digital videotechnology 1.basics a.analog video b.composite, s-video, component 2.digital video...

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Digital Videotechnology

1. Basicsa. Analog Videob. Composite, S-Video, Component

2. Digital Video1. Sampling2. Compression

3. Digital Camera4. DV Format5. Digital TV

Videotechnology: Actual Situation

Studio

Digital Videocompressed MPEG 2Modulated QPSK

Cable Digital64 QAM

Set Top Box

Cable analog

Direct Satellitereceiver

Analog VideoTerrestricalDistribution

Digital VideoTerrestricalOFDM

Introduction to Videotechnology

TV Systems (analog)

Germany, Austria, Poland ...PAL: Phase Alternate Line625 (576 active) Lines, 50 Hz Interlace aspect ratio 4:3

USA, Japan, latin AmericaNTSC: 525 Lines (480 active) 60 Hz Interlaceaspect ratio 4:3

1.Field 2.FieldFrame

Introduction to Videotechnology

= +

Interlace

Introduction to Videotechnology

Interlace

• progressive

• interlaced

Camera CRT or Display

Principle of Videotransmission (analog)

t

V

0.7

Luminance Distribution in one line

Different Screen Format

Introduction to Videotechnology

The Composite Signal

How to transmit Color ?

The Colorcompositing

Additive Colorcompositing Subtractive Colorcompositing

Displays, CRT Print (Paper)

RGB CMYK

Y Luminance

Cr = R-Y

Cb = B-Y

In the Videotechnology people areworking with Component Signals

Y=0.299R+0,587G+0.114B

Matrix

R

G

B

Y

Cr

Cb QAMChrominace

Videosignal(Composite)

Luminance

C

Component signal

Different Video Signals

S-VideosignalY/C -Signal

Introduction to Videotechnology

The Component Signal

Y=0.299R+0,587G+0.114B

Generation of Luminance signal from RGB

100 % intensityRed

kamera 100 % Intensity

100 % IntensitätRot

B/W Kamera 30% Intensity

The Component Signal

Y=0.299R+0,587G+0.114B

Generation of Luminance signal from RGB

100 % IntensityGreen

kamera 100 % Intensity

100 % IntensityGreen

B/W Kamera 59% Intensity

The Component Signal

Y=0.299R+0,587G+0.114B

Generation of Luminance signal from RGB

100 % IntensityBlue

kamera 100 % Intensity

100 % IntensityBlue

B/W Kamera 11% Intensity

Wei

ß Gel

b Cya

n Grü

n Mag

en

da Ro

t

Bla

u Sch

war

z

The Colorbar

How we can explain color bar with RGB ?

Task

We

iß Ge

lb Cy

an Gr

ün

Mag

end

a

Rot

Bl

au

Sch

wa

rz

RU

GU

BU

Y

We

iß Ge

lb Cy

an Gr

ün

Mag

end

a

Rot

Bl

au

Sch

wa

rz

RU

GU

BU

Y

0,891

0,70,59

0,410,3

0,11

We

iß Ge

lb Cy

an Gr

ün

Ma

g.

Rot

Bl

au

Sch

wa

rz

RU

GU

BU

Y

YBU

YRU

Die Chrominanz

QAM: Quadratur Amplitude Modulation

Principle of QAM:

• (R-Y,B-Y) is a vector with angle and lenght :V=0,877(R-Y) und U=0,493(B-Y)

• (U,V)(C,Φ)mit

22 VUC U

V)tan(

QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

)sin( tU stc

22 UVU c

)arctan( UV

Composite Signal

)sin()( tUtU stc

22 UVU c

)arctan( UV

Saturation

Hue

Farbkreis

Farbkreis

Farbkreis

Introduction to Videotechnology

TV Systems (digital)

SDTV HDTV Digitale Filmkamera

Pixel 720 x 576 1920 x 1080 4096 x 3072

Size for Luminance

0,4 MegaPixel 2,0 MegaPixel 12 MegaPixel

Quantisierung 8 Bit 10 Bit 14 Bit

Sampling 4:2:2 /Y,Cr,Cb 4:2:2 /Y,Cr, Cb 4:4:4/RGB

Datarate 25fps 125 MBit/s 1,485 GBit/s 17,3 Gbit/s

Digital Component Signal

Y, Cr,Cb

•Die Components are digitized

•Quantisation with 10 Bit

Die Norm CCIR 601 4:2:2

Y: Digitalization with 13,5 MHzCr: Digitalization with 6,75 MHzCb: Digitalization with 6,75 MHz

Digital Component Signal

3,375 MHz

4

13,5 MHz

Basic frequency

2

6,75 MHz

Digital Component Signal

Sampling and Quantisation of Component CCIR 601

• Sampling 4:2:2 and Quantisation with 10 Bit

• Datarate 270 Mbit/s

• 1 hour Video material ca. 122 Gbyte

Sampling 4:2:2

Zeile 1

Zeile 2

Zeile 3

Zeile 4

Zeile 5

Zeile 6

4:1:1

Zeile 1

Zeile 2

Zeile 3

Zeile 4

Zeile 5

Zeile 6

Digital Component Signal

DV - Format

576

720

Digital Videoformat

Digitalization of Videosignals

1 Frame

1 Sekunde

2 Frames 3 Frames 25 Frames

How big is the data rate ?

What is the memory amount for storing 1 hour Video ?

Digitalization of Videosignals

DV Format MPEG 2 Standard

DVD

DVBDigital Video Broadcasting

Camcorder

Digitalization of Videosignals

• DV- Format was establish by Consortium of

the leading Broadcast Companies

(Sony, Thomson, Panasonic, Philips)

• Standard since 1994

• Applications: Recording Video im consumer field

• Compression algoritm is optimized of constant Byte/Frame

Intraframe Codierung /DV Format

• Resolution: 720*576 /25Hz (Luminanz)

• Sampling 4:2:0 und Quantization 8 Bit

• Input data rate : ca 125 Mbit/s

• Compression 5:1 ; Discrete Cosinus Transformation DCT

• Constant Outputdata rate: 25 Mbit/s

Intraframe Codierung /DV Format

Matrix

R

G

B

Y

Cr

Cb

Sampling(4:2:0)

& Quantization

125 Mbit/s

Y Cr Cb

Intraframe Coding /DV Format

Preprocessing

Zeile 1

Zeile 2

Zeile 3

Zeile 4

Zeile 5

Zeile 6

Intraframe Codierung /DV Format

Digitalization of Videosignals 4:2:0 Grid

Huffman-Codierer

011010101

DCTTransformation

Huffman-Decodierer

Inverse-Transformation

TresholdCoeffizients with small Energy

are omitted

Intraframe Codierung /DV Format

DV Compression: DCT Transformation

185 191 204 62

98 110 116 112

101 108 104 106

100 99 97 101

A00A04

273,6 111,8 12,1 1,6

94,1 74,2 -3,8 1,2

-1,4 0,4 0,3 -0,6

0,5 0,7 0,2 0,125

274 11 0 0

9 7 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

17

DCT

Tresholdweighting & Quantization

DV (JPEG) : CodierungMuster der 2 dimensionalen DCT

Intraframe Codierung /DV Format

274 112 0 0

94 74 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

274, 112, 94, 0, 74, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0

274, 112, 94, 0, 74, 0, ! ,11RLE Coding

Coeffizienten Matrix

Intraframe Coding/DV Standard

Zig Zag Process

Zig Zag Process

Block 1Block 2Block N

Huffman Codierung

DPCM

RLE

DC

011010101

Intraframe Codierung/DV Standard

Exsample of DV Compressions

Intraframe Codierung/DV Standard

Rekonstruktion 26,6 KBOriginal 133,5 KB

Compression 1:5

Examples of DV Compression

Intraframe Coding/DV Standard

Reconstruktion 26,6 KBOriginal 133,5 KB

Compression 1:5

Examples of DV Compression

Intraframe Coding/DV Standard

Rekonstruktion 3,8 KBOriginal 133,5 KB

Kompression 1:35

Examples of DV Compression

Intraframe Coding/DV Standard

Rekonstruktion 2,26 KBOriginal 133,5 KB

Compression 1:60

DV Format

Intraframe Verarbeitung, Block shuffling

• 5 Makroblöcke aus unterschiedlichen Bereichen des Bildes werdenzu einem Videosegment zusammengefasst 1 Videosegment =5*384Bytes=1920 Bytes

• 1 Frame 324 Videosegmente

• Block Shuffling bewirkt gleichmäßige Verteilung der Kompressionseffekte

M1M2

M5M3

M4

IntraframeMacroblock-

Shuffling

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5

1 Videosegment1920 Bytes

Intraframe Processing, Block shuffling

• Bilding Makroblocks

• 1 Makroblock contain 6 DCT Blocks (8*8 or 2*4*8 Blocks)

• The Size of Makroblocks is 6*8*8 Byte=384 Bytes

• 1 Makroblock contain 4 Luminance and 2 Crominanzblocks

Intraframe Codierung/DV Standard

Makroblocks

• 1 Makroblock contains 6 DCT Blöcke (8*8 Blöcke)

• 1 Makroblock : 4 Luminance and 2 Crominance

• The Size of the Makroblocks ist6*8*8 Byte=384 Bytes

Intraframe Codierung/DV Standard

1 2 3 4 5 6

Y Cr Cb

4:2:0

Y Cr Cb

Intraframe-Block Shuffling

DCT Buffer Quanti-sierung VCL

Analyse

feste Videodatenrate25 Mbit/s

Feed Forward Steuerung

Intraframe Codierung/DV Standard

Videoblock

DV Format

Verschiedene Herstellerformate

DV DVCAM DVCPro DVCPro50

Y-Bandbreite 5,75 MHz 5,75 MHz 5,75 MHz 5,75 MHz

C-Bandbreite 2,75 MHz 2,75 MHz 1,37 MHz 2,75 MHz

Pegelauflösung 8 bit 8 bit 8 bit 8 bit

Abtastraster 4:2:0 4:2:0 4:1:1 4:2:2

Signal/Rausch-abstand

>56dB >56dB >56dB >56dB

Datenreduktionsfaktor 5:1 5:1 5:1 3,3:1

Aufzeichnungsrate 42 Mbit/s 42 Mbit/s 42 Mbit/s 84 Mbit/s

Videodatenrate 25 Mbit/s 25 Mbit/s 25 Mbit/s 50 Mbit/s

Anzahl der Zeilen/Halbbild

288 288 288 288

Anzahl der Audio Kanäle

2/4 2/4 2 4

Artefakte bei DV

•Durch Farbreduktion 3 Probleme:

1.Mosquito Noise

2.Quilting (Diskontinuität benachbarter DCT-Blöcke)

3.Motion Blocking

Artefakte bei DV

• Mosquito Noise

Artefakte bei DV

• Quilting beihorizontalen Linien

Artefakte bei DV

• Motion Blocking

Artefakte bei DV

• Dropout

Artefakte bei DV

• Dropout

MPEG Moving Pictures Expert Group

• 1988 gegründet

• Ziel: Normierung von Kodiervorgängen für Bewegtbilder unddazugehörigen Tonsignalen

• Offener Standard

• Zur Zeit bereits standardisiert: MPEG1, MPEG2, MPEG4

• In der Planung MPEG7, MPEG21

MPEG Moving Pictures Expert Group

• MPEG Algorithmus basiert auf Hybride DCT

eine Kombination von DPCM und DCT

• Bei der DPCM wird die closed loop DPCM verwendet

+

P

Huffmancoder

Huffmandecoder

iS

1iS

–iS

+p

iS

1iS

+

Open-Loop DPCM

iS

1iSSchätzwert

Diiferenzwert

1 iii SSS

Rekonstruktionswert

1 iii SSS

MPEG Moving Pictures Expert Group

Huffmancoder

Huffmandecoder

Methoden der Bildcodierung

Close-Loop DPCM

+p

iS + iS

+

P

iS

1 iS

–Q

+

iS+

1'iS

Q

1 iS

aktuelles Bild vorhergehendes Bild

Differenz

Methoden der Bildcodierung

Interframe DPCM

aktuelles Bild

vorhergehendes Bild

Bewegungsschätzung und

kompensation

BK Bild

Bewegungsvektor

vorhergehendes Bild

BK Bild

Bewegungsschätzung und

kompensation

Diff. Bild Diff. Bild

Methoden der Bildcodierung

Interframe DPCMEncoder Decoder

MPEG Moving Pictures Expert Group

DCT

Q

DCT

Q

DCT

Q

DCT

Q

P P P P

MPEG Moving Pictures Expert Group

DCT

Q

B

GOP Group of Picture

B- Frames

Profiles & Levels MPEG 2

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