disease & parasite control in small ruminants: applied solutions
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D i s e a s e a n d P a r a s i t e Control in Small Ruminants:
SUSAN SCHOENIAN (Shāy nē ŭn)
Applied Solutions for Producers
Sheep & Goat Specialist, University of Maryland Extensionsschoen@umd.edu - www.sheepandgoat.com - www.wormx.info
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Presentation Outline
Biosecurity
Disease management,
including parasite control
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Biosecurity on the farm
• Prevent introduction
of new diseases.
• Management of
existing diseases.
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Ten steps for maintaining biosecurity.
1) Keep a closed flock or herd.
2) Quarantine new and returning animals for at least 30 days.
3) Restrict traffic in and out of facility and require visitors to wear
protective footwear.
4) Maintain clean, well-ventilated housing, without drafts.
5) Feed and water in clean, well-designed receptacles.
6) Provide proper nutrition, based on needs of animals.
7) Implement an appropriate vaccination program.
8) Implement an effective deworming parasite control program.
9) Establish a working relationship with a veterinarian.
10) Create an online biosecurity plan at
http:/www.sheepandgoat.com/biosecurity.
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Maintain a closed herd or flock.
• Most diseases are introduced to
a farm when new animals are
added or when non-infected
animals are co-mingled with
infected animals.
• New animals may also introduce
resistant worms to the farm.
• You also need to be aware of
cross-transmission between
sheep, goats, cattle, and wildlife.
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Bringing new animals to the farm
• Be sure to purchase animals
from reputable breeders - not
from unknown sources (with
no history), such as a sale
barn.
• You can request health
papers, which are required for
out-of-state purchases.
• Make sure animals have
official scrapie ID.
•
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Buy healthy, sound animals
• Healthy-appearingskin, hooves, eyes, nose, tail
• SoundEspecially mature animals
teeth, teats, testicles, udder
• Obtain health historyvaccinations, deworming, testing
• Only disease-free herdsFootrot, soremouth, pinkeye
• Certified disease-freeOPP, CAE, CL, JD
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Quarantine all new additions.
• Quarantine new animals,
including those returning
from a show or exhibition,
for at least 30 days.
• Quarantine drench
Drench with 2-3 dewormers
(e.g. Cydectin + Prohibit) to
prevent introduction of
resistant worms.
• Trim hooves and treat as if they
have footrot/scald.
• Observe for signs of disease.
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Implement an appropriate vaccination
program for your herd and/or flock.
Clostridial diseases• 3-way (CDT)
enterotoxemias and tetanus
Clostridium perfringins type C
Clostridium perfringins type D
Clostridium tetani
OR
• 4, 7, or 8 way e.g. Covexin-8®enterotoxemias and tetanus
blackleg, others
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Clostridial vaccinations:
does and ewes
• Vaccinate females with CDT
toxoid during late gestation
– At least 2 weeks before
kidding/lambing
• Give two injections 3-4
weeks apart, if female not
previously vaccinated or
vaccination status unknown.
• Don’t forget to vaccinate
mature males.
• CDT vaccine may be less
effective in goats (?).
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Clostridial vaccinations:
kids and lambs
• If dam was vaccinated, kids/lambs will acquire
passive, temporary immunity through
adequate intake of dams’ colostrum.
• Vaccinate kids/lambs at 6-8 weeks of age,
followed by a booster 3-4 weeks later.
• If dam was not vaccinated, vaccinate
lambs/kids at 3-4 weeks of age, followed by a
booster 3-4 weeks later
Earlier vaccinations may not be effective.
• Use anti-toxins, as necessary to provide
immediate, short-term immunity during
disease outbreaks or periods of risk.
• Make sure feeder kids and lambs have been
vaccinated twice.
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Give other vaccinations based on
need and/or risk.
• Sore mouth (orf)
• Caseous lymphadenitis (CL)
• Footrot
• Rabies
• Abortion
• Pneumonia
• E. coli
• Bo-Se® (Rx) is not a vaccine.
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Should you give Selenium (Se)
and vitamin E injections?
• According to soil map, Alabama soils are
mostly adequate in selenium (Se).
• Some producers give pregnant females
and/or newborns an injection of Bo-Se®.
– Bo-Se® is used to prevent or treat white muscle
disease. It is a prescription (Rx) drug that should
be only used according to the label and/or
veterinary instructions.
• It is much safer to provide selenium
through the salt, mineral, or feed, due to
the toxicity risk of selenium.
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Provide proper nutrition.Livestock on a higher plan of nutrition are more tolerant of diseases.
• Feed based on NRC requirements for
species, breed, size (weight), age, and
stage and level of production.
• Feed balanced rations: energy, protein,
minerals (esp. Ca & P), and vitamins.
• Test forages to determine nutritive quality.
• Provide supplemental feed to grazing and
forage-fed animals, as necessary.
• Use body condition scoring to evaluate
feeding and grazing program; make
adjustments as needed.
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Utilize a veterinarian.Advice and treatment from a good veterinarian can be invaluable.
• Find a veterinarian that is
knowledgeable and interested
in small ruminants.
• Cultivate a relationship with a
veterinarian as a trained
professional to help in whole herd
health management, not just as a
source of free information or
emergency service.
• Remember: only a licensed
veterinarian has the legal right to
use or prescribe a drug extra-label.
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Create a biosecurity plan.http://www.sheepandgoat.com/biosecuirty
• University of Maine and University
of Maryland Extension programs
collaborated to create an online
biosecurity template.
• The biosecurity template is part of
the University of Maine’s SARE-
funded Sheep Foot Health Research
& Education Project.
• You can save your biosecurity plan
to any media and print a copy for
your records.
• You should update your farm’s
biosecurity plan annually.
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Disease
management
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Goat and sheep diseases
Endemic diseases
• CAE and OPP
• Caseous lymphadenitis (CL)
• Clostridial diseases(overeating disease, tetanus)
• Gastro-intestinal parasites
(roundworms, tapeworms, coccidia)
• Foot scald
• Johne’s disease
• Listeriosis
• Mastitis
Metabolic/nutritional disorders
• Polioencephalomalacia
• Respiratory disease
Introduced diseases
• Abortive diseases
• Caseous lymphadenitis (CL)
• Foot rot
• Johne’s disease
• OPP and CAE
• Pink eye
• Resistant worms
• Scrapie
• Soremouth
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Controlling vs. eradicating diseases?
• Can the disease be
eradicated?1. Endemic - mostly no
2. Introduced - mostly yes
• How much is the
disease costing you?– Loss of production
– Treatment costs
– Death losses
– Premature culling
– Lost markets
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Common diseases of sheep and goats
• Caseous
lymphadenitis (CL)
• Clostridial diseases
• Footrot and scald
• Respiratory disease
• Scours (diarrhea)
• Internal parasites
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• Do not purchase animals with
abscesses or abscess scars.
• Avoid giving injections in
shoulder area.
• Treat, test, and isolate infected
animals.
• Maintain “clean” and “infected”
groups of animals.
• Raise offspring from infected
dams on pasteurized colostrum
and milk away from infected
animals.
• Vaccination (?)
• Cull infected animals
• Blood test herd; cull
seropositive animals
• Blood test to screen new
animals; only add
seronegative animals to herd.
• Purchase animals from CL-
free herds or flocks.
Caseous lymphadenitis (CL)
Control Eradicate
Not all abscesses are CL
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• Hoof inspection
• Hoof trimming
• Foot soaking with zinc sulfate
• Dry chemicals(Zinc sulfate, lime, drying agents)
• Soak pads
Control Eradicate
Foot scaldFusobacterium necrophorum
Foot rotBacteroides nodosus
• Topical treatments
(Zinc sulfate, Kopertox)
• Antibiotic injections (Zactran®, LA-200®, penicillin)
• Vaccination (?)
• Isolation and culling
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Respiratory disease complex
• Bacteria, viral, or parasitic in
cause.
• Can be acute, chronic or
progressive.
• Contributing factors: weather,
stress, nutrition, environment
(climate, dust), management
• Symptoms may include fever
(>104° F), nasal discharge,
labored breathing, coughing,
depression, off-feed.
• Treatment
Antibiotic therapy
Anti-inflammatories
Deworming lung worm, nasal bots
• Prevention
Sanitation
Nutrition
Management
Eradication
Vaccination
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Scours (diarrhea)
• Less a disease than a symptom
of other problem(s)
• Can be many causes – Bacterial
– Diet
– Management
– Parasitic
– Stress
– Viral
• Can be infectious or non-infectious
• Diarrhea is one of the major
causes of death in neonates.
• Can be zoonotic
• Treatment varies
by cause.
• Many cases of
diarrhea are self-
limiting.
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Internal parasites are the primary health
problem affecting small ruminants,
especially in the humid South.
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• Host immunity
• Pasture rest and rotation
• Reduced stocking rates
• Clean pastures
• Alternative forages
• Mixed/multi-species grazing
• Management
• Nutrition
• Zero grazing
• Genetic selection
• Natural remedies
• Targeted selective
treatment (TST)
• Proper use of
anthelmintics
• Test for anthelmintic
resistance
Control of gastro-intestinal parasites
Management Drugs
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Host immunityGoats tend to be more susceptible to parasites than sheep, especially hair sheep.
Periparturient females
• Ewes and does suffer a temporary loss
of immunity around the time of
parturition.
• The length and intensity of the
periparturient egg rise varies by species,
breed, individual, and season of kidding.
• Management of periparturient egg rise
– Deworm females during late gestation
– Increase protein content of late gestation ration.
– Alter dates of kidding and lambing
– Keep herd in dry lot during PPP.
Weanlings
• Have no natural
immunity to parasites.
• Will develop immunity to
parasites over time; by
4-9 months of age, but
varies by species,
breed, and individual.
• Development of
immunity requires
continued exposure to
parasites.
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Pasture rest and rotation
• Pasture rest and rotation is the key
to managing internal parasitism.
• Rotational grazing may or may not
reduce parasitism; it depends how
it is practiced.
• According to a study in Oklahoma,
it takes ~60 days of rest for a
highly-contaminated pasture to
become lowly-contaminated.
• Rule of thumb: do not graze below
4 inches: 80% of worm larvae is in
first few inches of vegetation.
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Mixed or multi-species grazing
• Parasites tend to be species-
specific.
• Small ruminants generally do not
share the same parasites as
cattle, horses, swine, or poultry.
• Livestock species also vary in
their grazing behavior and
preferences.
• Can employ different grazing
strategies to help manage
parasites and better utilize
forage.
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Alternative forages
• Mixed swards
• Annual pastures
• Tanniferous forages
– Sericea lespedeza
– Chicory
– Birdsfoot Trefoil
• Browse
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Zero
grazing
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
31-M
ay
14-J
un
28-J
un
12-J
ul
26-J
ul
9-A
ug
23-A
ug
6-S
ep
2013 Maryland Buck TestAvg. fecal egg counts (EPG)
Pen Pasture
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Genetic selectionParasite resistance varies by species, breed, and individual.
Resistance
• The animal’s ability to prevent or
reduce establishment of
infection.
• Quantified by fecal egg counts
(FEC), which are an estimate of
the adult worm load.
• 80: 20 rule (or 70:30) Approximately 20 percent of the
flock or herd sheds 80 percent of the
worm eggs onto pasture.
Resilience
• The animal’s ability to tolerate a
worm load and maintain health
and productivity.
• Quantified by FAMACHA©
scores and the Five Point
Check©.
• FAMACHA© scores estimate
packed cell volume (PCV), which
is a measure of anemia, the
primary symptom of barber pole
worm infection.
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Using genetics to control parasitismParasite resistance is a moderately heritable trait.
Breeding
• Raise or introduce a more
resistant breed.
• Raise crossbred animals.
Selection
• Cull animals that require frequent
deworming and/or have consistently
high or higher fecal egg counts.
• Select animals with lower fecal egg
counts and lower FAMACHA©
scores.
• Breed with males that have
documented resistance to internal
parasites.
On-farm performance data
Central performance test data
Estimated breeding values (EBVs)
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Targeted Selective Treatment (TST)
FAMACHA© Five Point Check©
Only treat animals which require deworming or would benefit from treatment.
Increases “refugia:” worms that are susceptible to drug treatment.
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FAMACHA©
System
Clinical
Category
Eye Lid
Color
Packed Cell
Volume/PCV
Treatment
recommendation
1 Red > 28 No
2 Red-Pink 23-27 No
3 Pink 18-22 ?
4 Pink-White 13-17 Yes
5 White < 12 Yes
• A system to assess anemia in small
ruminants and to determine the need
for deworming individual animals.
• Developed in South Africa (for sheep)
in response to growing anthelmintic
resistance.
• Validated for goats.
• Validated for sheep and goats in US.
• Must take training to receive card.
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Five Point
Check©• Extension of the FAMACHA©
system: includes evaluation
criteria for all parasites that
commonly affect small ruminants:
blood-feeding parasites, scour
worms, nasal bots, etc.
• Also useful for deciding whether
to deworm FAMACHA© 3’s.
1. EyeAnemia
2. JawBottle jaw
3. BackBody condition score
4. TailFecal soiling, dag score
5. Nose (nasal bots)
or coat condition
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Proper dewormer use
• Use drench (liquid) formulations.
• Administer all dewormers orally
using a syringe with a long metal
nozzle; deposit drug over tongue.
• Dose based on actual weight.
• If possible, keep animals in dry lot
for 48 hours after treatment.
• If whole herd is treated, do not
moves animals to a clean pasture.
• Do not deworm everybody.
• Observe proper withdrawal periods.
• Follow extra-label drug law.
Anthelmintics for sheep and goats1
Benzimidazoles
2
Macrocylic Lactones
3
Nicotinic agonists
Fenbendazole
SafeGuard®
Panacur®
(1) Avermectins
Ivermectin
Ivomec®
Primectin®
Privermectin®
Eprinomectin
Eprinex®
Doramectin
Dectomax®
(1) Imidazothiaoles
Levamisole
Prohibit®
Albendazole
Valbazen®
(2) Milbimycin
Moxidectin
Cydectin®
Quest®
(2) Tetrahydropyrimidines
Morantel
Rumatel®
Goat Dewormer
Positive Goat Pellet
Pyrantel
Strongid®
Oxybendazole
Synantic®
(1)
Benzimidazoles
(2) Macrocylic lactones (3)
NicotinicsAvermectins Milbimycins
Adult worms
Immature worms
Hypobiotic larvae ?
Lung worms +
Tape worms
Adult liver flukes
Coccidia
External parasites
Persistent activity
Safety Restricted use during early pregnancy
++++ ++++ ++
Resistance ++++ +++ ++ +
FDA-approved Valbazen® Ivomec® Cydectin® Levamisole®
Labeled dosage 3 ml/100 lbs. 3 ml/26 lbs. 1 ml/11 lbs. 2 ml/50 lbs.
Meat withdrawal 7 days 11 days 7 days 3 days
FDA-approved anthelmintics for sheep
(1) Benzimidazoles (3) Nicotinics
SafeGuard® Valbazen® Rumatel®
Adult worms
Immature worms (L4)
Hypobiotic larvae
Lung worms
Tape worms not labeled
Adult liver flukes
Coccidia
External parasites
Safety ++++ Restricted use during
early pregnancy+++
Resistance ++++ NA ?
FDA-approved Safeguard® Valbazen® Rumatel®
Labeled dosage per 100 lbs. 2.3 ml 4 ml 0.44 g
Meat withdrawal 6 days 7 days 30 days
Milk withdrawal NA NA 0 days
FDA-approved anthelmintics for goats
(1) Benzimidazoles (2) Macrocylic lactones (3) Nicotinics
SafeGuard® Valbazen® Ivomec® Cydectin® Prohibit®
Adult worms
Immature worms
Hypobiotic larvae ?
Lung worms +
Tape worms
Adult liver flukes
Coccidia
External parasites
Persistent activity ?
Safety++++
Restricted use
during early
pregnancy
++++ ++++ ++
Resistance ++++ ++++ +++ ++ +
Extra-label Safeguard® Valbazen® Ivomec® Cydectin® Prohibit®
Dosage per 25 lbs. 1.1 ml 2 ml 6 ml 4.5 ml 2.7 ml
Meat withdrawal 16 days 9 days 14 days 17 days 4 days
Milk withdrawal 4 days 7 days 9 days 8 days 3 days
Extra-label anthelmintics for goats
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Using dewormer combinations
What do we mean?
• Deworming with drugs from 2 or
more anthelmintic classes.
• Combination dewormers are
available in other countries and
for other species (in US), e.g.
Ivomec Plus.
Why do it?
• Achieve more broad spectrum
treatment.
• Increase efficacy of treatment:
synergistic effect of dewormers.
• As a quarantine treatment to
prevent introduction of resistant
worms to farm.
• As a clearing treatment to reduce
fecal egg counts to (near) zero in
order to identify genetic differences
in parasite resistance.
Is a short-term strategy, as you
will be selecting for multiple
drug resistance.
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New anthelminticZolvix® (monepantel)
• New chemistry
– Amino-acetonitrile derivative (AADs)
– “Orange” drench class
– First new class of drench since 1980’s
• Will kill worms resistant to other drugs.
• When will it be available in US (?)
• Will be for sheep; extra label use for goats.
• Resistance already developing in other
countries.
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Testing for dewormer resistanceWorms have developed varying degrees of resistance to all dewormers and families.
Fecal egg count reduction
test (FECRT)
• Compare before and after fecal
egg counts.
• 7-14 days between samples.
• Calculate % fecal egg count
reduction.
• Must test each drug separately
with multiple animals.
• Requires a lot of animals for
consistent results.
• Cost varies (?)
DrenchRite®
• Labor-intensive lab test that
uses a pooled fecal sample to
test for resistant to all drugs
simultaneously.
• Three results: susceptible,
resistant, or suspected
resistance.
• Dr. Ray Kaplan’s lab at
University of Georgia is only
place that does test.
• Costs $450 per sample
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Coccidiosis (Eimeria spp.)
Prevention
• Good husbandry
• Good nutrition
• Good sanitation
• Coccidiostat(s) in feed, mineral,
or water1. Lasalosid (Bovatec®)
2. Monensin (Rumensin®)
3. Decoquinate (Deccox®)
4. Amprolium (Corid®) - Rx
• Sericea lespedeza pellets for
natural control.
Treatment (Rx)
• Amprolium (Corid®)
• Sulfa drugs (e.g. Di-Methox®)
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Thank you for your attention.
Questions? Comments?
SUSAN SCHOENIAN
sschoen@umd.edu
www.sheepandgoat.com
www.wormx.info
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