digital sustainability of open source communities, matthias stürmer, smwcon fall 2014, vienna
Post on 15-Jun-2015
217 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 1
Digital sustainability of open source communities
Dr. Matthias Stürmer
Head of Research Center for Digital Sustainability at theInstitute of Information Systems at University of Bern
www.digitale-nachhaltigkeit.unibe.ch
2 October 2014
10th Semantic MediaWiki ConferenceSMWCon Fall 2014 in Vienna
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 2
Research Center forDigital Sustainability
Research, teaching and consulting on
● Open Source Software: Community governance, business models etc.
● Open Data: Visualization apps, open finance, participatory budgeting etc.
● Open Government: open government apps, Open Government Partnership etc.
● Net politics: net neutrality, copyright, data security, Internet governance etc.
● IT procurement: vendor dependencies, transparency, WTO regulations etc.
Dr. Matthias StürmerPost-doc andHead of the Research Centerfor Digital Sustainability University of BernInstitute of Information SystemsChair of Information ManagementEngehaldenstrasse 8CH-3012 Bern
Phone: +41 31 631 38 09Mobile: +41 76 368 81 65matthias.stuermer@iwi.unibe.chwww.digitale-nachhaltigkeit.unibe.ch
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 3
Agenda
1. A historic example of digital sustainability
2. The concept of digital sustainability
3. Knowledge perspective in open source communities
4. Elements of a sustainable open source community
5. Conclusions and topics for discussion
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 4
Pioneer Plaque (1972)
Source: NASA, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_plaque
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 5
Voyager Golden Record (1977)
● Gramophone records included in Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts
● A „bottle in the cosmic ocean“ intended to communicate to extra-terrestrials a story of the world of humans on Earth
● Content: 116 images, natural sounds, classical music, spoken languages
● Travelling at 60'000 km/h, now around 20 billion km away
● In about 40'000 years Voyager 1 and 2 will be within 1.8 light-years of other stars
Source: NASA, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 6
Method how to read the content
Source: NASA, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record
EXPLANATION OF RECORDING COVER DIAGRAM
THE DIAGRAMS BELOW DEFINE THE VIDEO PORTION OF THE RECORDING
GENERAL APPEARANCE OF WAVE FORM OF VIDEO SIGNALS FOUND ON THE RECORDING
BINARY CODE TELLS TIME OF THE SCAN (~8 msec)
SCAN TRIGGERING
VIDEO IMAGE FRAME SHOWING DIRECTION OF SCAN. BINARY CODE INDICATES TIME OF EACH SCAN SWEEP (512 VERTICAL LINES PER COMPLETE PICTURE)
IF PROPERLY DECODED, THE FIRST IMAGE WHICH WILL APPEAR IS A CIRCLE
THIS DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE TWO LOWEST STATES OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM. THE VERTICAL LINES WITH THE DOTS INDICATE THE SPIN MOMENTS OF THE PROTON AND ELECTRON. THE TRANSITION TIME FROM ONE STATE TO THE OTHER PROVIDES THE FUNDAMENTAL CLOCK REFERENCE USED IN ALL THE COVER DIAGRAMS AND DECODED PICTURES.
THIS DIAGRAM DEFINES THE LOCATION OF OUR SUN UTILIZING 14 PULSARS OF KNOWN DIRECTIONS FROM OUR SUN. THE BINARY CODE DEFINES THE FREQUENCY OF THE PULSES.
PLAYING TIME, ONE SIDE = ~1 hour
ELEVATION VIEW OF RECORD
ELEVATION VIEW OF CARTRIDGE
PICTORIAL PLAN VIEW OF RECORD
OUTLINE OF CARTRIDGE WITH STYLUS TO PLAY RECORD (FURNISHED ON
SPACECRAFT)
BINARY CODE DEFINING PROPER SPEED (3.6 seconds/ROTATION) TO TURN THE RECORD (|=BINARY 1, ―= BINARY 0) EXPRESSED IN 0.70 × 10-9 seconds, THE TIME PERIOD ASSOCIATED WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL TRANSITION OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 7
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 8
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 9
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 10
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 11
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 12
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 13
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 14
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 15
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 16
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 17
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 18
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 19
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 20
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 21
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 22
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 23
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 24
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 25
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 26
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 27
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 28
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 29
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 30
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 31
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 32
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 33
Sustainability of information
What is needed to provide sustainable information?
1. Data itself
2. Data format specification
3. Method how to read the data
4. Data storage hardware
5. Data player device
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 34
Agenda
1. A historic example of digital sustainability
2. The concept of digital sustainability
3. Knowledge perspective in open source communities
4. Elements of a sustainable open source community
5. Conclusions and topics for discussion
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 35
Definition of 'sustainability'
Original idea of sustainability: Only cut as much wood so it can grow again.(Hans Carl von Carlowitz, 1713)
Today's definition of sustainable development from the Brundtlandt report:
„Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.“
Source: Our Common Future (Brundtland Report) 1987 United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 36
Differenty types of sustainability
EcologicalSustainability
SocialSustainability
EconomicSustainability
DigitalSustainability
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 37
Definition of 'digital sustainability'
Marcus Dapp defines:
● Digital resources are handled sustainably if their utility for society is maximized, so that digital needs of contemporary and future generations are equally met.
● Digital needs are optimally met if resources are accessible to the largest number and reuseable with minimal restrictions.
● Digital resources encompass knowledge and cultural artefacts represented in digital form, e.g. text, image, audio, video, or software.
In German: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_Nachhaltigkeit
Source: Dapp, M. 2013. Open Government Data and Free Software – Cornerstones of a Digital Sustainability Agenda. In The 2013 Open Reader – Stories and articles inspired by OKCon 2013: Open Data, Broad, Deep, Connected.
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 38
Classification of goods
Private Good Club Good
CommonResources
Source: N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, Dryden 1998.
Public Good
Rivalrynon-rivalrousrivalrous
excludable
non-excludable
Accesse.g. proprietary software
e.g. open source software
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 39
Characteristics of digital sustainability
1. Intergenerational justiceNo legal obstacles
2. Regenerative capacityDistributed tacit knowledge
3. Economic use of resourcesReuse of digital assets
4. Risk reductionNo firm dependencies, transparent architecture
5. Absorptive capacityComprehensible content
6. Highest added valueIdeal policy conditions
Source: Stuermer, M. 2014 Characteristics of Digital Sustainability – Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance ICEGOV 2014
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 40
Why not 'informational sustainability'?
Source: IDC's Digital Universe Study, sponsored by EMC, December 2012http://www.emc.com/collateral/analyst-reports/idc-the-digital-universe-in-2020.pdf
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 41
Agenda
1. A historic example of digital sustainability
2. The concept of digital sustainability
3. Knowledge perspective in open source communities
4. Elements of a sustainable open source community
5. Conclusions and topics for discussion
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 42
Knowledge management theory
● Explicit knowledge
– Raw data, databases, documents, multimedia, source code
– Easy to transfer because it is documented
● Tacit knowledge
– Intuition, experience, skills (speaking languages etc.)
– Difficult to transfer because it 'sticks' within individuals
● Organizational learning
– Knowledge creation, acquisition, diffusion etc.
– Knowledge transformations within organizations
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 43
Organizational learning
Source: Nonaka, I. (1994). A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation. Organization Science. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.14-37.Drawing from http://gotogemba.com/tag/tacit-knowledge/
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 44
Knowledge in open source communities
What does this mean for open source communities?
● Source code is publicly available explicit knowledge
● Know-how about the source code is tacit knowledge
● An open source community has collective intelligence
● Open source projects consist of many components
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 45
Mozilla Firefox
Source: Sebastian Spaeth, Matthias Stuermer, Stefan Haefliger, Georg von Krogh 2007 „Sampling in Open Source Software Development: The case for using the Debian GNU/Linux Distribution“
As an Example of Package Dependencies in Debian: The Graph of Mozilla FirefoxUNIX command: apt-cache dotty firefox | dot -Tps > dependencygraph_firefox.ps
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 46
Agenda
1. A historic example of digital sustainability
2. The concept of digital sustainability
3. Knowledge perspective in open source communities
4. Elements of a sustainable open source community
5. Conclusions and topics for discussion
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 47
Growing of open source projects
Source: 2014 Future of Open Source - 8th Annual Survey results http://www.slideshare.net/mjskok/2014-future-of-open-source-8th-annual-survey-results
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 48
Elements of asustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Non-for-profit foundation
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
More about sustainable open source communities:
OSS Watch (UK), Building Communitieshttp://oss-watch.ac.uk/resources/buildingcommunities
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 49
Good governance
● Transparent decision processes, participative culture
● Successful example: Eclipse community initiated by IBM
Source: Spaeth, S., Stuermer, M. and von Krogh, G. (2010) ‘Enabling knowledge creation through outsiders: towards a push model of open innovation’, Int. J. Technology Management, Vol. 52, Nos. 3/4, pp.411–431.
Launch of theEclipse Foundation
Release of sourcecode by IBM
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 50
Bad governance may result in a fork
● Unfriendly separation of an open source community (mostly)● Important sword of damocles of open source projects
– Necessary if initiator or another central player missuses his control– Sometimes necessary for radical innovations (OpenSSL - LibreSSL)
Some famous examples of open source forks:
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 51
History of OpenOffice.org etc.
Source: Presentation of Apache OpenOffice at OSB Alliance Workshop, 30 October 2013 in Stuttgart
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 52
LibreOffice fork of OpenOffice.org
Source: Jonas Gamalielsson/Björn Lundell, Sustainability of Open Source software communities beyond a fork: How and why has the LibreOffice project evolved? The Journal of Systems and Software 89 (2014) 128– 145
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 53
Source code statistics
Source: OpenHub comparison https://www.openhub.net/p/compare?project_0=LibreOffice&project_1=Apache+OpenOffice
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 54
Elements of asustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Non-for-profit foundation
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 55
Linux kernel development
Source: YouTube Video „Linux Kernel Development Visualization (git commit history - past 6 weeks - june 02 2012)“ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_02QGsHzEQ
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 56
Linux contributions by companies
Source: Linux Foundation 2013 „Linux Kernel Development – How Fast It is Going, Who is Doing It, What They are Doing, and Who is Sponsoring It“ http://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/linux-foundation/who-writes-linux-2013
Companies contributing to the kernel from 2012-03-18 till 2013-06-30:
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 57
Linux kernel facts
Source: Linux Foundation 2013 „Linux Kernel Development – How Fast It is Going, Who is Doing It, What They are Doing, and Who is Sponsoring It“ http://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/linux-foundation/who-writes-linux-2013
● Linux kernel development is one of thelargest cooperative software projects ever
● Over 10'000 patches for each kernel release, kernel updates every 2-3 months
● Since 2005 nearly 10'000 individual developers from over 1000 different companies contributed to the kernel
● Distributor kernels contain relatively few distribution-specific changes
● At least 80% of developers are paid to work on Linux
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 58
Diverse motivations
Why do individuals develop open source software?
Source: Georg von Krogh, Stefan Haefliger, Sebastian Spaeth, and Martin W. Wallin "Carrots and Rainbows: Motivation and Social Practice in Open Source Software Development" MIS Quarterly 2012, Vol 36 Issue 2, pp. 649-676
IdeologyAltruism
KinshipFun
Reputation
ReciprocityLearning
Own-useCareer
Pay
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 59
Elements of asustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Nonprofit foundation
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 60
Nonprofit association
● Many large open source communities have an nonprofit umbrella organization: Linux, Apache, Eclipse, Gnome, KDE, Mozilla, Python, TYPO3 etc.
● Association/foundation takes care of
– Legal issues (copyright, committer agreements, liability etc.)
– Community building events (conferences, hackathons etc.)
– Documentation (end users, developers, statistics etc.)
– Public relations and marketing
● So why is marketing so important?
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 61
Because today's big software corporations are
marketing companies!
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 62
Marketing vs. R&D at Adobe
Sales and marketing FY 2013: 1.6 billion $ → 53% of expensesResearch and development FY 2013: 0.8 billion $ → 27% of expenses
Source: ADOBE SYSTEMS INC. FY2013 Form 10-K http://www.adobe.com/investor-relations/financial-documents.html
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 63
Marketing&Admin vs. R&D at Apple
Sales and administration FY 2013: 10.8 billion $ → 71% of expensesResearch and development FY 2013: 4.5 billion $ → 29% of expenses
Source: APPLE INC. Form 10-K for FY13 http://investor.apple.com
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 64
Marketing vs. R&D at Oracle
Sales and marketing FY 2014: 7.6 billion $ → 32% of expensesResearch and development FY 2014: 5.2 billion $ → 22% of expenses
Source: ORACLE CORP FY 2014 FORM 10-K, http://investor.oracle.com/financial-reporting/sec-filings/default.aspx
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 65
Marketing vs. R&D at Microsoft
Sales and marketing FY 2013: 15.3 billion $ → 50% of expensesResearch and development FY 2013: 10.4 billion $ → 34% of expenses
Source: MICROSOFT CORP. 2013 10-K, http://www.microsoft.com/investor/AnnualReports/default.aspx
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 66
Elements of asustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Nonprofit foundation
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 67
Business models with open source
1. Closed source licenses - For a version of the full project, a larger software package, hardware appliance based on the project, or extensions to the open source core.
2. Support subscriptions - An annual, repeatable support and service agreement.
3. Value-added subscriptions - An annual, repeatable support and service agreement with additional features/functionality delivered as a service.
4. Services/support - Ad hoc support calls, service, training and consulting contracts.
5. Software as a service (SaaS) - Paid access to and use of the software via hosted or cloud services.
6. Advertising - Software is free to use and is funded by associated advertising.
7. Custom development - Customers pay for the software to be customized to meet their specific requirements.
8. Complementary products and services - Open source software is not used to directly generate revenue; instead, complementary products provide revenue.
Source: Question 16 from the 2014 Future of Open Source Survey https://www.blackducksoftware.com/future-of-open-source
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 68
OSS Directory
● Website: www.ossdirectory.ch (and .de/.at/.fr/.com/.org)
● Relational database of– open source products (projects)– open source service providers– open source client examples
● Statistics (2013-11-04 / 2014-10-01)– Number of products: 282 / 386– Number of service providers: 149 / 292– Number of client examples: 126 / 291
● Daily approx. 150 Unique Visitors and 800 views and requests per day
● News, articles, events, jobs, videos, weeklynewsletter etc. about open source software
● French translation available since 2014, English coming 2015
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 69
Private-collective model of innovation
● Private investment model
– Return on investment through intellectual property rights
● Collective innovation model
– Public funding for public good production
– Solving free riding problem with taxes
● Private-collective model of innovation
– Coined 2003 by Eric von Hippel and Georg von Krogh
– Private innovations as public goods (knowledge revealing)
– Example: production of open source software by firms
Source: von Hippel, E. and von Krogh, G. (2003) ‘Open source software and the ‘private-collective’ innovation model: issues for organization science’, Organization Science, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp.209–223.
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 70
Elements of asustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Nonprofit foundation
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 71
Opportunity for users to get things done
How can users influence development in case the programmers have no „itch“ to work on certain things?
IdeologyAltruism
KinshipFun
Reputation
ReciprocityLearning
Own-useCareer
Pay
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 72
A) Open source feature requests e.g. on www.bountysource.com
Source: https://www.bountysource.com
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 73
B) Project-specific feature lists e.g. ILIAS E-Learning System
Source: How To Suggest A New Featurehttp://www.ilias.de/docu/goto.php?target=wiki_1357_How_to_suggest_a_new_feature
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 74
B) Project-specific feature lists e.g. ILIAS E-Learning System
Source: How To Suggest A New Featurehttp://www.ilias.de/docu/goto.php?target=wiki_1357_How_to_suggest_a_new_feature
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 75
B) Project-specific feature lists e.g. ILIAS E-Learning System
Source: Who Paid What in ILIAS 4.5http://www.ilias.de/docu/goto.php?target=wiki_1357_Who_Paid_What_in_ILIAS_4.5
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 76
C) Institutional crowd-funding initiative
● Overcoming the 'collective action' problem in open source
● Group of professional users of open source office suites in order to bridge the gap between users and developers
● Under the umbrella of the OSB Alliance, organized as Working Group Office Interoperability
● Goals of the group:
– Prioritization and specification of requirements from the user perspective
– Coordinated funding of requirements
– Exchange of experience amongprofessional users
Source: Website of OSB Alliance Working Group Office Interoperabilityhttp://www.osb-alliance.de/en/working-groups/wg-office-interoperability/
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 77
Process of institutional crowd-funding
Phase 1: Initializationa) Mobilize interest of institutional open source software users, find funding for specificationb) Create clear and common understanding of the issues, ask the expertsc) Result: aggregated requirements, clustered as Use Cases within a specification
Phase 3: Implementationa) Define project management, sign contracts, start implementingb) Do testing among open source software users, finalize developmentc) Result: Publish new source code, pass it upstream to the open source project
Phase 2: Fundinga) Publish specification as Request for Proposal (RfP), invite comanies to offerb) Evaluate and decide for best proposal(s)c) Result: find funding from institutional open source software users for each Use
Case to implement the specification
Continue only if previous phase is completed successfully
Continue only if previous phase is completed successfully
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 78
Initiating organizations in 2011
Public Institutions● City of Freiburg i.B.● City of München● City of Jena● Swiss Federal Court● Federal Steering Unit for IT (ISB)● Canton of Vaud● Another Swiss federal agency
Community organizations● Association Swiss Open Systems User Group /ch/open● Association Freies Office Deutschland e.V.
(former association OpenOffice.org Deutschland e.V.)● Open Source Business Alliance OSBA
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 79
Challenges
● Huge knowledge gap: terminology, standard specification, structures and processes within public administrations etc.
● Different perspectives: input oriented (=developers)vs. output oriented (=users)
● Different interests: perfect implementation (developers) vs. solving the problem (users)
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 80
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 81
Current OOXML improvements
Ernst & Young
SUSE
Lanedo
Funding by● City of Freiburg i.B.● City of München● City of Jena● Swiss Federal Court● Federal Steering
Unit for IT (ISB)● Canton of Vaud● Another Swiss
federal agency● French ministry
of culture and communication
EUR 50kEUR 13k
EUR 13k
EUR 4k
EUR 8k
EUR 15k
EUR 14k
EUR 25k
Total: approx. EUR 140k (excl. VAT)
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 82
Development results of first project
Source: http://www.osb-alliance.de/working-groups/projekte/ooxml-filter/projektergebnisse-ooxml-filter/
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 83
Agenda
1. A historic example of digital sustainability
2. The concept of digital sustainability
3. Knowledge perspective in open source communities
4. Elements of a sustainable open source community
5. Conclusions and topics for discussion
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 84
Conclusions and topics for discussion
My (no-brainer) advices:
1. Good governance:Manage your community in a fair way.
2. Heterogeneous community:Foster diversity within your community.
3. Nonprofit foundation:Empower the central office of your community.(and do as much professional marketing as possible)
4. Ecosystem of commercial service providers:Support companies to provide services for the software.
5. Opportunity for users to get things done:Provide feature request market place or something similar.
Digital sustainability of open source communities2 October 2014 85
...so Semantic MediaWiki will continue to fly for millions of years!
Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2
top related