALS USED FOR DC-MFC
1. Perplex glass material for reactor fabrication
2. Filter media- Milk Marbles and glass wool
3. 4 Copper Electrodes
4. 16-Strands Copper Wire
5. Seeding bottle of 3 litre capacity
6. Aerator
7. Digital Multimeter
Plate 3.1 Perplex Glass Reactor
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Plate 3.2 Filter media- Milk Marbles
Plate 3.3 Filter media- Glass Wool
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
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Plate 3.4 Copper electrodes
Plate 3.5 Seeding Bottle
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
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Plate 3.6 Aerator
Plate 3.7 Digital Multimeter
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REACTOR SETUP
Plate 3.8 Reactor Setup
DESCRIPTION
The DC-MFC is fabricated with perplex glass of 5mm thickness with the capacity of 5.24
liters. Copper electrodes were used and the positioning of the electrodes were worked out.
The reactor was set up by placing the semi-permeable membrane consisting of glass wool
and milk marbles between the two aerobic chambers. The inlet chamber was connected with
an aerator (Talyomax, T1-100). A three liters capacity bottle was connected to the reactor to
seed the distillery wastewater to the reactor with a controlled flow rate and a digital
multimeter was connected to record the bio-electricity generated in mV.
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3.2 METHODOLOGY:
Various parameters considered are:
1. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
2. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
3. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
COD is the measurement of oxygen in water consumed for chemical oxidation of pollutants.
It determines the quantity of oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter in water or
wastewater sample, under specific conditions of oxidizing agent, temperature and time.
BOD determination is the chemical procedure for determining the amount of dissolved
oxygen needed by aerobic organisms in a water body to break the organic materials present
in the given water sample at certain temperature over a specific period of time.
TDS refers to materials that are completely dissolved in water these solids are filterable in
nature. It is defined as residue upon evaporation of filterable sample.
3.2.1 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
APPARATUS USED:
COD digester
Burette and burette stand
COD Vials with Stand
250ml conical flask
Pipettes
Pipette bulb
Tissue Paper
Wash Bottles
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
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Plate 3.9 COD Digester
CHEMICALS USED:
Organic Freed Distilled Water
Ferroin Indicator
Potassium Dichromate
Silver Sulphate
Mercury Sulphate
Sulphuric Acid
Ferrous Aluminium Sulphate
PROCEDURE:
Three COD vails with stopper were taken (two for the sample and one for the blank.
Then 2.5 ml of sample was added to each of the two vails and the remaing COD vails
for blank; and distilled water was added.
1.5 ml of potassium dichromate reagent - digestion solution was added to each of the
three COD vails and 3.5 ml of sulphuric acid reagent – catalyst solution was added in
the same manner.
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Tubes were closed tightly and the COD digester was switched on and the temperature
was maintained at 1500C and time was set for two hours.
Then the COD vails were placed into a block digester at 1500C and heated for two
hours.
The vails were removed and allowed to cool at room temperature.
The burette was filled with ferrous ammonia sulphate and adjusted to zero and the
burette was fixed to the stand.
Contents of the blank vails were transferred to the conical flask.
Few drops of Ferroin indicator were added to the solution and the solution turns into
bluish green in colour.
The solution was titrated with the ferrous ammonium sulphate taken in the burette.
End point of titration was indicated by reddish brown colour.
Known volume ferrous ammonium sulphate solution is added for the blank (A) was
noted down.
The contents of the sample vail were then transferred into conical flask.
Few drops of Ferroin indicator was added and the solution turns green in colour.
Ferrous ammonium sulphate taken in the burette was then titrated.
End point of the titration was found by appearance of the reddish brown colour.
Volume of the ferrous ammonia sulphate solution added for the sample (B) was noted
down.
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND = ((A – B)* 8 * 1000)/ volume of the sample.
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3.2.2 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
APPARATUS USED:
BOD incubator
Burette and burette stand
300 ml glass stopper BOD bottles
500 ml conical flask
Pipettes with elongated tips
Pipette bulb
250 ml graduated cylinders
Wash bottle
Plate 3.10 BOD Incubator
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CHEMICALS USED:
Calcium Chloride
Magnesium Chloride
Ferric Chloride
Di potassium Hydrogen Phosphate
Potassium Di Hydrogen Phosphate
Ammonium Chloride
Manganese Sulphate
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium iodide
Sodium indicator
Sodium thiosulphate
PROCEDURE:
Four 300 ml glass stoppered BOD bottles were taken.
10 ml of the sample were added to each of the two BOD bottles and remaining
quantities was filled with dilution water.
The remaining two BOD bottle were for blank, dilution water was added to these two
bottles.
After the addition glass stopper was placed immediately over the BOD bottles and the
number of bottles for identification was noted down.
One blank solution bottle and one sample solution bottle in a BOD incubator at 200 C
for 5 days were preserved.
Then the other two bottles (blank and sample) were analyzed immediately.
2 ml of manganese sulphate was added to the BOD bottle by inserting the calibrated
pipette just below the surface of the liquid.
Then 2 ml of alkali-iodide-azide reagent is added in the same manner.
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 34
The pipette was dipped inside the sample or else oxygen will be introduced to the
surface.
Then it was allowed to settle for sufficient time in order to react completely with
oxygen.
As soon as this floc has settled to the bottle, shake the contents thoroughly by turning
it upside down.
2 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid was added via pipette held just above the surface
of the sample.
Then it was stoppered carefully and inverted several times to dissolve the floc.
After the transfer of contents to Erlenmeyer flask, titration was started.
Burette then rinsed with sodium thiosulphate and then filled it with sodium
thiosulphate and then the burette was fixed to the stand.
203 ml of solution from the bottle was measured and transferred to an Erlenmeyer
flask.
The solution along with standard sodium thiosulphate solution was titrated until the
yellow color of liberated iodine was almost faded out and 1ml of starch solution was
added.
The titration was then continued until the blue color disappears to colourless.
The volume of sodium thiosulphate solution added which gives the D.O in mg/l was
noted down.
This titration was repeated for concordant values.
After five days, the bottle from the BOD incubator and then the sample and the blank
for DO was analyzed.
2 ml of manganese sulphate was added to the BOD bottle by inserting the calibrated
pipette just below the surface of the liquid.
Then again 2 ml of alkali-iodide-azide reagent was added in the same manner.
If oxygen is present a brownish-orange cloud of precipitate or floc will appear.
It was allowed to settle for sufficient time in order to react completely with oxygen.
When this floc has settled to the bottom the content was shaken thoroughly by turning
it upside down.
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 35
2 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid was added via a pipette held just above the
surface of the sample
It was carefully stoppered and inverted several times to dissolve the floc.
Titration was started immediately after the transfer of contents to Erlenmeyer flask.
The solution was titrated with standard sodium thiosulphate solution until the yellow
color of liberated iodine was almost faded out.
1ml of starch solution was added and the titration was continued until the blue color
to colorless.
The volume of sodium thiosulphate solution added was noted down. Which gives the
D.O in mg/l, the titration was repeated for concordant values.
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
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3.2.3 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)
APPARATUS USED:
Porcelain Dish
Analytical Weighing Balance
Hot Air Oven
Desiccator
Plate 3.11 Hot air Oven
PROCEDURE:
First an empty porcelain dish was dried and weighed (W1).
A known volume (V) of sample was added to the porcelain dish and weighed again
(W2).
Then it was dried in the hot air oven for 24 hours at a temperature of 103-1050C.
Then it was cooled in a desiccator and final weight (W3) was found.
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS = [(W2 – W3)/V]*100
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 37
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 INITIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DISTILLERYWASTEWATER
Table 4.1 Initial Characterization of distillery wastewater
PARAMETERS Influent
Concentration
(mg/L)
Trial 1
Influent
Concentration
(mg/L)
Trial 2
Influent
Concentration
(mg/L)
Trial 3
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
20588.40
20144.60
19582.60
Chemical Oxygen Demand
8200
8350
8600
Total Dissolved Solids
784
792.80
820.52
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Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
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Plate 4.1: Sampled Distillery Wastewater
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4.2 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF DC-MFC
The design details of DC-MFC are shown in the table 4.2
Table 4.2: Design details of DC-MFC
SL
No
COMPONETS DESCRIPTION DIMENSION
1 DC-MFC Aerobic chamber 1 Rectangular Type
Perplex Glass
Length = 14.00 cm
Breadth = 19.00 cm
Height = 11.50 cm
Aerobic chamber 2 Rectangular Type
Perplex Glass
Length = 11.50 cm
Breadth =19.00 cm
Height = 14.80 cm
2 Capacity / Volume
5240 mL/Day
3 Inlet Opening
Outlet Opening
Tap Facility 0.8 cm Opening
4 Copper Electrodes
Rectangular Type Length = 10.00 cm
Breadth = 4.00 cm
Thickness = 0.10 cm
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4.3 EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF DC-MFC TO TREAT
DISTILLERY WASTEWATER
Following parameters for the treatment of distillery wastewater were considered:
1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
2. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
3. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
4.3.1 BIO CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)
The BOD removal efficiency is shown in the table 4.3. The variations in the BOD conc. of
influent and effluent are shown in fig 4.3 and the removal efficiency is shown in fig 4.4.
Table 4.3: BOD removal efficiency
Trial No Influent
(mg/L)
Effluent
(mg/L)
Removal
Efficiency
(%)
1 20588.40 692.40 96.34
2 20144.60 762.80 96.21
3 19582.60 854.32 95.64
4 19234.69 832.76 95.67
5 19820 800 95.96
6 18640.50 799.32 95.69
7 18504.20 862.50 95.34
8 18923.50 854.56 95.48
9 18620.90 745.30 96.00
10 18823.50 764.31 95.94
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
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Fig 4.3 Variation of BOD Conc. for different lab trials
Fig 4.4 Variation in percentage removal efficiency for BOD
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
BO
D C
on
cen
trat
ion
(m
g/L)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Influent (mg/L) 20588.4 20144.6 19582.6 19234.69 19820 18640.5 18504.2 18923.5 18620.9 18823.5
Effluent (mg/L) 692.4 762.8 854.32 832.76 800 799.32 862.5 854.56 745.3 764.31
Variation in BOD
95.2
95.4
95.6
95.8
96
96.2
96.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Re
mo
val E
ffic
ien
cy (
%)
Trial No.
Variation of Efficiency
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
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4.3.2 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)
The COD removal efficiency is shown in the table 4.4. The variations in the BOD conc. of
influent and effluent are shown in fig 4.5 and the removal efficiency is shown in fig 4.6.
Table 4.4: COD removal efficiency
Trial No Influent
(mg/L)
Effluent
(mg/L)
Removal
Efficiency
(%)
1 8200 740 90.97
2 8350 765 90.84
3 8600 400 95.34
4 8950 420 95.31
5 9260 460 95.03
6 9560 376 98.12
7 9985 398 96.01
8 8432 387 95.41
9 8200 419 94.89
10 8762 412 95.29
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
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Fig 4.5 Variation of COD Conc. for different lab trials
Fig 4.6 Variation in percentage removal efficiency for COD
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CO
D C
on
cen
trat
ion
(m
g/L)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Influent (mg/L) 8200 8350 8600 8950 9260 9560 9985 8432 8200 8762
Effluent (mg/L) 740 765 400 420 460 376 398 387 419 412
Variation in COD
90
92
94
96
98
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Re
mo
val E
ffic
ien
cy (
%)
Trial No.
Variation of Efficiency
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
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4.3.3 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)
The BOD removal efficiency is shown in the table 4.5. The variations in the BOD conc. of
influent and effluent are shown in fig 4.7 and the removal efficiency is shown in fig 4.8.
Table 4.5: TDS removal efficiency
Trial No Influent
(mg/L)
Effluent
(mg/L)
Removal
Efficiency
(%)
1 784 426 45.66
2 792.80 453 42.86
3 820.52 328.62 59.95
4 834.50 356.76 57.25
5 822 412 49.87
6 848.30 435.60 48.65
7 892 402 54.93
8 765.30 453.87 40.69
9 812.50 375 53.85
10 794.20 392 50.64
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
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Fig 4.7 Variation of TDS Conc. for different trials
Fig 4.8 Variation in percentage removal efficiency for TDS
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TDS
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
mg/
L)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Influent (mg/L) 784 792.8 820.52 834.5 822 848.3 892 765.3 812.5 794.2
Effluent (mg/L) 426 453 328.62 356.76 412 435.6 402 453.87 375 392
Variation of TDS
40
45
50
55
60
65
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Re
mo
val E
ffic
ien
cy (
%)
Trial No.
Variation of Efficiency
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
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4.3.4 Variation in Bio- Electricity Generation:
The Variation in Bio- Electricity generation is shown in the table 4.6
Table 4.6: Variation in Bio- Electricity generation
Trial No Voltage (mV)
1 170.32
2 175.32
3 178.58
4 182.25
5 185.65
6 186.35
7 189.32
8 199.9
9 195.32
10 198.32
Fig 4.9 Variation in Bio-Electricity generation
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
volt
age
(m
V)
Trail No
Voltage variation (mV)
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
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Plate 4.2 Comparison of Color of Treated and Untreated Distillery Wastewater
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
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4.6 DISCUSSION
All the samples collected were subjected to continuous treatment and the results are
discussed below.
As depicted in table 4.3, ten trials were conducted to evaluate the BOD removal
efficiency with DC-MFC. In the first trial the influent BOD concentration was found to be
20588.4 mg/L, which came down to 692.4 mg/L, thereby showing an efficiency of 96.34%.
Similar trends were observed for all the trials and the overall BOD removal efficiencies
ranged between 95.34% and 96.34%. As shown in table 4.4, ten trials were conducted to
evaluate the COD removal efficiency with DC-MFC. In the first trial the influent COD
concentration was found to be 8200 mg/L, which came down to 740 mg/L, after treatment
thereby showing an efficiency of 90.97% and rest of the trials followed a similar trend, with
the overall COD removal efficiency ranging between 90.84% and 98.12%. As depicted in
table 4.5, in the first trial the influent TDS concentration was found to be 784 mg/L, which
came down to 426 mg/L after treatment. Similar trends were observed for all the trials with
the overall TDS removal efficiency ranging between 40.69% and 59.95%. The maximum
electricity generated was 199.90 mV.
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 49
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
5.1 CONCLUSION
The maximum concentrations of parameters BOD, COD and TDS in the sampled
distillery wastewater were found to be 20588.4 mg/L, 9985 mg/L and 892 mg/L
respectively.
The design of the rector has been done as per the design details using perplex glass
and copper electrodes. It has been proved highly efficient.
After the treatment, concentrations of parameters BOD, COD and TDS, in the
effluent of distillery wastewater were found to be 692.40 mg/L, 398 mg/L and 402
mg/L respectively. The considerable Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiency ranged between 95.34% to
96.34% and 90.84% to 98.12% respectively.
After the treatment considerable reduction in Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
concentrations was observed, and the efficiency ranged between 40.69% to 59.95%
respectively.
Significant reduction of colour and odour has been achieved.
The work was focused on bio-electricity generation simultaneously and a maximum
output power of 199.90 mV was generated.
All though the energy that could be captured from wastewater is not enough to
power a city, it is large enough to someday power a treatment plant. With advance,
capturing this power could achieve energy sustainability for the water infrastructure.
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 50
5.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
The reactor capacity could be scaled up to achieve higher bio-electricity generation.
The overall efficiency of the reactor could be tested for different electrode materials.
The efficiency of the reactor to generate bio-electricity could be tested for different
types of wastewater.
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
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Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
Dept. of Civil Engg, AIET, Mijar, Moodbidri Page 56
Name: Deekshit Shetty
DOB: 23/12/1994
Permanent Address : S/O Kusha Shetty ,#28/14Indrayani Apartment,
Sector-19, Airoli, Navi Mumbai, Pin-400708
Email: deekshit2323shetty@gmail.com
Contact No: +91-9686368213
Field of Interest: Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering ,
Transportation Engineering
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
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Name: Devisha D Shetty
DOB: 01/05/1994
Permanent Address : D/O Divakar M Shetty, DEVIKRIPA ,Kandavara post
Mangalore Tq ,Pin-574151
Email: devishashetty1594@gmail.com
Contact No: +91-8722826557
Field of Interest: Environmental Engineering, Interior Designing.
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
Wastewater and Simultaneous Bio-Electricity Generation - A feasibility Study
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Name: Karishma Kiran P
DOB: 14/05/1994
Permanent Address : D/O Balaji P, #B/25 Southern Residency, KHB Road, Behind
Pushpanjali Theatre, RT Nagar, Bangalore.
Pin:560032
Email: karishmakiran1405@gmail.com
Contact No: +91-9008350394
Field of Interest: Environmental Engineering, Construction Technology &
Management , Interior Designing.
Development and Fabrication of Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell to Treat Distillery
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Name: Lakshmi Tulasi C H
DOB: 16/06/1995
Permanent Address : D/O Venkanna C H, K. Gudidinni (Post), Srinivas Camp, Manvi
(Tq), Raichur, Pin:584123
Email: tulasich036@gmail.com
Contact No: +91-9535193351
Field of Interest: Environmental Engineering, Structural Engineering, Interior
Designing.
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