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Institute for Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management
Development of Urban Wastewater
Treatment in Europe
9th EWA Brussels Conference
"Water - Investing Today for the Future"
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Karl-Heinz Rosenwinkel
Dr.-Ing. Linda Hinken
Institut für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft und Abfalltechnik
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover
Welfengarten 1
30167 Hannover
2
Presentation Outline
I. Introduction
Requirements and Challenges (Differences in Europe)
II. Full Scale Experiences in Europe and Results
III. New Technologies, Bioaugmentation, Deammonification
IV. Advanced Treatment, Fourth Step of Treatment
V. Necessity and Impacts on Environment, Energy,
Resources
VI. Conclusions
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
3
I. Introduction – EEC Directive 91/271
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
CSOs
Regulation?
How to regulate the
fourth step of treatment?
Where is it nesscary?
Sludge
management
Re-use
of treated
waste water
4
I. Introduction – Status of Implementation in the EU
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
sensitive areas
But:
From 27 EU capitals only 11 claim
full compliance (end 2010)
Investment Support by EU
~ 14.3 Billon EUR (2007-2013)
WWTP Brussels in operation
since 03/2007 for 1.4 Mio. PE www.aquiris.be
(7. Report of Implementation, 07.08.2013 for 27 members; status: end 2009/2010)
5
I. Introduction – Effluent Standards, Requirements
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
EU Standard
Plant size [PE] NH4-N [mg/L] Ntot* [mg/L] Ptot [mg/L]
10,000-100,000 – 15
(70-80 %)
2
(80 %)
> 100,000 – 10
(70-80 %)
1
(80 %)
Germany
Plant size [PE] NH4-N [mg/L] Ntot,min* [mg/L] Ptot [mg/L]
5,000-10,000 10 –
10,000-100,000 10 18 2
> 100,000 10 13 1
* - “sensitive“ areas Differences in sampling, analysis and voting
Art. 3 and 4 EEC directive, EU UWWD
6
I. Introduction – Performance of German and Austrian plants
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
Germany Austria
Wastewater treatment plants (No.) [-] 5,917 906
Design [Mio. PE] 142.6 27.3
Energy demand [kWh/(PE∙a)] 34.3 31.4
COD [mg/L] Influent
Effluent
548
27
656
43.8
Ntot [mg/L] Influent
Effluent
51
9.0
43.2
8.9
Ptot [mg/L] Influent
Effluent
7.9
0.72
7.5
0.65
NH4-N [mg/L] Effluent 1.19 1.20
NO3-N [mg/L] Effluent 6.0 5.7
(DWA, 2013; KA 10/13)
7
I. Introduction – Combined Sewage overflows
Collecting Systems
(Council directive 91/271/EWG,
Annex I)
treatment required
design, construction and maintenance BAT, no excessive
costs, prevention of leaks
Aim: Limitation of pollution of receiving waters due to
storm water overflows
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
Important:
European Court (10/2012) decided against UK and Northern
Ireland due to excessive overflows from combined sewer
systems
Relevant for system design
8
II. Fullscale Experiences – Examples
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
830,000 PE
Qd 130,000 m3/d
ce,COD 56 mg/L
ce,TN 11.2 mg/L
ce,P 0.4 mg/L
SRT 13-15 d
Vact.sludge 104,500 m3
Spec. Vol. 126 L/PE
One-Step
Predenitrification
Hanse-Wasser, Bremen
WWTP Bremen-
Seehausen,
Germany
9
II. Fullscale Experiences – Examples
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
Population
equivalent [PE]
4.3 Mio. SRT [d] 8-10
Design flow rate
[m3/d]
1,000,000 Design
temp. [oC]
15
Total reaction
volume [m3]
Specific volume
298,140
69 L/PE
ce,TN
[mg/L]
4.2
WWTP Psyttalia, Athens, Greece, Pre-Denitrification
10
II. Fullscale Experiences – Examples
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
Influent
Pump
station
Mechanical
treatment
High loading
stage
(A-Stage)
Intermediate
Sedimentation
Intermediate
Sedimentation
Pump
station
NK 5 - 8
Secondary
sedimentation
Rhein river
NK 1 - 4
Low loading
stage
(B-stage)
Filtration
Low loading
stage
(B-stage)
Influent
Exceed sludge to
sludge treatment
Wastewater
Sludge
(Source: Stadtentwässerungsbetriebe Köln, AöR )
WWTP Cologne-Stammheim,
Germany, Two-Stage A-B
Stage A: V = 12.000 m³
Stage B: V = 124.000 m³
Total volume 136,000 m3
Specific volume 85 L/PE
Design data
Capacity: 1.6 Mio. PE
Qd 290,000 m3/d
Effluent data (average values in 2005)
ce,COD 24.2 mg/L
ce,NH4-N 0.73 mg/L
ce,TN 10 mg/L
ce,P 0.3 mg/L
11
II. Fullscale Experiences – Examples
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
Vienna's Main Wastewater Treatment Plant, Austria
The hybrid process 4,000,000 PE
sludge treatment
sludge
thickening
return activated sludge
bypass of activated sludge
return activated sludge
Danube Canal
aeration intermediate sedimentation primary sedimentation
sewer system
step 1
recirculation
of effluent
secondary
sedimentation
aeration
step 2
bypass
(Source: EbS - Entsorgungsbetriebe Simmering GmbH)
ce,BOD5 5 mg/L TN 84.7 % elimination
ce,COD 33 mg/L ce,NH4-N 1.01 mg/L
ce,TOC 10 mg/L ce,P 0.86 mg/L
Effluent data
Total volume 213,000 m3
Specific volume 53 L/PE (EbS , 2013)
12
II. Fullscale Experiences – Comparison
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
WWTP Process Vtot PE HRT Vspec
[m3] [Mio. PE] [h] [L/PE]
Bremen Pre-Deni. 104,500 0.83 19.2 126
Athen Pre-Deni. 298,140 4.3 7.2 69
Vienna Hybrid 213,000 4.0 8.5 53
Cologne A-B 136,000 1.6 11.3 85
SN,peakSN,average
= 1.8 T = 12°C
13
III. New Technologies – Bioaugmentation
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
(Berends et. al., 2005)
Simulation results for WWTP Houtrust, NL
Population equivalent [PE] 1.1 Mio.
Average influent flow [m³/d] 240,000
Reaction volume [m³] 19,800
SRT [d] 3-4
HRT [h] 2
Specific reactor volume [L/PE] 18
Enrichment of slow growing bacteria
(nitrifier) by seeding, Babe-Process
Reduction of volume, space &
resource demand
Real enlargement conventional
Babe Technology
Additionally: Granular Activated Sludge
allows higher loading rates
14
III. New Technologies – Deammonification
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
Conditions:
concentration < 50 mg N/L
CSB/N < 8-10
Temperature 10-20 ºC
C-elimination
digester dewatering
PS, ÜSS, FS,
Co-Substrat
nitritation
N-elimination
deammonification rest
N-elimination
ggf. activated sludge
bioaugmentation
Deammonification in Sidestream
Final
clarifier
digester
aeration tank
CHP
≈ 3.7 N
BOD5
+ 15 kWhel
PE ∙ a
20 kWhel
PE ∙ a
preliminary
clarifier
HRT
2.0 h
CH4 2 kWhel
PE ∙ a
Sidestream
treatment
primary clarifier > 2 h
Deammonification
in Mainstream
Energy demand of
biological stages:
Conventional: 25 - 11 = 14 kWh/(PE∙a)
New Techn.: 22 - 15 = 7 kWh/(PE∙a)
15
IV. Advanced Treatment – Suspensa Elimination
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
(Source: Erftverband, Bergheim, Germany)
Capacity 80,000 PE
Qd 8,700 m3/d
Qm 1,024 m3/h
Bd,COD 9,600 kg/d
Grit
chamber
Screen
5mm
RS
Permeate
Sludge storage Sludge dewatering
Sieve
drum
0,5 mm
MF DN N DN/N
Membran
Bioreactor (MBR)
Exceed
Sludge
28 Bio-Membrane plants in Europe, most in Germany
Spec. Vol. 115 L/PE
WWTP Nordkanal, Germany, Pre-Deni-Membrane
Effluent
ce,COD 15 mg/L (LOT)
ce,NH4-N 0.5 mg/L
ce,NO3 7 mg/L
cP 1 mg/L
Bd,N 897 kg/d
Bd,P 5,700 kg/d
Vreaction, tot 9,200 m3
SRT 25 d
16
IV. Advanced Treatment – Micropollutants Combination of ozone and activated carbon
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
Dynamic
Recirculation
Downstream Ozonization
Downstream PAC-Dosage
WWTP Schwerte (Grünebaum and Thöle, 2013)
17
IV. Advanced Treatment – Micropollutants Combination of ozone and activated carbon
Most efficient:
Dynamic recirculation and O3 + PAC
Dosing: 2 mg O3/L and 10 mg PAC/L
Results of ozone and PAC dosing on pharmaceutical products (effluent concentrations)
Normal Dosage Mean Dosage
Basic Dosage Without Dosage
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
(Grünebaum et al., 2013)
* x-ray-contrast-substance
** anti-corrosion agent
*** pharmaceutical product
18
Phage balance of an activated sludge system for cold and warm
season (comparable with virus elimination rate) Hannover WWTP
0
2
4
6
8
10
Vorklärung Belebung Nachklärung
Wintersaison Sommersaison
tTS =12 d
Inactivation in
activated sludge
Remaining phage
load in effluent
Remaining phage
load in excess sluge
Cold season 85 % 1 % 14 %
Warm Season 95 % 0.5 % 4.5 %
Elimination of phages
Winter: 1.95 log PFU/L
Sommer: 2.78 log PFU/L
(not direct comparable to
E.coli)
Influent Effluent
IV. Advanced Treatment – Virus Elimination
Primary
clarifier secondary
clarifier
cold season warm season (Ullbricht et al., 2013)
sludge
rector
SRT = 12 d
To
tal s
om
ati
c c
oli
ph
ag
e
co
nc
en
tra
tio
n in
lo
gP
FU
/L
19
IV. Advanced Treatment – Pathogenic Organism
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
Study for Wilhelmshaven (2009)
E.coli Concentration in cfu/100ml: Raw wastewater 1,000,000
CSO (roughly) 230,000
Effluent, WWTP 90,000
Actual (WEB): 75 % due to WWTP
25 % due discharge*
Wastewater collecting system Germany: total 440.000 km
CSOs: ca. 21.000
Wastewater and combined water: Biological treated: 10 billion m³/a
Nonbiological treated: 2.7 billion m³/a
(Pabst und Rosenwinkel, 2009)
*peak load ! Result: Increasing Flow WWTP!!
20
IV. Advanced Treatment – Legionella
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
Legionella found in the wastewater treatment plant Warstein
in 08/09 2013 Infection 165 persons, 3 death
Cooling water from Wäster downstream WWTP
Several years ago in Norway and South France:
Connection between legionella disease
and industrial WWTP was found.
Measures in Warstein:
pure oxygen, shutdown of trickling filter
disinfection of effluent using UF, UV-radiation and formic acid
Tests: Ultrasonic, Ag, O3, H2O2, pH, SRT, T
Is the EU bathing-water directive sufficient? - Not for Legionella!
Wikipedia.de
21
IV. Advanced Treatment – LOT Limit of Technology
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
Which parameters influence LOT, where do we need LOT?
technology itself
carbon source
dilution
ability for precipitation and degradation
depending on Effluent [mg/L]
SS -- ~ 0
COD specific q 15 - 25
DON specific q 0,5 - 2
NH4-N SRT < 0,5
NO3-N readily degradable COD < 0,5 - 5
Ptot q, phosphonic acid 0,1 - 0,5
PO4-P precipitation < 0,05
Micropollutants different < 0,005
Virus -- ~ 0
Erftverband
22
V. Future Challenges – Addtional Costs and Energy (4th treatment step)
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
Additional costs incl. CAPEX: Energy, personal, chemicals (construction and operation)
Additional Technologies Additional Demand
Cost [€/m³] Energy [kWh/m³]
Sandfiltration (without flocculation) 0.05 - 0.15 0.1 - 0.2
Cloth filtration 0.02 - 0.037 0.002 - 0.007
Micro-/Ultrafiltration after WWTP 0.07 - 0.10 0.12 - 0.15
PAC (activ. carbon) 0.05 - 0.07 0.05
Ozonization 0.01 - 0.18 0.1 - 0.3
Nanofiltration 0.15 - (0.8) 0.5 - (3.0)
UV-Treatment 0.02 - 0.06 0.03
Dynamic Reci, O3, PAC 0.134 ca. 0.04
Range (wastewater) 0.05 - 0.18 ca. 0.1 - 0.3
Range (freshwater) 0.07 - 0.30 ca. 0.15 - 0.5
23
V. Future Challenges
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
Regulation
Conform regulation and compliance,
Point sources: WWTPs, CSOs
diffuse sources, agriculture (nutr. and
pesticides)
Micropollutants and hazardous
substances, detected, relevant?
pharmaceuticals, x-ray-contrast-agents,
endocrine disrupters, fluorosurfactants,
polychlorinated and polycylic compounds
Virus, pathogens
noro and adeno virus, salmonella, legionella?
Carbamazepin
rotavirus
Wik
iped
ia
What do we need in Europe?
24
V. Future Challenges
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
Protection of sensitive waterbodies by elimination of:
Micropollutants, industrial chemicals, pesticides
Pathogenous organism (virus, legionella?)
LOT instead of BAT (EQS*) EU Directiv 2013/39/EG, App. X
Elimination technologies available
degradation, sorption, oxidation, ultrafiltration
Resource management
Recycling of water, depending from water balances
Recycling of phosphorous (and nitrogen) in general
Minimizing energy demand in general
Environmental impact
Reducing emissions CO2, CH4, N2O
What do we need in Europe?
* environmental quality standard
Kubota
Zenon
25
V. Conclusions
9th EWA Brussels Conference "Water - Investing Today for the Future”
Fulfillment of EU requirements different in member states
Processes available to met the requirements
Various spec.volumes(0.05 to 0.14 m3/PE), f (T,Tech,Contr.)
Advanced technologies (Bioaugmentation,
Deammonification, Granularsludge) for better performance
Further treatment (4th step) is regional needed (disinfection,
micro-pollutants-reduction, P-recovery, EQS), advanced
technologies are available, but costs and energy increase
Decisions have to consider whole influences on waterquality
incl. diffuse sources and on the environment
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