discovering real social groups in contemporary russia
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Discovering Real Social Groups in Contemporary Russia
Gordey YastrebovResearch Associate
State University – Higher School of EconomicsRussia, Moscow
Socio-Occupational Classification
System restrictions Certain types of economic activity are
historically less stable, than the social classes they are associated with
Russian specifics: occupations are associated with certain character of labor and not particular status characteristics
Socio-Occupational Classification
Classification criteria 1) balance of executive and
organizational functions 2) level of creativity and diversification of
functions 3) degree of labor self-organization 4) labor complexity (education required) 5) economic value of labor (income)
Social Stratification in Post-Soviet RussiaSocial strata 1994 2002 2006
Entrepreneurs 2.6 4.4 4.0
Officials and upper middle managers 1.3 0.7 0.9
Middle managers 1.3 1.6 1.6
Supervisors 7.5 7.2 7.6
Highly skilled professionals 8.2 3.5 4.2
Professionals with higher education 18.6 14.3 12.5
Professionals with specialized secondary education 19.1 14.1 11.7
White-collar workers (in trade and service sectors) 3.5 10.9 9.8
Skilled and highly skilled workers 25.2 26.8 32.4
Semi and unskilled workers 12.7 16.7 14.1
Self-employed workers - - 1.2
Total 100 100 100
Post-Soviet Russia Compared to Other European CountriesCountries Social strata
I II III IV V VI VII
Russia 6.3 21.2 20.9 2.0 5.0 29.5 14.9
Czech Republic 7.9 19.6 21.2 10.1 4.7 17.4 19.2
Hungary 11.9 16.8 16.8 14.0 3.1 15.6 21.9
Poland 10.6 17.6 14.9 22.0 3.5 14.3 17.2
Slovenia 15.6 19.5 22.1 7.8 6.5 15.6 13.0
Germany 10.8 22.1 29.6 7.4 4.3 13.3 12.4
Spain 8.2 19.4 16.7 13.4 2.7 13.6 26.2
Classes according to EGP scheme: I – higher-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, managers in large industrial establishments, large proprietors, II – lower-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, higher grade technicians, managers in small industrial establishments; supervisors of non-manual employees, III – routine non-manual workers, clerical workers, sales personnel, and other rank and file employees in services, IV – small proprietors, including farmers and smallholders, self employed artisans and all other ‘own account’ workers apart from professionals, V – supervisors of manual workers and lower grade technicians (to some extent manual work), VI – skilled manual workers in all branches of industry, VII – semi and unskilled manual workers in industry and agricultural workers.
Individual Private Property Distribution in Post-Soviet Russia
Social strata Share of enterprise owners Share of securities owners
1994 2002 2006 1994 2002 2006
Enterpreneurs 42.6 57.0 82.6 20.5 4.7 21.8
Officials and upper middle managers
12.0 28.6 38.1 31.4 14.3 45.0
Middle managers 9.0 12.5 8.3 41.5 12.5 11.1
Highly skilled professionals
5.6 3.0 6.2 27.8 9.0 11.3
Professionals with higher education
6.9 3.3 2.1 18.9 8.7 8.5
White-collar workers (in trade and service sectors)
3.6 2.9 1.8 23.2 3.3 3.2
Skilled and highly skilled workers
3.9 0.6 1.6 20.0 8.0 5.0
Semi and unskilled workers
10.1 0.7 1.4 27.2 4.7 2.8
List of Properties Included in Entropy Analysis
Groups of properties Content of properties
Economic resourceownership of a firm/enterprise
ownership of shares/bonds nature of primary income
realty in propertytype of realty
Human resourceoccupationeducation
foreign language skillscomputer skills
compliance with qualificationhealth
Authority level of authority
Values and motivationattempt to start up a business
plans for further educationdesire for harder and more responsible work
additional work
List of Properties Included in Entropy Analysis
Groups of properties Content of properties
Social resourcesocial capital indicatormother’s occupationfather’s occupation
partner’s occupationfriend’s occupationparents’ well-being
Cultural resource leisure variety indicatorsize of library
Acquired resourcesincome per family member
housing space per family membergeneral family well-being
marketed services (parents)marketed services (children)
Social environmentsector of employment
form of ownership (where employed)territorial environment (settlement type)
gender
First 10 Combinations with Maximum Entropy
№ HN Combinations
1 0.730 ownership of a firm/enterprise, ownership of a shares/bonds, nature of primary income
2 0.729 attempt to start up a business, ownership of a firm/enterprise, ownership of a shares/bonds
3 0.706 ownership of a firm/enterprise, ownership of a shares/bonds, level of authority
4 0.705 attempt to start up a business, ownership of a firm/enterprise, nature of primary income
5 0.683 ownership of a firm/enterprise, nature of primary income, level of authority
6 0.678 attempt to start up a business, ownership of a firm/enterprise, level of authority
7 0.672 foreign language skills, ownership of a firm/enterprise, ownership of a shares/bonds
8 0.667 attempt to start up a business, ownership of a shares/bonds, nature of primary income
9 0.664 additional work, ownership of a firm/enterprise, ownership of a shares/bonds
10 0.660 ownership of a shares/bonds, nature of primary income, level of authority
Clusters in ‘Power-Property’ Set of Coordinates
Properties Cluster Centers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Owners of a firm/enterprise
No No Yes No No No No No Yes No
Owners of shares/bonds
No No No No No Yes No No Yes No
Level of authority 0.00 7.05 5.52 2.84 4.43 0.00 2.06 5.67 6.78 3.59
Number of observations
1844
28 66 60 145 87 36 85 24 88
% from total 74.0 1.1 2.6 2.4 5.8 3.5 1.4 3.4 0.1 3.5
Concluding Remarks Two alternative methods for constructing of
real social groups used Entropy method: in contemporary Russia
economic capital and authority (power) rather than occupations determine inequality and social structure
Particular type of social stratification: estate hierarchy determined through authority with some elements of class differentiation
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