direct seeded rice technology in western indo-gangetic plains of india: csisa experiences
Post on 03-Apr-2018
219 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 1/24
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 2/24
Correct Cit ation
Kamboj, B.R., Kumar, A,. Bishnoi, D.K., Singla, K., Kumar, V. , Jat, M.L., Chaudhary, N., Jat,
H.S. , Gosain, D.K., Khippal , A., Garg, R., Lat hw al, O.P. , Goyal, S. P. , Goyal, N.K., Yadav,
A., Malik, D.S., Mishra, A. And Bhat ia, R. 2012. Dir ect Seeded Rice Technology i n West er n
Indo-Ganget ic Pl ains of India : CSISA Exper iences . CSISA, IRRI and CIMMYT. 16 pp.
The Cereals Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) is mandated to
enhance f arm product iv i t y and increase incomes of resource-poor farm
fam ili es in Sout h Asia t hrough th e accelerat ed developm ent and inclusivedeployment of new var iet ies, sustainable management technologies,
part nerships and polic ie s. The proj ect i s being imp lem ent ed by the CGIAR
institutions of IRRI, CIMMYT, IFPRI and ILRI and supported by USAID, and
The Bil l and Melind a Gat es Foundation.
© This publicat ion is a product of Cereal Syst ems Init iat ive f or Sout h Asia (CSISA) and copyri ghted
to the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and the International Maize and Wheat
Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), 2012 and is l icensed for use under a Creative Commons
Att r ib ut ion – Non Comm ercial ShareAlike 3. 0 License (Unport ed).
The designat ions employed and the present at ions of t he mat er ial in t his publ icat i on do not im ply
t he expression of any opinion w hatsoever on t he part of t he Inter nat ional Rice Research Inst it ut e
(IRRI) and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), concerning the
legal s tatus of any count ry, person, t err i t ory, c i t y, or area, or of i t s author i t ies, or concerning
the del imitat ion of i ts f ront iers or boundar ies. Where trade names are used, this does not
const it ut e endor sement of or di scrim inat ion against any product by IRRI and CIMMYT.
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 3/24
Direct Seeded Rice Technology inWestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of
India : CSISA Experiences
B.R. Kamboj , Anil Kumar, Dalip Kumar Bishnoi, Kapil Singla, Virender Kumar,
M.L. Jat, Neelam Chaudhary, H.S. Jat, D.K. Gosain, Ani l Khippal,
Rajbi r Garg, O.P. Lathwal, S.P. Goyal, N.K. Goyal, Ashok Yadav, D.S. Malik,
Arun Mishra and Rajesh Bhat ia
Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA)International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT)
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
CG Block, National Agricul t ural Science Cent re (NASC) Compl ex,DPS Marg, New Delhi 110 012, Ind ia
May 2012
CSISA Technical Bullet in 2012/1
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 4/24
Authors
B.R. Kamboj : Hub co ord inat or, CSISA, Haryana
Anil Kumar : Extension Agronomist, Internat ional Plant Nutr i t ion Inst i tute ( IPNI) ,CSISA, Har yana
Dalip Kumar Bishnoi : Assistant Research Scien t ist (Agril Econom ics), CIMMYT-Indi a
Kapi l Singla : Assistant Scien t ist, CSISA, Haryana hub
Vir ender Kumar : Research Platform Coordinator, CSISA Karnal, IRRI India
M.L. Jat : Senior Cropping Systems Agronomist, CIMMYT, Delivery Coordinator,
CSISA, Indi a & Paki st an
Neelam Choudhary : Hub Comm unicat ion Plat f orm Manager, CSISA, CIMMYT-Indi a
H.S. Jat : Seni or Scien t ist (Agronom y), CSSRI, Karnal, Haryana
D.K. Gosain : Coordinator, KVK, NDRI, Karnal, Haryana
Anil Khippal : Dist ri ct Ext ension Speci ali st s (Agronom y), KVK, CCSHAU, Kait hal
Rajbir Garg : Senior District Extension Specialists (Agronomy), KVK, CCSHAU,
Panaipat
O.P. Lathwal : Senior District Extension Specialists (Agronomy), KVK, CCSHAU,
Kurukshetra
S.P. Goyal : Seni or Coord inat or, KVK, CCSHAU, Kuru kshet raA.S. Dahiya : Senior Coordinator, KVK, CCSHAU, Panipat
N.K. Goyal : Coordinator, KVK, CCSHAU, Yamunanagar
Ashok Yadav : Prof essor (Weed Scien ce), Depart me nt of Agrono my, CCSHAU, Hisar
D.S. Mali k : Joint Director, Departm ent of Agr icul t ure, Govt of Haryana
Arun Mishra : Manager Business Development, Bayer Crop Science, Haryana
Rajesh Bhat ia : National Manager, Govt Affairs, DevGen Seeds and Crop Technologies
Limi ted
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 5/24
Contents
Executive Summary 1
1. Introduction 3
2. CSISA Haryana hub: an int roduct ion 3
3. About the t ravelling seminar 4
3.1. Part -1 Field visit 4
3.1. 1. Visit of CSISA research pl at f orm , CSSRI (On-st at ion sit e) 4
3.1. 2. Visit t o Modipur and Taraori (On-farm sit e) 5
3.2. Part -2 Round t abl e di scussion 6
4. Technological package of DSR for nor th-western IGP 9
4.1. Laser land levell ing 9
4.2. Soi l t ype 9
4.3. Field/ seedbed preparat ion 10
4.4. Plant ing dat es 10
4.5. Cult ivar select ion 10
4.6. Crop est ablishment 10
4.7. Seed rate, seeding dept h and seed t reatm ent 104.8. Sow ing machi nes 10
4.9. Fert i l izer management 11
4.10.Efcientandeconomicalweedmanagement 12
Cult ural met hods 12
Chemical met hods 13
Physical cont rol 13
4.11. Water management 14
5. Lessons learnt 14
6. Potent ial const raints 15
7. Future research needs 16
References 16
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 6/24
CSISA Techn ical Bullet in 2012/ 1 | iv
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 7/24
Direct Seeded Rice Technology in WesternIndo-Gangetic Plains of India : CSISA Experiences
Execut ive Summary
This bul let in summarizes the exper iences
of direct seeded rice (DSR) during CSISA,
phase-I (2009-2011) as well as outcomes of a
mult i s takeholder t ravel l ing seminar on dry
direct seeded rice (DSR) organized by Cereal
Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA)
Haryana Hub on 20 t h Sept ember 2011. About 70
stakeholders of CSISA Haryana hub including
scientists from Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute (CSSRI) and Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s
(KVKs), ofcers from State Department of
Agriculture, agriculture extension ofcers
f rom pr ivate sector, members of Technical
Working Group (TWG) of Haryana hub, local
machine manufac turers , and par t ic ipat ing
farmers gathered together to share their
exper iences on DSR. The under lyi ng obj ect iveswere to ( i ) v is i t on- farm and on-s tat ion
trials on DSR in Karnal distr ict of Haryana
for part ic ipatory assessment and learning
of performance and potent ial i ly of DSR, ( i i )
create awareness about DSR technology,
( i i i ) fac i l i ta te in terac t ion among d i f ferent
stakeholders who are engaged in developing,
reningandout-scalingofDSRtechnologyand
share exper i ences, ( iv) summarize and updat e
t echnological package of DSR for Haryana, (v)
identify constraints associated with DSR, and
(v i) ident i fy the future research needs.
The travel l ing seminar was strategical ly
s t ruc tured in to two par ts ; ( i ) v is i t farmer
participatoryDSReldsaswellason-station
st rat egic research t r ial s on DSR and (i i ) a roun d
table discussion by all stakeholders. During
eldvisit,atotalofthreesiteswerecovered,
including one on-station site (CSISA Research
Platform at CSSRI, Karnal) and two farmer’s
part ic ipatory conservat ion agr icul ture (CA)
modules establ ished with innovat ive farmer
cooperatives at vi l lage clusters of Taraori and
Modipur of Karnal district. At CSISA ResearchPlatform, performance of zero-t i l l (ZT) DSR
under double ZT systems was elucidated
to the par t ic ipants . In addi t ion, t r ia ls on
weed management and var ietal screening
for DSR condit ions were br iefed. At farmer
part ic ipat ory CA modules at Modipur & Taraor i ,
part ic ipants were exposed to large scale
dem onst rat ions on DSR and adapt ive r esearch
tr ials on di f ferent component technologies of
DSR (var iet al evaluat i on, weed management ,water management and nut r ient management)
conducted through farmer cooperat ives in
collaboration with CSISA hub and partners.
Based on large number of demonstrations on
DSRusingsupernevarietiesandhybridsof
r ice condu ct ed in 8 hub distr ict s across 3 years
(2009-2011), itwas veriedthat grainyield
of DSR in comparison to puddled transplanted
r ice w as ei t her s imi lar or higher wi t h US$ 128-
137/hahighernetprotability.Demonstration
on DSR under double ZT system at vi l lageTaraori was also highly appreciated as the
populat ion of earthworms and vermicast was
v isib le on t he p lot . Al l t he par t ic ipants were
impressed with the performance of DSR and
potential benets it can endow on farmers
l i ke savings in l abour, wat er ( 20-25%), and
cost o f cu l t ivat ion.
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 8/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 2
During round table discussion on DSR at CSSRI
Karnal, Dr. D. K. Sharma (Director, CSSRI &
TWG Chair, CSISA Haryana) highlighted the
importance of DSR whi le elaborat ing the
issues of decl ining water table due to over
exploi t at ion of ground w ater, labour scarc i ty,escalat ing cost of cul t ivat ion and deter i orat ing
soi l health under current management
pract ices of r ice-wheat cropping system.
CSISA Hub coor din at or, Haryana) w hil e sharing
the joint experience of CSISA and partners on
DSR in Haryana, presented the summary of
the technological package of DSR for North-
western IGP including Haryana for discussion
and nalization of the recommendations of
DSR package for large scale delivery. This was
based on the out comes of f armers’ part i c ipatoryadaptation and demonstrations of DSR and its
component technologies in Haryana in CSISA
phase-I during past 3 years (2009-2011).
Approaching the consensus, everyone
conrmed that precise land levelling
with laser land level ler , e f fec t ive weed
management , prec ise sowing depth and t ime
of sowing are crit ical for the success of DSR.
The DSR technology may also play vital role
in recharge of ground wat er and reduc t i on in
water runof f dur ing heavy ra in fa l l . Par tners
f rom publ ic (KVK’s, ICAR, CCSHAU) and pr ivat e
sector (DevGen seeds, Bayer, HKB) shared
their exper iences on DSR and advocated i ts
large scale promot ion. Par t ic ipat ing farmersalso shared t heir exp er iences and f ound weed
control being the most chal lenging task in
DSR and t hus achiev ing opt imal weed cont rol
a route to i ts success. They exper ienced
that pre and pos t -emergence herb ic ide
appl icat ion is impor tant to manage weeds
effect ively in DSR. The issue of poor crop
establ ishment due to sudden rainfal l soon
after sowing was also put up by some of the
farm ers. Al l par t ic ipant s very much convinced
about DSR, pledged to make i t a revolut ion
in Haryana, and hence emphasized the
access to l i terature on technology package
for DSR. Finally, the partic ipants suggested
that toattainpotential benetsoftheDSR
technology,furtherrenementsofsomeofthe
component t echnologies for example var ie ta l
development for DSR, water management,
nut r ient management etc needs immediate
effor ts of the researchers.
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 9/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 3
1. IntroductionSouth Asian countries comprising India,
Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal, having a total
geographical area of 437.45 mil l ion ha (3.26%
of world geographical area), hold about 1.58
bi l l ion populat ion (about a quarter of wor ldpopulat ion). The t otal r ice-wheat product ion in
these countries is 314.5 million tonnes, about
25% of wor ld f ood pr oduct ion (FAO, 2010). The
agricultural scenario in South Asian countries
during the mid- 1960s to 1990 was in favour of
high input and high productivity technology,
which resulted in production enhancement to
meet food grain demand of the accelerating
population. However, the decade of 1990-
2000 witnessed over-exploitation, causing
widespread deterioration in soil and water
resources. The conventional systems created
problems of high product ion cost , l ow input -use
efciency,declineingroundwater,deterioration
in soil healt h, and environment al pollut ion. The
int ensive use of w ater i n conventi onal puddled
transplanted rice (CT-TPR) cultivation in
northwest IGP is depleting aquifers at the rate
of 11-13 km 2 annually. Therefore, it has been
imperative to use conservation agricultural
t echniques for sust ained product ion.
Rice is the maj or Kharif crop of India covering
42.8 mi l l ion ha amount ing to 85.7 mi l l ion
tonnes of production (India.gov.in, 2012).
Haryana contributes more than 1 mil l ion ha
area under r ice cul t ivat ion. The demand of
cereals to meet the food requirements of the
burgeoning population is increasing while on
t he other hand most v i tal input s of agr icul t ure
vi z . w ater and labour are deplet i ng in the area.
The conventional system of r ice production(CT-TPR) in t his region is basicall y wat er, labou r
and energy intensive, adversely affecting the
environment Therefore, t o sustain t he long term
productionofrice,moreefcientalternative
methods of r ice productions are needed.
For this, Dry direct Seeded Rice (DSR) is the
technology which is water, labour and energy
efcientalongwitheco-friendlycharacteristics
and can be a potential alternative to CT-TPR
(Kumar and Ladha 2011).
The travell ing seminar is a regular activity of
CSISA t o help in t he di ssemi nati on of t he new
t echnologies, demonst rate t he socio-economicand biophysical impacts of the emerging
technologies and generate new ideas for the
renement and upscaling of technologies in
a farmers ’ part ic ipatory mode. The seminar
prov ides a unique opportunity to al l the
partic ipants to discuss about the advantages,
component technology management and
constraints to promote wider adoption of DSR.
The object ives of t he seminar were t o:
Visit on-farm and on-station tr ials on DSR
in Karnal distr ict of Haryana to assess the
potential and performance of DSR,
Increase aw arene ss about DSR tech nolo gy,
Faci l i tate interact ion among di f ferent
stakeholders involved in studies related to
DSR
Summarize technological package of DSR
for Haryana,
Identify constraints associated with DSR,
an d
Ident i f y the fut ure research needs
The travel l ing seminar was div ided into two
parts. Thepart-1was eld visitofboth on-
farm and on-st at ion demonst rat i ons/ t r ials on
various aspect s rel ate d t o DSR. The part -2 was
a round t able m ult i-stakeholder s discussion on
DSR technology.
2. CSISA Haryana Hub-Anintroduction
CSISA Haryana Hub (CSISA Hub #3) has been
operat ionalized in 7 distr ict s of Trans-Gangetic
plain in Haryana (Karnal, Krukshet ra, Ambala,
Kaithal, Panipat, Sonepat, Yamuna Nagar)
and 2 distr icts of Upper-Gangetic plain in
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 10/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 4
(Map source: CSISA hub charact eri zat i on r eport by HCP-aWhere)
Figure 1. The map showing the operational area of CSISA Haryana hub
western Uttar Pradesh (Meerut, Ghaziabad)
(Figure 1) wherein r ice-wheat and wheat-
sugarcane systems were priorit ized for
roll ing-out of matured CA technologies and
ne-tuning of potential CA technologies.Monotonous and intensive cropping systems
with low system diversity, deteriorating soil
health,multiplenutrientdeciency,declining
nutrient response, residue burning, receding
ground wat er t able, l abour & energy shortages
coupled with emerging issues of cl imate
change, mismatched policy perceptions (for
example rot avat ors versus zero-ti l lage) and l ess
exist ence of publ ic-pri vate part nership for R&D
leadingtoshrinkingfarmprotabilityhavebeen
identiedaskeyproblemsinthese2croppingsystems. To address the problems of cropping
systems, delivery and adaptive research plan
hasbeendeveloped throughidenticationof
key technological interventions in consultation
with the strong publ ic and pr ivate sector
partners and Technical Working Group (TWG)
of hub and other s take holders of t he proj ect.
3. About the t ravellingseminar
Travell ing seminar was organized into two
parts. Thepart-1was eld visitofboth on-farm and on-st at ion demonst rat i ons and tr ials
on DSR. The p art -2 w as roun d t abl e discussions
on DSR technol ogy.
3.1. Part -1 (Field v isit )
During eld visit, three sites were covered
including one on-station site (CSISA Research
Platform at CSSRI, Karnal) and two farmer’s
part ic ipatory conservat ion agr icul ture (CA)
hubs est ablished at vi l l age Taraori and Modipurof Karnal dist r ic t .
3.1.1. Visit of CSISA research platform,CSSRI (On-stat ion site)
At research p lat form, par t ic ipants were
expla ined about ongoing long term c ropping
systems tr ials to address emerging problems
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 11/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 5
of labour and wat er shor tage, dec l in ing fac tor
productivity,farmprotabilityandsoilhealth.
Four scenar io t reatments vary ing in t i l lage
and crop establ ishment methods, res idue
management, and cropping systems were
inc luded ( i ) Scenar io 1 - Farmer’s pract icewi th r ice-wheat ro tat ion under convent ional
t i l lage, c rop es tabl ishment ( t ransplant ing in
r ice and broadcast ing in wheat) , and res idue
management (rem oved), ( i i ) Scenar io 2 - Best
integrated crop and resource managed r ice-
wheat-mungbean rotat ion, ( i i i ) Scenar io 3 -
Best integrated crop and resource managed
r ice-wheat-mungbean rotat ion wi th zero-
t i l lage, d i rec t seeding and retent ion of c rop
res idue to deal with the r is ing scarc i ty of
labour, water, energy and deter iorat ing soi lhealt h and changing c l imat e, and ( iv) Scenar io
4–Futuristicanddiversiedcroppingsystems
with bes t in tegrated c rop and resource
managed maize-wheat-mungbean rotat ion
wi t h zero- t i l lage, d i rec t seeding and retent ion
of crop res idue to deal with r is ing scarc i ty of
labor, w ater, energy, det er ior at i ng soi l healt h
and changing c l imate. Part ic ipants showed
thei r in teres t and were impressed wi th
the performance of DSR under cont inuous
ZT systems. Dr. Virender Kumar, Research
Platform Coordinator also br iefed aboutthe on-going research on water and weed
management and breeding r ice var ie t ies
appropr ia te for mechanized d i rec t -seeding
condit ions.
3.1.2. Visit to Modipur and Taraori (On-farm sites)
At farmer part ic ipatory CA hub at Modipur
and Taraori, partic ipants were exposed to
large scale demonstrations on DSR conducted
t hrough farm er’s societ ies. Result s of adapt iveresearch tr ials on var ietal evaluat ion, weed
management, water management and
nutrient management conducted by CSISA
were also explained. At these s i tes farmers
as well as other partners raised queries l ike
whether there are special var iet ies sui ted
Figure 2. View of Field Visi t dur i ng tr avel l ing semi nar on DSR
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 12/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 6
to DSR condit ions, how to manage weeds
effect ively and how much water is saved by
growing r ice under direct-seeding method.
Dr. B.R. Kamboj showed the performance
of di f ferent herbic ide molecules in terms of
weed control and told that Pre-emergence(topstar or pendimethal ine) fol lowed by
post-emergence (bispyribac or azimsulfuron)
treatments were ef fect ive in control l ing most
of t he w eeds. Mr. Parde ep Kumar (DSR Growe r,
Modipur) notied that one can manage 15
acres of paddy under DSR technology with
same amount of water required for managing
10 acres of puddled transplanted r ice. At
Taraori, DSR demonstration under double
no-ti l l system, brought immense persuasion
among the part ic ipants, as the populat ionof earthworms and vermicast was visible on
the plot . The performance of crop was also
remarkablysuperiorindoubleno-tilleld.All
the Part ic ipants highly appreciated the tr ials
and demonstrations on DSR technology.
3.2. Part -2 (round table discussion)
During round table discussion on DSR at CSSRI
Karnal, Dr. D.K. Sharma (Director, CSSRI)
highlighted the importance of DSR looking at
the issues of declining water table and over
exploitat ion of under-ground wat er, r ising labourscarcit y and cost of cult ivat ion and sust ainabili t y
in rice wheat cropping system. He highlighted
thebenetsofDSRtechnologyincludingwater,
labour, time & energy savings, reduction in
cost of cult ivation as compared to puddled
transplanted rice. Dr. Sharma emphasized to
conduct more farmer partic ipatory research
trialstonetunethistechnology.Heappreciated
t he collaborati ve farmer part ic ipatory research
trials approach and expressed that suchapproach wil l be helpful in gett ing rich feedback
from the farmers to overcome the shortcoming
of t he technology. Such demonst rati on/ t r ials
wil l play a vital r ole in wi de spread adopt ion as
t hese demonstrat ions are based on t he concept
Figure 3. Number of demonst rat ions and out reach of DSR in Haryana
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 13/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 7
of “ seeing is believing” . He emphasized to
develop l i terature on DSR in Hindi for better
understanding by the farming community and
suggested to tie a partnership to achieve wider
adoption of t he t echnology.
Dr. B.R. Kamboj (Hub coordinator, CSISA)
briefed about current status and scope of DSR
in Haryana state. He shared the outcomes of
demonstrations and adaptive research tr ials
conducted during Phase-1 of CSISA by hub
partners and summarized the technological
package of DSR for Nort h-w est ern IGP including
Haryana state which is discussed in section 4.
He shared with the part ic ipants that with the
concentrated efforts of all stakeholders, area
under DSR technol ogy has increased f rom 226 ha
during Kharif 2009 t o 1614 ha durin g Kharif 2011
(Figure 2). The result s of t r ials/ demonst rat ions
conducted on DSR in experimental elds as
wellasatthefarmers’eldsclearlyjustifythis
expansion of area under DSR reveali ng reduci ngcult ivat ion cost besides addressing t he i ssues of
farm l abour short age and declining wat er t able
in rice-wheat cropping systems.
He stressed that strong public private
partnership (PPP) was the key in expanding
the area under DSR in Haryana under CSISA
proj ect . No. of DSR demonstr ati ons conduct ed
by partners increased from zero in year 1 to
898 in t hird year of t he proj ect (Table 1).
Figure 4. Adopt ion of DSR in Har yana (Map source: CSISA-HCP)
2009
2010
2011
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 14/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 8
Table 1. Number of demonstrat ions by hub and part ners
No. of DSR Demonstrations
2009 2010 2011
Hub Partner Hub partner Hub Partner
79 00 221 345 176 898
Partners : CCS Haryana Agricult ural Universit y, KVKs, St at e Agricult ure Depart ment , Bayer Crop Science,DevGen Seeds & Crop Techno logie s li mi t ed, Syngent a, DOW Agro, Har yali Kisan Bazar, Farm erCooperatives, Service providers, ICAR Institutions
Participating scientists from KVKs told that
laser level l ing, ef fect ive weed management,
date of sowing and sowing dept h are key fact ors
for success of DSR technology. Mr. Harpreet
Singh, farmer of Kalvehri vi l lage, Karnal also
supported cr i t ical role of laser level ler in
the success of DSR. Dr. S.S. Dahiya shared hisexperiencesof farmerelds’demos/trials in
detai l . He also rei terated the fact that laser
land leveling is must to improve the success
rate of DSR as uneven topography wil l lead to
poor crop establ ishment besides more water
requi rement .
Dr. Dahiya shared the results of the trails
conducted on date of sowing of DSR during
Kharif 2010, which varied from 15 t h May t o 24t h
June. The outcome was that crop of paddysown on 24 t h June w it h PUSA 1121 gave hi ghest
y ield. He fur ther explained that the farmer
was able t o harvest 15% higher w heat yield
sown after implementing DSR as compared to
wheat crop sown after puddled transplanted
rice. They observed high runoff in puddled
t ransplanted r ice at t he t im e of high rain fal ls,
however percolation was much higher in DSR
which may help in rejuvenat ion of ground
wat er. Therefor e, DSR technology on one hand
helps in saving irr igation water by avoiding
wat er for puddli ng as wel l as ponding condit ion
during crop growth season and on the other
hand works for replenishment of ground w ater
tab le.
Dr Raj bir Garg urged to conduct mor e research
t o quant if y wat er saving in DSR. He w as of t he
view t hat in puddled t ransplanted r i ce we can
not be as prec ise wit h respect t o t ransplant i ng
t ime as i t is dependent on labor avai labi l i t y but
in case of DSR wit h t he int roduct ion of mult i -
crop planter we can sow the crop on t ime.
Dr. Anil Khippal from KVK Kaithal highlighted
the importance of depth of sowing in dry andvattar condit ions. He shared that depth of
sowing may be 3-4 cm in vattar sowing but
in dry sowing should not exceed 2.5 cm. Dr.
S. P. Goyal ( KVK, Kuru kashet ra) shar ed hi s 3-4
years of experience of working with DSR. He
inform ed t he part i c ipants t hat he has observed
very lees inc idence of f oot-rot / bakani disease
in DSR compared to TPR.
Part ners fr om privat e sect or vi z . DevGen seed s,
Bayer, HKB shared their experiences on DSRand were happy wit h t he perform ance of DSR
demonstrationsconductedatfarmers’eldin
collabor at ion w it h CSISA. Dr. Raj esh Bhati a f rom
Dev Gen seeds shared his experience on DSR
work undertaken in collaboration with CSISA
and expressed contention with the success
rate dur ing Kharif 2011 compared to Kharif
2010. He explained that short durat ion hybr id
RH 257 performed equally well in DSR as in
TPR. and emp hasized t o remain m ore cauti ous
about iron & zinc deciency particularly inl ight soils in case of DSR. Furher he directed
the need t o develop ex tension l i t erature wi t h
best management pract ices to update the
knowledge of ext ension funct ionar ies of publ ic
and pr ivate sec tor w i th the new in format ion
on new chemicals for weed management,
seed rate; nutr ient management water
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 15/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 9
management and other management pract ices
whichhavebeenne-tunedbythe research
organi zat ions. Mr. S. S. Bisth f rom Haryali Kisan
Bazaar (HKB) shared that HKB has conducted
DSR demonstrations in more than 300 acres
dur ing Khar i f 2011. He told that the farmerswere happy with the performance of DSR
and desired for increase in area under this
t echnology provided f armer s have ready access
to more machines and technical knowhow
withhelpofexibleGovt.facilities.Dr.J.R.
Jat fr om Syngenta and J.S. Chauhan f rom Dow
Agro stressed on capacit y buil ding of ext ension
agents for wi der adopt i on of t he t echnology.
Partic ipating famers while sharing their
experiences highlighted that effective weed
management is the key for the success of DSR
and pre & post emergence herbicide applicat ion
are imperative to keep weed under check in
DSR. They expressed t he need for and dem anded
updated l i terature on the best management
practices of DSR in local language.
Harpreet Singh resident of vi l lage Kalvehri w ho
adopt ed t he DSR t echnology on his far m dur ing
Kharif 2011, em phasized t he need of l aser land
leveling for proper crop establishment in DSRand proper spray t echnique f or managing weed
in DSR. He t old t hat at least 200 l i t ers of w ater
per acre is requi red f or spraying pre- emer gence
herbic ides. Like wise opt imum moisture in
the eld after post emergence herbicide
appl icat ion of bispyr ibac-sodium improves i ts
efcacy.Mr.Deevansinghresidentofvillage
Kalvehri rai sed t he issue of earl y sow ing of DSR
on around 15 t h may inst ead of 15 t h June as DSR
crop needed t o be sown 20-25 days earl i er t han
transplanted crop. Responding to the query
Mr.RajbirSingh,ofcialfromDepartmentof
Agricultureclariedthatthedeadlineof15t h
June has been xed for transplanted paddy
not for DSR.
Sharing his experiences Sh. Sukhjinder Singh,
progressive farmer from Pehowa elaborated
that he has been growing DSR since kharif
2010 and opined t hat good crop establi shment
and weed management are t he key factors for
success of DSR. He adopted the technology
aft er seein g t he DSR crop at CSSRI and f arm ers’
eldduringtravellingseminar.Heexperiencedsaving of water and labor in his DSR crop
compared to convent ional puddled r ice.
4. Technological package ofDSR for north-western IGP
Based on previous experiences and the
current exper ience of work ing on DSR dur ing
Phase-1 of CSISA, technological package of
DSR f or nor t h-w est ern IGP condit ions has beensummari zed here.
4.1. Laser land leveling
The prec ise land level i ng is a pre-requi si t e for
growing successful crop of DSR which can be
achieved by laser land leveler. I t fac i l i tates
good and uni form c rop s tand, enabl ing the
farmer to apply un i form i r r igat ion, leading
to improved weed cont ro l and nut r ient use
efcienciesincomparisontotraditionallandleveling. Other benets include savings in
i r r igat ion wat er, and h igher c rop produc t iv i t y
(Jat e t a l . 2009). I t fac i l i tates seed dr i l ls /
planters to place seeds at uni form spacing
and depth and uni form d is t r ibut ion of water
hence result ing in unifor m crop st and (Kumar
and Ladha 2011) . Undulat ion in t rad i t i onal ly
leveleldsoftenleadstopoorestablishment
of DSR due to uneven depth of seeding
and uneven water d is t r ibut ion; hencefor th
precision in land leveling is rst step for
better DSR crop.
4.2. Soil typeDSR can be grown in almost all type of soils
sui table for r ice, but medium textured soi ls
are more suited to DSR.
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 16/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 10
4.3. Field/seedbed preparat ion
The method of seedbed preparat ion wi l l
depend on t i l lage method and wi l l vary for
conventi onal and conservat ion t i l l age syst ems.
For conventional till DSR, eld should be
pulver ized to maint ain good soi l m oist ure andt o maxim ize soil t o seed cont act. For ZT DSR,
existing weeds should be kil led by burning
down herbicides such as paraquat (0.5 kg ai/
ha or glyphosat e (1.0 kg ai/ ha) (Kumar and
Ladha 2011; Gopal et a l . 2010).
4.4. Plant ing dates
In nort hern w est ern IGP, r ice i s grown du ring
the monsoon season (Kharif ) when rainfal l is
high. To optimize the use of monsoon rain,the optimum time for sowing DSR is about 10-
15 days prior to onset of monsoon. Based on
the his tor ical t rend of onset of monsoon in
t he north-w est ern IGP, t he opt im um t ime of
seeding rice in the region is from June 1 to
July 20 which can go up to July 1. (Kumar &
Ladha, 2011)
4.5. Cult ivar selection
Among t he exist ing variet ies and hybrids whichare though bred for puddl ed r ice, some hybr ids
& basmat i var iet ies have been found suit able
f or DSR. These are given in Tabl e 2.
Table 2 : Rice varieties found suitable for DSR inHaryana.
Group Variet ies/ Hybr ids
Basmati Pusa-1121 (Sugandha 4), Pusa Basmat i-1,CSR-30
Coarse r ice
Hybrids : PRH-10, Arize 6129, RH 257,Arize 6444, PHB-71
Inbred var iet ies : PR-114, HKR 47
4.6. Crop establishment
For conventi onal t i l l DSR, r ice can be est abli shed
by two w ays i . e . vatt ar sowing (seeding aft er
pre-sowingirrigationateldcapacity)ordry
sowing fol lowed by l ight i r r igat ion. Vattar
Sowing or apply ing i r r igat ion j ust af t er seeding
in dry is helpful to support germinat ion and
ear ly growth when pre-monsoon showers are
insufcient. Invattarsowing, planking afterseeding helps in conserving soil moisture,
hence maximize uniform crop establ ishment.
For ZT-DSR, r ice can be dr i l led i n dry f oll owe d
by a l ight i r r igat ion for un i f orm c rop st and.
4.7. Seed rate, seeding depth andseed treatment
A seed rat e of 16-20 kg/ ha has been f ound
opt im um f or DSR. The seeding dept h for r ice is
cr i t ical and i t should not be dr i l l ed deeper than2-3 cms. Seed treatment with recommended
fungicide is necessary to manage soil born
diseases. For this weighed quantity of seeds
are soaked in water + fungicide (Bavistin
@ 1g/ kg rice seed or Emi san @ 1gm/ kg rice
seed) solut ion f or 24 hours. Amount of wat er
used for soaking is equivalent to quantity of
seed used f or seed t reatm ent. After 24 hours,
seeds are removed f rom f ungicide solut ion and
dried in shade for 1-2 hours before sowing.Seed treatment with imidaclopr id (Guicho) @
3ml/ kg seed alone t o protect f r om soi l -borne
pathogens such as termites or other insects
or in combinat ion with tebuconazole (rax i l ) @
1 ml/ kg seed to prot ect f rom both soi l borne
fungi and insects have been found ef fect ive in
improving uniform crop est abl ishment .
4.8. Sowing machines
For precise seeding, r ice should be dri l ledwithamulti-cropplanterttedwithinclined
plates seed metering systems and inverted
T-t ype t ynes (Figure 5). For ZT-DSR, wh en onl y
anchored residues are retained, then same
mult i -crop planter can be used for seeding.
However, when loose crop residues are p resent
on the soil surface, specialized machines are
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 17/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 11
needed for dr i l l ing r ice. In such s i tuat ions,
r ice can be dr i l led us ing any of the fol lowing
machines: t urbo happy seeder, rot ary disc dri l l
(Gopal e t a l . 2010; Kumar and Ladha 2011)(Figure 5).
4.9. Fert il izer management
Ferti l izer recommendation for DSR is same
as for puddled t ransplanted r ice. However, i t
is advisable to apply 12-15 kg extra N in DSR
than puddle transplanted r ice. For Haryana
condit ions, fol lowing fer t i l izer doses are
recommended for DSR:
Coarse r ice : 150 to 165 kg N/ ha, 60 kg P2O
5 /
ha, 60 kg K2O/ ha, and 25 kg Zinc sulphat e/
ha)
Basmat i r ice : 60-75 Kg N/ ha , 30 kg P2O
5an d
25 kg Zn SO4
Apply f ull dose of P, K, and ZnSO4
and 23 kg N/
ha as basal at the t ime of sowing using seed-
cum fer t i l i zer dr i l l / p lanters. The remain ing
N should be applied in three equal splits at
ear ly t i l ler ing, act ive t i l ler ing and panic le
in i t ia t ion.
Nitrogenous fert i l izers can also be managed
using leaf colour chart (LCC). Two approaches
have been recommended to apply Nitrogen
using LCC (Figure 6) :
A) Fixed t ime approach : After basal
appl icat ion of N, remaining N is appl ied at
preset t iming of act ive t i l ler i ng and panic le
init iation and dose is adjusted based on
LCC reading of N application should be
based on LCC value of 3 and 4 depending
on cult ivars.
B) Real t ime approach : Aft er basal applicati on
colour of rice leaves is monitored at regular
int erval of 7-10 days fr om active t ill ering and
Figure 5. Di f fe r ent m ach ines which can be used for seeding r ice : a ) Mul t i -crop p lanter wi t h inc l ined
plat e seed met er ing syst em, b) t urbo happy seeder
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 18/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 12
N is applied wherever leaf colour is below
critical threshold value.
For hybrids and high yielding coarse rice
varieties N application should be based on a
crit ical LCC value of 4 wh ere as f or basmat i ri ce
N should app lied at LCC crit ical value of 3.
Sometimes deciency of iron may appear
under DSR, w hich can be correct ed by applyi ng
2-3 f ol iar spr ays of 1% FeSO4
solut ion at weekly
intervals.
4.10. Efcient and economical
weed management
Integrated weed management ( IWM) approach
is needed for ef fect ive and sustainable weed
managem ent in DSR. IWM consist s of ( 1) cult ural ,(2) chemical, (3) physical (4) biological cont rol
met hods which are descr ibed below :
Cult ural Methods
Stale seedbed t echnique : In this technique,
weeds are encouraged to germin ate by giv ing
one i r r igat ion and then k i l led by e i t her a non-
select ive herbic ide (paraquat or glyphosate)
or by t i l lage pr ior to sowing of r ice. This
method has great potent ial in suppressing
we eds and i s feasibl e un der Dry-DSR because
of >1 month w indow o f fa l l ow per iod a f te r
wheat harvest and sowing of succeeding r ice
crop.
Residue mulching : Crop residues of previous
crops if left on soil surface as mulch can
suppress weeds in DSR through multiple
mechanisms, including, creating a physical
hindrance to emerging weeds or by releasing
al lelochemicals in t he soi l .
Sesbania co-cult ure : I t involves seeding rice
and sesbania crops together and then k i l l ing
sesbania with 2, 4-D ester about 25-30 DAS.
Sesbania grows rapidly and suppresses weed.This pract ice is found more effect ive in
suppr essing b roadl eaf wee ds th an grasses and
therefore i f combined wi th pre-emergence
appl icat ion of pendimet hal in , i t s per formance
in suppressing weeds increases. However,
care should be taken with pract ice as i t may
pose some r isks i f proper ly not implemented
Figure 6. Leaf Colour Chart (LCC)
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 19/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 13
inc luding (1) compet i t ion of sesbania with
r ice i f 2 , 4-D appl icat ion is inef fec t ive or i ts
appl icat ion is delayed due t o cont i nuous rain,
and (2) l imit the use of several herbic ides
(e.g. bispyr ibac) which may be helpful for
control l ing certain weeds, cannot be used inthis system without also k i l l ing the sesbania
cover crop.
Chemical methods
Pre-plant/burndown herbicides : These
herbic ides are used t o k i l l ex isi t ing veget at ion
prior to rice sowing under ZT-DSR. Glyphosate
(1.0 kg ai/ ha or 1% by volume) and paraquat (500
g ai/ ha or 0.5% by volume) are recom mended
for bur ndown appl icat ion. Clean wat er should
be used for applying these herbicides. Muddywater reduces their efcacy. If elds are
infested with perennial weeds, glyphosate
should be appl i ed inst ead of paraquat .
After crop sowing : Based on on-station
and on-farm studies, i t has been found that
pendimet hal in (st omp)/ oxadiargy l ( t op st ar)
as pre-em ergence foll owed by post -emer gence
appl icat ion of bispyr ibac or az imsulfuron or
bispyribac + azimsulfuron 15-20 DAS yielded
simi lar to weed-free condit ions. Herbic ides,
alone or in combinat ion, which have been
found eff ect ive against di f ferent weed species
are summ ari zed i n Table XXX.
Herbic ides should be appl ied us ing mult iple
(three) nozzle boom tted with at fan
nozzle.
Physical control
Physical weed control consists of removing
weed s by hand (manual weed ing) or by machines
(mechanical weeding). I t is pract ical ly and
economical ly not feasible t o control w eeds by
manual methods because of r is ing scarcity oflabour and ris ing labour wages. However, one
ortwospothandweedingsmaybejustiable
in DSR to remove escaped weeds and prevent
weed seed product ion. Mechanical weedi ng can
be useful in reducing labour use in weeding,
for this Motorized cono-weeders are available
in the region and can be included as part of
IWM. More r esearch is needed t o develop new
Table 3.Majorpre-andpost-emergenceherbicidesidentiedsuitableforweedcontrolinDSRintheIGP
Herbicide Dose
(g aiha-1)
Application
time (DAS)a
Strengths and weaknesses
Pe nd im et h al i n 1000 1- 3 Go od c on t r ol of m ost gr asse s, so me b ro ad le av es an d an nu alsedges. Has residual control. But sufcient moisture is
needed for i t s act iv i t y.
Oxadiargyl 90 1-3 Broad-spect rum w eed cont rol of grasses, broadleaves andannualsedges.Hasresidualcontrol.Butsufcientmoisture
is needed for i t s act iv i t y.
Bispyribac-sodium
25 15-25 Broad-spect rum w eed cont rol of grasses, broadleaves andannual sedges. Excellent control of Echinochloa species.But it is poor on grasses other than Echinochloa species,including L. chinensis , Dactyloctenium aegyptium , Eleusine indica , Eragrost is species . No residual contr ol .
Penoxsulam 22. 5 15-20 Broad-spect rum w eed cont rol of grasses, broad leavesand annual sedges. But it is poor on grasses other thanEchinochloa species , inc lud ing L. chinensis , D. aegypt i um ,Eleusine indica , Eragr ost is species .
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 20/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 14
Herbicide Dose(g ai
ha-1)
Applicationtime (DAS)a
Strengths and weaknesses
Fenoxaprop-e thy l
60 25 Excel l ent cont rol of annual grassy w eeds. Does not cont rolbroadleaves and sedges. Not safe on rice if applied at earlystage (before 25 DAS).
Fenoxaprop-ethyl + safner
60-90 15-20 Excel lent cont r ol of annual gr assy w eeds, saf e on r ice atearly st age. Does not cont rol b roadleaves and sedges.
Azi msul fur on 17. 5-35 15-20 Br oad-spect r um cont r ol of gr asses, br oadl eaves and sedges.Excel lent control of sedges, including Cyperus rotundus .Poor on Echinochloa species.
Et hoxysul f uron 18 15-20 Ef fect ive on broadleaves and annual sedges. Does not cont rolgrasses and poor on perennial sedges such as C. ro t undus .
Tr icl opyr 500 15-20 Ef f ect ive on broadleaf weeds. Does not cont rol grasses.
2,4-D ethylester
500 15-25 Ef f ect i ve on br oadl eaves and annual sedges. Ver y econom ical .Has no residual control.
Car f ent razone 20 15-20 Ef fect ive on broadleaf weeds. Does not cont rol grasses. Hasno residual contr ol .
Chlor imur on +metsu l fu ron
4 (2+2) 15-25 Ef f ect i ve on br oadl eaves and annual sedges. No cont r ol ofgrassy weeds and poor on C. Rot undus.
Bispyribac +azimsulfuron
25+17. 5 15- 25 Br oad -sp ec t ru m w eed cont r ol of gr asses, br oad leaves andsedges, including C. ro tundus . Poor on grasses other thanEchinochloa species.
Bispyribac +pyrazosulfuron
25+25 15-20 Br oad-spect r um w eed cont r ol of gr asses, br oadl eaves andsedges, including C. ro tundus . Poor on grasses other thanEchinochloa species.
Fenoxaprop +ethoxysul furon 56 + 18 15-25 Br oad-spect r um w eed cont r ol o f gr asses, b roadl eaves andsedge. Excel lent control of a l l major grasses, including L.
chinensis and D. aegyptium . Poor on perennial sedges suchas C. r o tundus .
Propanil +pend imetha l in
4000 +1000
1 0- 12 Br oa d- sp ec t r u m w ee d c on t r ol w i t h r esi d ual e f f e ct s. Po or o nsedges such as C. Rotundus .
(Source: Kumar and Ladha, 2011)
mechanicaltoolswhicharemoreefcientand
user f r iend ly.
4.11. Water managementIn case of DSR crop established after applying
pre-sowing irrigation (Vattar), rst irrigation
can be applied 7-10 days aft er sowing dependi ng
on the soil type. When DSR crop is established
in dry/ ZT condit ions follow ed by irr igat ion,
subsequent 1-2 irrigations are required at
interval of 3-5 days during crop establishment
phase. Subsequent irrigations at interval of
5-7 days need to be applied in DSR crop.
During active tillering phase i .e . 30-45 DAS and
reprod ucti ve phase (Panicle em ergence to grainlling stage) optimum moisture (irrigation at
2-3 days interval) is required to be maintained
to harvest optimum yields from DSR crop. It is
recommendedtoavoidwaterstressatowering;
one of t he most sensit ive st ages of r ice t o wat er
stress, frequent irrigations should be given one
weekbeforeandoneweekafterowering.
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 21/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 15
5. Lessons Learnt
Direct seeding is a v iable al ternat ive to
puddled transplant ing to overcome the
problem of labour and water short age.
Large scale adopt ion o f DSR is possibl e but
pr ior i t iz ing resources and publ ic - pr ivate -
partnership (PPP) holds the key.
Crop establ ishment determines the
success of DSR for which precise leveling
( laser level ing), qual i ty mult i crop planter
(inclined seed metering system) and
t ra ined t ractor operators are impor t ant .
Depth of seeding should be manipulated
according to soil type, establishment
method & moisture level.
DSR in doubl e no-t i l l syst em i s even bet t er
pract ice.
Short duration hybrids and basmati r ice
varieties performs better under DSR but
tailoring varieties for DSR should form the
breeding strategy for fur ther product iv i ty
gai ns in DSR.
Pre & post emergence herbic ide appl icat ion
is must for ef fect ive weed managementbut he choice of herbicides should be as
perthedominantweedora.
Inc idence of foot rot and false smut is
rem arkably l ower in DSR.
Posit ive effects on yield of succeeding
upland crops.
DSR may be helpful in recharging ground
water t ab le.
The water savings in DSR varies across
management pract ices, soi l types etc but
st i l l opt imizat ion of water sav ing have to
be worked-out in a way so as to avoid any
yield penalt y due t o wat er st ress.
Figure 7. A blooming DSR crop at mat ur i t y st age
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 22/24
CSISA Techni cal Bull et in 2012/ 1 | 16
6. Potent ial const raints
Poor crop establishment due to variable
rainfal l pattern dur ing crop establ ishment
stage.
Difcult to manage mixed weed ora
includ ing non paddy weeds l ike Leptochloa ,
Eragrostis , Dactyloctenium .
7. Future research needs
Develop sustainable and effective weed
management opt i ons employ ing integrated
approach of chemical and non-chemical
s trategies
Developing cult ivars suited to DSR for
dif f erent r ice based syst ems
Develop ir r i gat ion schedul ing for di f f erent
soil types and management practices of
DSR based systems
Understand nutrient dynamics and develop
management st rat egies includ ing dose and
appl icat ion schedul ing
Monitor GHG emissions and develop
strategies to reduce N losses vis-a-vis N2O
emissions under aerob ic condit ions
Optimizat ion of crop res idue cover needs
in syst ems’ per spect ive
Understanding pest and disease dynamics
anddenemanagementstrategiesunder
DSR
ReferencesAnon. 2012. India.gov. in/ sectors/ agr icul t ure/
area product ion y ield/ r ice.2012.
FAO - Food & Agriculture Oraganization 2010.
www.faostat. fao.org.
Gopal, Ravi, Jat, R.K., Kumar, V., Alam, M.M.,
Jat, M.L. , Mazid, M.A. , Saharawat , Y.S.,
Mcdonald, A., and Gupt a, Raj . 2010. Direct
dry seeded r ice product ion t echnology and
weed management in r ice based system.
Technical Bull et in . Internat ional Maize and
Wheat Improvement Center, New Delhi,
India. p 28.
Jat M.L., Gat hala M.K., Ladha J.K., Saharawat
Y. S. , Jat A. S., Kumar Vipin, Sharm a S. K.,
Kumar V. and Gupt a Raj . 2009. Evaluat ion
of Precision Land Leveling and Double
Zero-Til l Systems in Rice-Wheat Rotation:
Water use, Productivity, Protability and
Soil Physical Properties. Soil and Til lage
Research , 105, 112-121.
Jat, R.K., Mazid, M.A., haque, M.A., Islam, S.,
Rashid, H., Rahman, M.M., Rahman, M.A.,
Gani, M.A., Alom, M.S., Hossain, M.A.,
Kadir, A.M., Ali, E., Gopal, R., Singh, R.,
Singh, N., Anuradha, T.N., Jat M.L. and
Gupta R. 2011. Conservation Agriculture
Based Resour ce Conservat ion Technol ogies
in Eastern Gangetic Plains. CSISA Travelling
Seminar Report Series-1, Bihar, India:
CSISA. p24.
Kumar, V. and Ladh a, J. K. 2011. Direct seede d
r ice : Recent development & future
research needs. Advances in Agronomy
111: 297-413.
I n d i a . g o v. i n / se c t o r s / a gr i c u l t u r e / a r e a
product ion y ield r ice. 2012.
Sharma, S.K., Pat hak, H., Gat hala, M., Kumar,
V. , Chandn a, P. , and Ladha, J.K. 2009.
Resource-conserving technologies for
enhancing rice production in the Trans-
and Upper- Gangetic Plains. Rice-Wheat Consortium Travell ing Seminar Report
Series 6 , New Delhi, India: Rice-Wheat
Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
p22.
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 23/24
7/29/2019 Direct seeded rice technology in Western indo-gangetic plains of India: CSISA experiences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/direct-seeded-rice-technology-in-western-indo-gangetic-plains-of-india-csisa 24/24
top related