dispatch answer the following (74-77) fill in reflection sheet + review area conference with morris...
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DispatchAnswer the following (74-77)
Fill in reflection sheet + review areaConference with Morris cont
Maintaining homeostasis
high
low
hormone 1
lowersbody condition
hormone 2
gland
specific body condition
raisesbody condition
gland
Negative FeedbackModel
Hormone: Animation (ADH)
• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__hormonal_communication.html
• Positive or negative feedback?
Thyroid gland
hypothalamus
anteriorpituitary
gonadotropic hormones:
follicle-stimulatinghormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)
Mammaryglandsin mammals
Musclesof uterus
Kidneytubules
posteriorpituitary
thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)
antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
Adrenalcortex
Boneand muscle
Testes Ovaries
Melanocytein amphibian
adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
melanocyte-stimulating hormone(M
SH)
oxytocin
prolactin (PRL
)
grow
th h
orm
one
(GH
)
tropic hormones = target endocrine glands
Regulatory systems• Hormone~ chemical signal secreted into
body fluids (blood) communicating regulatory messages
• Target cells~ body cells that respond to hormones
• Endocrine system/glands~ hormone secreting system/glands (ductless); exocrine glands secrete chemicals (sweat, mucus, enzymes) through ducts
• Neurosecretory cells~ actual cells that secrete hormones
• Feedback mechanisms ~ negative and positive
Regulation & Communication• Animals rely on 2 systems for regulation– endocrine system • system of ductless glands
– secrete chemical signals directly into blood– chemical travels to target tissue– target cells have receptor proteins– slow, long-lasting response
– nervous system• system of neurons
– transmits “electrical” signal & release neurotransmitters to target tissue
– fast, short-lasting response
Regulation by chemical messengers
axon
endocrine gland
receptor proteins
target cell
• Neurotransmitters released by neurons• Hormones release by endocrine glands
receptor proteins
hormone carried by blood
neurotransmitter
Lock & Keysystem
Classes of Hormones• Protein-based hormones– polypeptides• small proteins: insulin, ADH
– glycoproteins• large proteins + carbohydrate: FSH, LH
– amines• modified amino acids: epinephrine, melatonin
• Lipid-based hormones– steroids• modified cholesterol: sex hormones, aldosterone
insulin
Mode of Action: Chemical Signaling• 1- Plasma membrane reception •
signal-transduction pathways (neurotransmitters, growth factors, most hormones)
• 2- Cell nucleus reception • steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, some local regulators
Protein Hormone vs Steroid Hormone
Give 3 differences between the 2 types of hormones (book pg 898)
Sit by genderXx<--XyToday FRQ exit quiz + Benchmark Boogie at 2:05 pmThursday—Plant Review all day
nucleus
target cell
DNAmRNA
protein
blood
proteincarrier
S
S
S
S
Action of lipid (steroid) hormones
binds to receptor protein
cytoplasm
becomes transcription factor
ex: secreted protein = growth factor (hair, bone, muscle, gametes)
2
4
6
cross cell membrane
1
steroid hormone
mRNA read by ribosome5
plasma membrane
protein secreted7
3
Action of protein hormones
activatesenzyme
activatesenzyme
activates enzyme
ATP
produces an action
P1
2
3
cytoplasm
receptor protein
response
signal
secondarymessengersystem
signal-transduction pathway
acts as 2° messenger
target cell
plasma membrane
binds to receptor protein
proteinhormone
ATPactivatescytoplasmicsignal
cAMP
GTP
activatesG-protein
transduction
Benefits of a 2° messenger system
Amplification!
signal
receptor proteinActivated adenylyl cyclase
amplification
amplification
amplification
amplification
GTP G protein
product
enzyme
protein kinase
cAMP
Not yetactivated
1
2
4
35
6
7
FAST response!
amplification
Cascade multiplier!
Vertebrate Endocrine System• Tropic hormones ~ a
hormone that has another endocrine gland as a target
• Hypothalamus~pituitary• Pituitary gland• Pineal gland• Thyroid gland• Parathyroid glands• Thymus• Adrenal glands• Pancreas• Gonads (ovary, testis)
Nervous & Endocrine systems linked• Hypothalamus = “master nerve control center”– nervous system– receives information from nerves around body about
internal conditions – releasing hormones: regulates release of hormones from
pituitary
• Pituitary gland = “master gland”– endocrine system– secretes broad range
of “tropic” hormones regulating other glands in body
hypothalamus
pituitary
posterior
anterior
The hypothalamus & pituitary, I• Releasing and inhibiting hormones• Anterior pituitary:• Growth (GH)~bones
√gigantism/dwarfism √acromegaly
• Prolactin (PRL)~mammary glands; milk production
• Follicle-stimulating (FSH) &• Luteinizing (LH)~ovaries/testes• Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)~ thyroid • Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)~
adrenal cortex • Melanocyte-stimulating (MSH) • Endorphins~natural ‘opiates’; brain
pain receptors
The pituitary, II
• The posterior pituitary:• Oxytocin~
uterine and mammary gland cell contraction
• Antidiuretic (ADH)~ retention of water by
kidneys
The pineal, thyroid, & parathyroid• Melatonin~ pineal gland;
biological rhythms
• Thyroid hormones: Calcitonin~ lowers blood calcium Thyroxine~ metabolic processes
• Parathyroid (PTH)~ raises blood calcium
Regulation of Blood Calcium
blood calcium level(10 mg/100mL)
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Ca++ uptakein intestines
high
low
FeedbackEndocrine System Control
kidney reabsorption of Ca++
bones release Ca++
kidney reabsorption of Ca++
Ca++ depositedin bones
activated Vitamin D
thyroid
parathyroid
Regulating metabolism • Hypothalamus
– TRH = TSH-releasing hormone
• Anterior Pituitary– TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone
• Thyroid– produces thyroxine hormones– metabolism & development
• bone growth• mental development• metabolic use of energy• blood pressure & heart rate• muscle tone• digestion• reproduction
tyrosine+iodine
thyroxines
The pancreas
• Islets of Langerhans• Alpha cells: •glucagon~
raises blood glucose levels
• Beta cells: •insulin~ lowers blood glucose levels
• Type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent; autoimmune disorder)
• Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent; reduced responsiveness in insulin targets)
liver
pancreas
liver
Regulation of Blood Sugar
blood sugar level(90mg/100ml)
insulin
body cells takeup sugar from blood
liver storesglycogen
reducesappetite
glucagon
pancreas
liver releasesglucose
triggershunger
high
low
FeedbackEndocrine System Control
islets of Langerhans beta islet cells
islets of Langerhansalpha islet cells
The adrenal glands• Adrenal medulla (catecholamines): •epinephrine & norepinephrine~
increase basal metabolic rate (blood glucose and pressure)
• Adrenal cortex (corticosteroids): •glucocorticoids (cortisol)~ raise
blood glucose •mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)~ reabsorption of Na+ and K+
The gonads• Steroid hormones:
precursor is cholesterol
• androgens (testosterone)~ sperm formation; male secondary
sex characteristics; gonadotropin • estrogens
(estradiol)~uterine lining growth; female secondary sex characteristics; gonadotropin
• progestins (progesterone)~uterine lining growth
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