disaster management an awareness i by p.n.rao20 may13

• Disaster philosophy

• Disasters should not be treated as fear factors only.

• Disasters do happen but we can save ourselves from them by

careful planning.

• Disasters themselves are not so dangerous as the infrastructure

failures we have.

• Mitigation for new structures and retrofit in old structures is the

solution to pacify fury of disasters.

• Preparedness make us strong to deal with the disaster but the

approach should be holistic.

• Community preparedness at field level is always an efficient

exercise in dealing with any type of disaster.

• Government and nongovernment efforts too in preparedness

must always be considered respectfully.

• Disaster awareness is the best solution to deal with it.

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Awareness

• During 2004, ten-year old Tilly Smith of Surrey,

England, was on Maikhao beach in Phuket,

Thailand with her parents and sister, and having

learned about tsunamis recently in school, told her

family that a tsunami might be imminent.

• Her parents warned others minutes before the

wave arrived, saving dozens of lives.

• She credited her geography teacher, Andrew

Kearney.

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Tsunami 24 December 2004

Devastated Marina beach

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ACCIDENT PRONE

URBANISATION

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“

We live in the midst of alarms, anxiety beclouds the future; we expect some new disaster with each newspaper we read. - Abraham Lincoln

Disasters are exceptional events which

suddenly kill or injure large numbers of people”

….Red Cross/Red Crescent

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DISASTER DEFINITION

• “A Disaster is a situation or event which overwhelms local capita city, necessitating a request to a National or International level for external assistance”

….Centre for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels.

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“A catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man made causes, or by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of property, or damage to, or degradation of environment and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area.”

- Disaster Management Act 2005

DISASTERS

As identified by

High Powered committee on Disaster Management (HPCDM)

1. Water and climate related disasters:

• Floods and drainage failures

• Cyclones

• Tornadoes and hurricanes

• Hailstorms

• Cloud bursts

• Heat waves

• Cold waves

• Snow avalanches

• Drought

• Soil erosion

• Thunder and lightning

2. Geography related disasters

• Landslides and mudflows

• Earthquakes

• Dam bursts and failures: Engineering failures and poor material in structure

• Mine fires

3. chemical, Industrial and nuclear related disasters

• Chemical disaster

• Industrial disaster

• Nuclear disaster

2. Geography related disasters

• Landslides and mudflows

• Earthquakes

• Dam bursts and failures: Engineering failures and poor material in structure

• Mine fires

3. chemical, Industrial and nuclear related disasters

• Chemical disaster

• Industrial disaster

• Nuclear disaster

4. Accident related disasters • Forest fires • Urban fires • serial bomb blasts • Mine flooding • Oil spills • Major building collapse • Festival related disasters • Electric disasters and fires • Air, Road and Rail accidents • Boating accidents • Explosion village fire 5. Biological related disasters • Biological disasters and epidemics • Pest attacks • Cattle epidemics • Food poisoning.

MAJOR APPROACHES ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH (H.B Girbut and f White)

• Chronological distribution of disasters

• Impact and vulnerability

• Spatio-temporal factors

2. ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH

• Community oriented approach

• Focus on role of disasters,

• It guides socio-economic evolution of population of a civilisation

• Search for threshold points for local communities beyond which community fails to provide basic requirement of survial of their members.

3. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH ( Russel R dynes E I Quarantelli)

• Vulnerability and impact of human behavior due to disaster

• Psychologically determined defensive reaction patterns

4. DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES APPROACH (Devis)

• Aids

• Relief measures

• Refuge management

• Health care

• Food management to avoid starvation

5. MEDICINE AND EPIDEMIONOLOGY APROACH

• Mass casualty management

• Trauma treatment

• Epidemiological surveillance of communicable dieseases

6. TECHNICAL APPROACH

• Scientific and technical aspects of disasters

Approaches

• Seismology

• Volcanology

• Geomorphology

• Geophysical

7. Human Ecology Approach ( Meleti, 1980)

• Human behaviour

• Process of human adjustment to disasters through social organisations.

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Volcanoes: erupt lava, poisonous gases, ash ,and mudslides in

icy lands

Mount Tambora Eruption Indonesia 12 April 1815, killing

82000 was 52,000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima

Bomb attack

Mont Pelee, Martinque , May 1902 death of 40, 000 people,

Nevado colombia with killing 22940 people.

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Puyehue volcano eruption

AFP PHOTO / Chilean Air Force

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Cyclones Hurricanes Typhoons • 'Cyclone' is the generic term for cyclones, hurricanes and

typhoons. • It is a violent storm, often of vast extent, characterized by

high winds rotating about a calm center of low atmospheric pressure. This center moves onward, often with a velocity of twenty or thirty miles an hour

• These tropical storms tend to be called cyclones in the southern hemisphere and they rotate in a clockwise direction.

• In the northern hemisphere, where cyclones occur in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean, they are called hurricanes and those in the South China Sea and regions of Asia are called typhoons. Northern hemisphere cyclones rotate anti-clockwise.

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Northern hemisphere cyclones rotate anti-clockwise.

They are called typhoons or hurricanes

Northern hemisphere cyclones rotate clockwise

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Mumbai Floods July 2005

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Plane crash

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FLOODS

Floods are caused due to multiple factors as:

• Cyclones

• Tsunami

• Heavy to heavy rains

• Sudden or short notice release of excess of water from dams

• Bad drainage system not allowing flood water entered in city to discharge out. This situation normally arises in cities due to damaged and over aged drainage-system.

• Densely situated slums in low line areas close to sea or rivers.

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Other major Causes of floods • Age old drainage systems • Lack of monsoon precautions • Lack of awareness in people • Plastic material choking drainages • Backwaters of sea entering low line slum areas, lacking

proper drainage • Over populated slums situated in low line areas with

choked drainages

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Tsunami victim DEC 2004

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Japan Tsunami associated with flood

11 March 2011

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Tsunami warning system

Water buoy used in DART

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Pavian electronic siren

Vektra® software

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Tsunami • Tsunami means Harbour waves in Japanese's language • Series of tsunamis is called ‘Tsunami train’. • Earth quake, Volcano explosions, land slides or bolides can

cause Tsunami which is frequent in Japan. • Overriding tectonic plate bulges under strain, causing

tectonic uplift. • Subducting of plates can also cause tsunami. • Plate slips, cause subsidence and release energy into water. • Upward thrust causes increase in sea level and tsunami is

caused by the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea.

• This displacement of water is usually attributed to either earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, or more rarely by meteorites and nuclear tests.

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• The waves formed in this way are then sustained by gravity.

• Increase of wavelength of tidal waves cause high tides at shores of over 30 meters of ht.

• If the first part of a tsunami to reach land is a trough (drawback) rather than a wave crest, the water along the shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas.

• A drawback occurs because the water propagates outwards with the trough of the wave at its front.

• Drawback begins before the wave arrives at an interval equal to half of the wave's period.

• Drawback can exceed hundreds of metres, and people unaware of the danger sometimes remain near the shore to satisfy their curiosity or to collect fish from the exposed seabed, get trapped in it.

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24 December, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

• During the Indian Ocean tsunami, the sea withdrew and many people went onto the exposed sea bed out of curiosity and very few survived.

• Drawbacks can serve as a brief warning. People who observe drawback (many survivors reported an accompanying sucking sound), can survive only if they immediately run for high ground or seek the upper floors of nearby buildings.

• Bubbles forming at shore and away inside the sea also indicate tsunami warning.

• In the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami drawback was not reported on the African coast or any other eastern coasts it reached. This was because the wave moved downwards on the eastern side of the fault line and upwards on the western side. The western pulse hit coastal Africa and other western areas.

• Animals and birds also behave differently to warn Tsunami or cyclones.

• Forests ,mangroves and trees planted coastline saved few villages during Dec 2004 Indian pacific tsunami.

• Japan has siren system and people are aware of it.

• DART tsunami warning system is functioning efficiently

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Bhuj Earthquake, 2001

NIDM

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Bhuj Earthquake, 2001

NIDM

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Bridge Creek Tornado 1999

lasted for 3days,

speed 318 Mph

killed 36

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Hotel Taj Mumbai attack 26/11/2008

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Hotel Taj Mumbai on fire

Hotel Taj Mumbai attack 26/11/2008

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CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR DISASTER

26 April 1986

The Chernobyl explosion, which released about 400 times

more radiation than the U.S. atom bomb dropped over

Hiroshima, developed thyroid cancer in many due to Radio

activity of Uranium release.

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Japan Fukushima Daiichi 1 nuclear reactor

explosion March 12, 2011.

Unit 2 followed two hydrogen explosions

The prime minister has warned residents to stay inside or

risk getting radiation sickness.

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Industrial/Chemical Disaster Bhopal

MIC Gas leak December 23, 1984

Estimated death 4000,

15000 during course of time

affected about 400000

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Union Carbide gas leak Industrial

chemical Disaster Bhopal 1984

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Effect of Methyl iso-cyanate MIC

• Methyl isocyanate was one of the fatal toxins used in pesticide production.

• Its being little lighter than water but twice as heavy as air, when escaped into the atmosphere it blanketed the ground covering many innocents.

• It had the ability to react with water acids, metals, and the small deposits of corrosive materials accumulated in pipes, tanks, and valves.

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• Water leakage into 40 ton storage tank of Methyl isocynate caused escape of gas in the atmosphere.

• Due to Railway station Bhopal in-charge’s alertness many trains were detained at stations beyond Bhopal saving many lives, but he lost his life.

• It not only affected thousands of people at the time of disaster but people are still facing its wrath till now and years to come.

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R. Tyagarajan expert scientist report:

• There were cracks in the leaked tank and about 30% more

of liquefied MIC than permitted was stored.

• Another tank was found with 35 ton of MIC with similar

risk was neutralised deploying helicopter with water jets

and area was covered to arrest any leakage of gas or escape

for which production plant was started to produce

pesticide.

• Clogged pipes with rusted joints

• It was a disaster of low possibility with high consequence

• Anderson, the than CEO claimed that it was a sabotage.

• Nitrogen layer was protective layer on top of MIC stored.

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Michel Wright investigator from USA investigation :

• Vent gas scrubber unit was not sufficient to neutralise

Leaked MIC.

• Gauzes were faulty.

• No refrigeration system was available.

• Leakage was caused due to cracks in the MIC storage tank.

• Water canons to neutralise MIC were not sufficient.

• Negligence on part of the management was found.

• The plant ought to have been closed well in advance to avert

disaster.

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Land slide Himalayan region

Forests could have stopped land slide

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Structural Mitigation

Land Use Management

Mitigation