discovering psychology #12 motivation & emotion. facial feedback/ james-lange...
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Discovering Psychology
#12 Motivation & Emotion
Facial Feedback/ James-Lange
Demonstration/Experiment
Module 16
Emotion
Explaining Emotions 2 Types of Theories
• Peripheral Theories– Physiological changes in the body give rise
to your emotional feelings• James-Lange Theory• Facial Feedback Theory
• Cognitive Theories– Your interpretations/appraisals of situations
give rise to your emotional feelings• Schachter-Singer Experiment
James-Lange Theory
• Our brains interpret specific physiological changes as feelings or emotions
• A different physiological pattern underlies each emotion
4 Steps
• Physiological Changes– Site of an approaching shark triggers physiological changes
• increasing heart rate & blood pressure
• secretion of various hormones
• Interpretation of Changes– Brain analyzes pattern of physiological change & interprets
each pattern as a different emotion
• Emotional Feeling– Different physiological changes produce different emotions
• You may or may not show an observable response– Scream
3 Criticisms of James-Lange Theory
• Different emotions are not necessarily associated with different physiological response patterns– Anger, fear & sadness share similar physiological
patterns
• People whose spinal cords have been severed at the neck still experience emotions
• Some complex emotions (e.g., guilt, jealousy) may require a considerable interpretation/appraisal of the situation
Facial Feedback Theory
• Sensations/feedback from movement of facial muscles & skin are interpreted by the brain as different emotions
• 4 Steps– Stimulus triggers changes in facial muscles & skin– Brain interprets feedback from facial muscles & skin– Different facial feedback results in different emotions– You may or may not show an observable response
Criticisms of Facial Feedback Theory
• Emotions can also be felt without any facial feedback– People whose facial muscles are completely
paralyzed still experience emotions
• Mood & Intensity– Feedback from facial muscles may intensify
your emotional feeling
Psych Sim
Expressing Emotions
Universal Emotions
Interactivity
Schachter-Singer Experiment
• Physiological Arousal– Injected subjects with epinephrine that caused
physiological arousal
• Subjects were placed into 1 of 2 conditions– Happy Situation
• Confederate was laughing & throwing paper airplanes
– Angry Situation• Confederate complained about filling out a long
questionnaire
• Results:– Participants in happy situation often reported feeling
happy – Observable behaviors = smiles– Participants in angry situation often reported feeling
angry– Observable behaviors = angry facial expressions
Schachter’s Two-Factors
• The Two Factor Theory of Emotion: views emotion as having two components (factors): physiological arousal and cognition. According to the theory, cognitions are used to interpret the meaning of physiological reactions to outside events.
Which Comes First: Feeling or Thinking?
• Cognitive-Appraisal Theory– You think before you feel– Example: wining the lottery
• Affective-Primacy Theory– In some situations, you feel
an emotion before having time to interpret/appraise the situation
– Example: seeing a snake
Universal Emotional Expressions
• Refer to a number of specific inherited facial patterns or expressions that signal specific feelings– Example: A smile signals a happy state
• Cross-Cultural Evidence
• Genetic Evidence
Cross-Cultural Evidence
– Recognition of facial expressions in different cultures suggests that there are innate universal facial expressions
– Examples: happiness, fear, surprise
Genetic Evidence
• Infants in all cultures develop facial expressions at about the same age
• At 4-6 weeks, babies smile
• At 3-4 months, babies show angry & sad facial expressions
• At 5-7 months, babies show fear
Functions of Emotions
• Send social signals– Facial expressions communicate your
personal feelings
• Help you adapt & survive– Psychoevolutionary theory of emotions
• We inherit the neural structure & physiology to express & experience emotions
• Emotional patterns evolved to help us adapt to our environment & promote survival
• Arouse & motivate behaviors– Yerkes-Dodson law
• Task performance is an interaction between physiological arousal and task difficulty
– For most tasks, moderate arousal helps performance
Can Money Buy Happiness?
• Adaptation Level Theory– When we experience a good fortune, we quickly become
accustomed to it – The initial impact fades & contributes less to long-term level
happiness– Therefore, money can’t buy happiness because we adapt to
the continuous satisfaction of having a lot of money
Influences on Long-Term Happiness
• Genetic Factors– About half your level of happiness comes from
genetic influences• Identical twins reared together or apart showed sig. higher
happiness correlations (.44 to .52) than fraternal twins reared together or apart (-.02 to .08)
• Personal/Environmental factors– Long-term level of happiness is associated with:
• enjoying simple daily pleasures• setting & achieving personal goals (purpose in life, network
of friends)
Psych Sim
Helplessly Hoping & Optimism
Showing Emotions: Why Don’t Men Cry?
• Display Rules– Specific cultural norms that regulate how,
when & where we should express emotion and how much emotion is appropriate
– Example:• Japanese & Chinese have more difficulty
identifying facial expressions of fear and anger compared to North Americans
What is Emotional Intelligence?
• Ability to perceive and express emotion, understand and reason with emotion and regulate emotions in one’s self and others
• Researchers are in the early stages of trying to define & measure emotional intelligence
Lie Detection
• Polygraph tests are based on the theory that if a person tells a lie he/she will feel some emotion that can be measured
• Polygraph– Lie detector that measures:
• chest & abdominal muscle movement during respiration
• heart rate• blood pressure• galvanic skin response (GSR)
• GSR – Changes in sweating of the
fingers or palms that accompany emotional experiences
Lie Detection
Control Question Technique
• Lie detection technique in which the examiner asks 2 kinds of questions:– Neutral Questions
• general questions that elicit little emotional response
• “Is your name Floyd?”
– Critical Questions• specific questions about some particular crime that only the
criminal would know
• “Did you rob the liquor store on 5th and Vine?”
• Examiner compares differences in physiological responses between neutral & critical questions
How Accurate are Lie Detector Tests?
• Researchers have been unable to identify a physiological response pattern that is specific to lying
• It is estimated that lie detector tests are wrong 25-75% of the time
• Most state & federal courts prohibit the use of polygraph evidence
• Federal law prohibits most employers from using polygraph tests to screen employees
Emotional Intelligence Test
Intrapersonal Activity
Positive Psychology
APA Unit Plan
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