digitizing the social contract

Digitizing the Social Contract:

Producing American Political Culture in the Age of New Media

By Philip N. HowardDepartment of Communication

University of Washington

Social Contract

• “Renewed” by voting, political activities

• Affected by imperfect information– Both citizens and government misread

each other due to poor information– This is why consulting and software

companies design technologies the author calls “Political Hypermedia”

Campaigns: Evolving with Technology• Campaigns: Evolving with Technology

– Pre modern: Mid 1800s-1950s: • local party volunteers gather data

– Modern: 1960s-1980s:• Long, nationally coordinated campaigns run by

professional consultants with a centralized headquarters• Occasional opinion polls• Television commercials were increasingly important-and

therefore costly– Post modern (Hypermedia)1990s-Today:

• Presidential campaigns increasingly use PR • More consultants, more opinion polls, more internet

based

Age of Cyberpolitics • Political elites have less control over

spin and facts• More democratic, substantive, less

biased political discussion – (race, gender, etc. are hidden)

• Activism is easier to coordinate across geographic/time zones

• Fast, fast, fast!

New Media Effects on Democracy

Are they positive or negative influences?

Possible Positive Effects:

– New media might be able to overcome the inadequate, one way political message status quo

– Virtual communities add to the public debate, draw in new political participants

– Less distance between the government and governed

Possible Negative Effects• Political content online is “political

pornography”-grossly simplified, exaggerated, distorted

• Tools like email can overwhelm political offices with work, server crashes– EX: In 2000, Capital Hill received over 6 million

emails a month: 8K per Representative, 55K per Senator

• Ease of anonymity, hacking makes the internet a breeding ground for “mudslinging”

NO Political Effects

• Author argues that there is no distinct impact on democracy, it just amplifies existing politics

• No “direct democracy” in the near future• C-Span effect: despite live broadcasting

of congress, low viewership/understanding of politics

Production of Modern Political Culture

• “By 2050 a piece of software will be a candidate”

–Tracey Westin Grassroots.com

Producing political culture involves:

• Defining a problemcreates an “issue”• Finding the audience-those who are plagued

by the issue or are sympathetic

– Mass media can only broadcast, but internet can target specific audiences

– This helps lobbyists, activists and politicians spread knowledge and desire for action

Political Hypermedia Communities• Subsets of political community

– Not necessarily Democrat or Republican– More selective issues, seeded by

lobbyists, special interest groups– Designed to focus on issues, not

candidates

Political Hypermedia Tools

• Narrowcasting, mass customization:– yields more in depth political preferences;

this “tailors” the production of political culture by:

– Improving campaign efficiency– Organizing public into activist/interest

groups. (233)

How Digital Information Helps Lobbyists and Politicians Find YOU• example: Astroturf Compiler Software

– Helps lobbyists build a network of supporters for a specific cause

– Manages political “contradictions” by showing viewers information they are likely to sympathize with

– Combination of personal, demographic, political information and spending patterns

Message Tester Tool Software

• Goal: predict voter reactions to campaign or PR by testing political messages to smaller sample audiences over the internet

• Goal: figure out voters’ unmet desires– What do they WANT candidates to say or

do?

Science of Private Opinion Measurement• As microscope is to natural science,

hypermedia is to politics– It allows politicians, academics, consultants to

examine political behavior at both individual and group levels of analysis, in great detail

• Consultants can better predict/ensure campaign and legislative success

• Political hypermedia study personality psychographics (interests, attitudes, opinions) as well as demographics

Some Problems:• This is essentially legal, wide

scale socio-political surveillance• “Citizen attributes were once the

quietly held property of citizens. Now these attributes are quantified, bought, sold, and analyzed on a massive, yet personal, scale”. (234)

• data is usually used for scare and smear tactics rather than to bow to public opinion

Questions• Do you think this style and amount of data

mining is useful to the political system by informing politicians about the needs and wants of their constituents, or is it an abuse of information and privacy?

• Do you think it encourages politicians to follow the will of the people, or is it just E-pandering?