deviance deviance is a recognized violation of cultural norms question: how do sociologists look at...
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DEVIANCEDEVIANCE
Deviance is a Deviance is a recognized violation of recognized violation of cultural norms cultural norms
Question: Question:
How do Sociologists look at How do Sociologists look at deviance?deviance?
CRIME AND CRIMINALITYCRIME AND CRIMINALITY
When we think When we think of deviance we of deviance we often think of often think of crime and crime and criminalitycriminality
Cesare LombrosoCesare Lombroso and the biological roots of and the biological roots of
criminality criminality
William SheldonWilliam Sheldon
body structure body structure as a predictor of as a predictor of criminality criminality
Major Theories in SociologyMajor Theories in Sociology
FunctionalismFunctionalism
Symbolic Symbolic InteractionismInteractionism
Conflict TheoryConflict Theory
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
Emile DurkheimEmile Durkheim
deviance affirms cultural values and deviance affirms cultural values and normsnorms
-condemning something as “deviant” -condemning something as “deviant” clarifies moral boundariesclarifies moral boundaries
-constructing an act as deviant can -constructing an act as deviant can unify social groupsunify social groups
-what is constructed as deviant may -what is constructed as deviant may often be reconstructed as a social or often be reconstructed as a social or commercial goodcommercial good
Robert Merton’s Strain Robert Merton’s Strain TheoryTheory Deviant behavior Deviant behavior
arises from social arises from social realities in which few realities in which few opportunities or opportunities or “means” to an end “means” to an end exist to achieve exist to achieve cultural goalscultural goals
?what is “innovation, ?what is “innovation, ritualism, retreatism, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion” for rebellion” for Merton?Merton?
Strain TheoryStrain Theory
Conformity-Conformity-embracing the embracing the society’s society’s definition of definition of success and success and adhering to the adhering to the established and established and approved approved means of means of achieving achieving successsuccess
Strain TheoryStrain Theory
Innovation-refers to used Innovation-refers to used of illicit means to reach of illicit means to reach approved goalsapproved goals
Strain TheoryStrain Theory
Ritualism- involves strict adherence Ritualism- involves strict adherence to the culturally prescribed rules, to the culturally prescribed rules, even though individuals give up on even though individuals give up on the goals they hoped to achievethe goals they hoped to achieve
Strain TheoryStrain Theory
Retreatism-giving up on both the Retreatism-giving up on both the goals and the means to achieve goals and the means to achieve themthem
Strain TheoryStrain Theory
Rebellion-rejecting the socially approved ideas Rebellion-rejecting the socially approved ideas of success and the means of attaining that of success and the means of attaining that success but replacing them with alternative success but replacing them with alternative definitions of success and alternative definitions of success and alternative strategies for attaining the new goalsstrategies for attaining the new goals
Deviant SubculturesDeviant Subcultures
?why should the ?why should the
notion of a “deviant notion of a “deviant subculture” be subculture” be understood as understood as relative (meaning it relative (meaning it depends on who is depends on who is making the making the assertion of assertion of deviance)?deviance)?
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE ON DEVIANCEPERSPECTIVE ON DEVIANCE
what we understand what we understand to be deviant is to be deviant is nothing more than a nothing more than a function of function of perspectiveperspective
examples: “crimes” examples: “crimes” such as murder, such as murder, theft, statutory rapetheft, statutory rape
Deviance and Conflict Deviance and Conflict TheoryTheory
Conflict TheoryConflict Theory
This approach links deviance to This approach links deviance to social inequalitysocial inequality
Who or what is labeled “deviant” Who or what is labeled “deviant” depends on which categories of depends on which categories of people hold power in a societypeople hold power in a society
Deviance, Conflict Theory Deviance, Conflict Theory and Capitalismand Capitalism
Deviant labels have Deviant labels have often been applied to often been applied to people or populations people or populations that are perceived to that are perceived to have no or little use in have no or little use in a system of industrial a system of industrial or capitalist or capitalist productionproduction
Erving Goffman and StigmaErving Goffman and Stigma
Stigma: culturally negative label that Stigma: culturally negative label that greatly alters or shapes ones self- greatly alters or shapes ones self-concept/identityconcept/identity
MEDICALIZATION OF DEVIANCEMEDICALIZATION OF DEVIANCE
when behavior constructed as deviant when behavior constructed as deviant becomes medicalized, the notions of becomes medicalized, the notions of objectivity and legitimacy associated objectivity and legitimacy associated with science and scientific inquiry alter with science and scientific inquiry alter the construction of the behavior;the construction of the behavior;
?What is the difference between ?What is the difference between
behavior that is “biologized” versus behavior that is “biologized” versus “medicalized”?“medicalized”?
Travis Hirschi: Control Travis Hirschi: Control TheoryTheory
four types of four types of social controlsocial control
1. 1. attachmentattachment
2. 2. opportunityopportunity
3. 3. involvementinvolvement
4. belief4. belief
attachmentattachment
Attachment to other people who Attachment to other people who respect the values and rules of the respect the values and rules of the society; individuals do not want to be society; individuals do not want to be rejected by those to whom they are rejected by those to whom they are close or they admireclose or they admire
commitmentcommitment
Commitment to conventional Commitment to conventional activities (schools and jobs) that they activities (schools and jobs) that they do not want to jeopardizedo not want to jeopardize
involvementinvolvement
Involvement in activities that keep Involvement in activities that keep them so busy with conventional roles them so busy with conventional roles and expectations that they do not and expectations that they do not have time for mischiefhave time for mischief
beliefbelief
Belief in the social Belief in the social rules of their culture rules of their culture that they accept that they accept because of because of childhood childhood socialization and socialization and indoctrination into indoctrination into conventional beliefs.conventional beliefs.
Differential association Differential association theorytheory
Refers to the difference in people Refers to the difference in people with whom members of a society with whom members of a society interact; some people learn to interact; some people learn to conform and other learn to deviate, conform and other learn to deviate, depending on their associationsdepending on their associations
Differential association Differential association theorytheory
This theory focuses on the process of This theory focuses on the process of learning deviance from family, peers, learning deviance from family, peers, fellow employees, political fellow employees, political organizations, gangs etc…organizations, gangs etc…
Differential association Differential association theorytheory
According to this theory, the According to this theory, the possibility of becoming deviant possibility of becoming deviant depends on four factors:depends on four factors:
DurationDuration
IntensityIntensity
PriorityPriority
FrequencyFrequency
LABELING THEORYLABELING THEORY
Labeling theory focuses on how people Labeling theory focuses on how people define reality or what is or is not “normal”define reality or what is or is not “normal”
No behavior or individual is intrinsically No behavior or individual is intrinsically deviantdeviant
Behavior “is” deviant because individuals Behavior “is” deviant because individuals label it deviantlabel it deviant
Members of a society create deviance by Members of a society create deviance by defining behaviors as deviant; they then defining behaviors as deviant; they then react to the deviance by rejection or by react to the deviance by rejection or by imposing penaltiesimposing penalties
LABELING THEORYLABELING THEORY
Labeling theorists define 2 stages in Labeling theorists define 2 stages in the process of becoming a deviant:the process of becoming a deviant:
1.1. Primary deviance-a violation of a Primary deviance-a violation of a norm that may be an isolated eventnorm that may be an isolated event
2.2. Secondary deviance-continuing to Secondary deviance-continuing to violate a norm and taking on a violate a norm and taking on a deviant identitydeviant identity
ANOMIEANOMIE
Anomie or Anomie or “normlessness” “normlessness” describes the describes the breakdown of norms breakdown of norms caused by the lack caused by the lack of shared, of shared, achievable goals achievable goals and lack of socially and lack of socially approved means to approved means to achieve goalsachieve goals
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