deviance and crime. deviance: behavior, beliefs or conditions that violate cultural norms no act or...
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DEVIANCE AND CRIMEDEVIANCE: BEHAVIOR, BELIEFS OR CONDITIONS THAT VIOLATE CULTURAL NORMS
NO ACT OR BELIEF IS INHERENTLY DEVIANT
• RELATIVE TO TIME AND CULTURE
• SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED
FUNCTIONALIST VIEW OF DEVIANCE
DURKHEIM• DEVIANCE OCCURS IN ALL SOCIETIES
• DEVIANCE CLARIFIES RULES
• DEVIANCE UNITES A GROUP
• DEVIANCE PROMOTES SOCIAL CHANGE
MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY OF DEVIANCE
FIVE MODES OF ADAPTATION
• CONFORMITY
• INNOVATION
• RITUALISM
• RETREATISM
• REBELLION
Typology of Individual Modes of Adaptation
Typology of Individual Modes of Adaptation
MODES OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONALIZED MODES OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONALIZED ADAPTATION GOALS MEANS ADAPTATION GOALS MEANS
1. CONFORMITY + +1. CONFORMITY + +
2. INNOVATION + -2. INNOVATION + -
3. RITUALISM - +3. RITUALISM - +
4. RETREATISM - -4. RETREATISM - -
5. REBELLION +/- +/-5. REBELLION +/- +/-
MODES OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONALIZED MODES OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONALIZED ADAPTATION GOALS MEANS ADAPTATION GOALS MEANS
1. CONFORMITY + +1. CONFORMITY + +
2. INNOVATION + -2. INNOVATION + -
3. RITUALISM - +3. RITUALISM - +
4. RETREATISM - -4. RETREATISM - -
5. REBELLION +/- +/-5. REBELLION +/- +/-
Points out how competition for success createsconflict and crime. Suggests that social conditions
and not personality can account for crime. Can explain middle- and upper-class crime.
STRENGTHS
Strain Theory: AnomieStrain Theory: Anomie
People who adopt the goals of society but lack the means to attain them
seek alternatives, such as crime.
MAJOR PREMISEMAJOR PREMISE
OPPORTUNITY THEORY OF DEVIANCE
• CLOWARD AND OHLIN THEORY
• ILLEGITIMATE OPPORTUNITIES EXIST IN SOME SUBCULTURES
• WHEN LEGITIMATE MEANS ARE NOT AVAILABLE TO ACQUIRE SOCIETIES GOALS
Cultural Deviance Theory:Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of
Opportunity
Cultural Deviance Theory:Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of
Opportunity
STRENGTHS:
Shows that even illegal opportunities are structured in society. Indicates why people
become involved in a particular type of criminal activity. Presents a way of preventing
crime.
MAJOR PREMISE: Blockage of conventional opportunities causeslower-class youths to join criminal, conflict, or
retreatist gangs.
INTERACTIONIST VIEW OF DEVIANCE
• DEVIANCE IS LEARNED THROUGH SOCIAL INTERACTION
• THEORIES:– DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION (EDWIN SUTHERLAND)– LABELING THEORY
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION
• DEVIANCE IS LEANED THROUGH ASSOCIATION WITH THOSE MORE FAVORABLE TO DEVIANCE
• LEARNING INCLUDES TECHNIQUES, MOTIVES, ATTITUDES AND RATIONALIZATION
• THE ASSOCIATION MUST BE: FREQUENT, INTENSE, AND LONG LASTING
Social Learning Theory:Differential AssociationSocial Learning Theory:Differential Association
Major Premise:Major Premise:People learn to commit crimePeople learn to commit crimefrom exposure to antisocialfrom exposure to antisocial
definitions.definitions.
STRENGTHSExplains onset of criminality. Explains the presence of crime in all elements of social structure. Explains why some people in
high-crime areas refrain from criminality. Can apply to adults and juveniles.
LABELING THEORY
• FOCUSES ON THE PROCESS NOT THE BEHAVIOR
• DEVIANTS ARE THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY LABELED AS DEVIANT
• LABELING DONE BY THOSE IN AUTHORITY
• PRIMARY DEVIANCE
• SECONDARY DEVIANCE
Socialreaction
DeviantDeviantactact
Secondary deviance
THELABELINGPROCESS
Devianceamplification
DeviantDeviantsubculturesubculture
Self-Self-labelinglabeling
Degradation Ceremonies
NegativeNegativeLabelLabel
Primary and Secondary DeviancePrimary and Secondary DeviancePrimary and Secondary DeviancePrimary and Secondary Deviance
CONFLICT VIEW OF DEVIANCE
• THE POWERFUL USE LAW TO PROTECT THEIR INTERESTS
• LAW IS USED TO CONTROL LOWER CLASSES
• AFFLUENT NOT PROSECUTED AS ARE POOR
• THE POOR AND UNEDUCATED MORE LIKELY TO BE ARRESTED AND PROSECUTED
Conflict Theory
MAJOR PREMISEMAJOR PREMISECrime is a function of class conflict. The definition of the law is controlled
by people who hold social and political power.
STRENGTHSSTRENGTHSAccounts for class differentials in the crime rate. Shows how class conflict
influences behavior.
CRIME
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRIME AND DEVIANCE
• SOCIOLOGIST CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME
• STREET CRIME: PROPERTY AND PERSONS
• OCCUPATIONAL/WHITE COLLAR CRIME
• CORPORATE CRIME
• ORGANIZED CRIME
• POLITICAL CRIME
Classification of Crime
More serious offenses
Punishable by deathor imprisonment for more than a year in astate prison.
FELONY
Less serious offenses
Punishable by incar-ceration for less than ayear in a local jail or house of correction.
MISDEMEANOR
The General Theory of Crime
Crime and Crime and deviancedeviance
Impulsive personalityLow self-controlLow self-control
Weakening ofWeakening ofsocial bondssocial bonds
CriminalCriminalOpportunityOpportunity
PURPOSES OF PUNISHMENT
• RETRIBUTION: VENGEANCE
• SOCIAL PROTECTION: INCAPACITATE
• REHABILITATION: REFORM
• DETERRENCE: FEAR OF PUNISHMENT
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