displays. 2 functions of dynamic visual displays continuous system control steering (vehicle...

Displays

2

Functions of Dynamic Visual Displays

• Continuous System Control• steering (vehicle control)• tracking

• state variable target value

• System Status Monitoring• quantitative (state information)

• levels (quantities)• rates

• qualitative (status)

3

Functions of Dynamic Visual Displays (2)

• Briefing• mission plans• procedures

• Search and Identification• surveillance

• Decision Making• alternative identification, selection• planning• diagnosis• extrapolation

4

Visual Display Technology

• Mechanical (often electromechanical)• fixed/moving pointer, moving/fixed scale• counters (e.g., odometers)• flags

• Electronic• lights (incandescent, nixie tubes)• light emitting diodes (LEDs)• liquid crystal displays (LCDs)• other flatpanel displays• cathode ray tubes (CRTs)

5

Visual Display Technology (2)

• Optical Projection• projectors

• front projection• back projection

• head-up displays (HUDs)• head mounted displays (HMDs)

Visual Displays

0

20

10

30

4050

60

70

80

90

1 2 3 4 5

OIL

FUEL

Circular Analog Linear Analog

Annunciators

Counter

0

10

20

30

40

50

7

General Display Principles

• Color

• Coding

• Approximation

• Integration

8

Color

• Advantages• aesthetic appeal (user-preferred)• opportunity for color coding• superior performance (in some cases)

• Disadvantages• technological limitation, cost• non-superior performance (in other

cases)

9

Coding

• Color• < 9 discriminable colors (absolute

discrimination)• < ? (relative discrimination)

• Shape• alphanumeric: < 82

(A-Z, a-z, 0-9, <, (, +, &, …)• geometric: < 15• pictorial: < ?

10

Coding (cont’)

Magnitude < 7 (± 2)• area

• line length

• number of primitives

• luminance

• stereoscopic depth

• inclination

11

Approximation

• Definition• Get attention with one display• Present detailed info with another

• Example• Red oil pressure annunciator near LOS• Oil pressure gauge elsewhere

12

13 Principles of Display Design (Wickens, Gordon, & Liu)

• Perceptual Principles

• Mental Model Principles

• Principles Based on Attention

• Memory Principles

13

Perceptual Principles

1. Avoid absolute judgments• absolute vs. relative judgment

2. Top-down processing• people observe what they expect to

observe

3. Redundancy gain• alternative stimulus attributes

4. Discriminability• similarity causes confusion

14

Mental Model Principles

5. Pictorial realism• looks like what it represents

6. Principle of the moving part• compatible with user’s mental model of

motion

7. Ecological interface design• close correspondence with environment

being displayed

15

Principles Based on Attention

8. Minimizing information access costs• important or frequently accessed info is easy

to access

9. Proximity compatibility principle• close to what it represents• close to its control

10. Principle of multiple resources• auditory vs. visual• spatial vs. verbal• (perceptual/cognitive vs. response)

16

Memory Principles

11. Principle of predictive aiding• predictive display proactive user

12. Principle of knowledge in the world• don’t overburden human memory

13. Principle of consistency• be consistent

Applications

18

Two-Valued Info(Warning and Alert Information)

• Examples• Low oil pressure indicator (automobile)• Door open indicator (aircraft)

• Types• Lights• Flags

• Technologies• Electronic• Mechanical

19

Two-Valued Information (2)

Principles• Should attract attention of busy / bored

operator.• Should tell what is wrong.• Should not prevent continued attention

to other duties.• Should not be likely to fail.• Should not give false alarms.

20

Quantitative Information(Exact Reading)

• Examples• Oil pressure (psi)• Speed (mph)• Temperature (deg)

• Types• Counter• Digital display

• Technologies• Electronic (LED, LCD, CRT, …)• Mechanical (drum, disk, …)

21

Quantitative Information 1 (cont’)

Principles

• Mount close to panel front to minimize

shadows, etc.

• < 2 changes/second

• 1 : 1 height-to-width ratio

• 1/4 - 1/2 width spacing

• high contrast

22

Quantitative Information(Approximate to Exact Reading plus

Rate Info)• Examples

• Altitude (aircraft)• Speed (auto, aircraft)• Temperature (chemical reactor)

• Types• Fixed scale moving pointer• Fixed pointer moving scale

• Technologies• mechanical, electromechanical• electronic (CRT, LCD, …)

23

Fixed Scale Moving Pointer (1)

0

20

10

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

24

Fixed Scale Moving Pointer (2)

0

20

10

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

25

Fixed Pointer Moving Scale (1)

0

20

1030

40

5060

7080

90

26

Fixed Pointer Moving Scale (2)

0

2010

3040

50

6070

8090

27

Quantitative Information (2)

Principles

• Scale range

• Interval values

• Scale dimensions

• Scale layout

• Pointers

• Motion

28

Scale Range

• Select least precise scale that meets operator’s needs.

• Display in immediately usable form, e.g.+ 0% - 110% maximum RPM

rather than

- 0 - 8250 RPM

29

Scale IntervalsGood progressions

0.10.2 0.3 ... (0.1 unit numbered interval)1 2 3 ... (1 unit)5 10 15 ... (5 units)

Fair progressions0.20.4 0.6 ... (0.2 unit)2 4 6 ... (2 units)

Poor progressions0.25 0.5 0.75 ... (0.25 units)4 8 16 ... (4 units)1 3 5 ... (2 units, poor initial point)

30

Recommended minimum scale dimensions (in)for low illumination - 0.03 to 1.0 ft - L

(28-in. viewing distance).

Adapted from Human Factors in Engineering and Design (figure 5-4)

Scale Dimensions

0.22

0.035

0.025

0.07

0.030

0.160.10 MINIMUMSEPARATION

major scale marker

minor scale marker

intermediatescale marker

31

Scale Layout

• Circular

• Numbers increase clockwise

• Zero break

• Zero at bottom (positive scale)

• Zero at 9 o’clock position (positive -

negative scale)

• Numbers inside graduation marks

32

Circular Display

0

20

10

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

33

Positive/Negative Display

0

-10

-20

+10

+20

34

Linear Displays

0 10 20 30 40 50

0

10

20

30

40

50

35

Linear Displays (2)

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 10 20 30 40 50

36

Pointers

• To but not over minor scale markings

• As close to surface as possible (parallax)• Same color as dial markings• Pointer tip angle20 degrees

37

Long-Scale Displays: Multiple Pointer

5

7

6

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

38

Long-Scale Displays: Pointer/Counter

5

7

6

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

7 8 03 1

39

Motion(Fixed Pointer Moving Scale)

• Scale numbers increase in clockwise direction

• Compatible control / scale movement

• Clockwise control movement

increases value

• Avoid FPMS displays (inconsistency)

40

FPMS Anomalies (1)

0

20

10

30405060

7080

90 0 2010

3040

5060

8090

70

41

FPMS Anomalies (2)

0

80

90

70605040

3020

10 0

8090

706050

4030

2010

42

Check Reading• Examples

• RPM ok?• Temperature ok?

• Types• FSMP• FPMS

• Technologies• Mechanical• Electronic (CRT, LCD, …)

43

Check Reading (2)

0

20

10

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

44

Check Reading (3)

0

10

20

30

40

50

A B C D

0

10

20

30

40

50

0

10

20

30

40

50

0

10

20

30

40

50

45

Current Setting Info(Quantitative)

• Examples• Frequency selector (radio)• Channel selector (TV)

• Types• FSMP• FPMS (?)

• Technologies• Mechanical• Electronic

• Principles• see “quantitative info principles”

46

Current Setting Info(Qualitative)

• Examples• Function selector (stereo system)• Line selector (multi-line phone)

• Types• Two-value displays• Alphanumeric displays

• Technologies• Mechanical (e.g. flag, 2-position button)• Electronic (light, LED, …)

• Principles• detectability• discriminability

47

Complex SystemState / Status Info

• Examples• Fuel system state (aircraft)• Switch settings (railroad switch yard)

• Types• Pictorial

• Technologies• Electronic

• Principles• Pictorial realism• Compatibility with mental model

48

Pictorial Display(System Synoptic)

49

Command Info

• Examples• Heading to waypoint (aircraft)• Collision avoidance maneuver

(aircraft)

• Types• FSMP / FPMS• Alphanumeric• Pictorial

50

Command Info (2)

• Technologies• Mechanical• Electronic

• Principles• Tell operator what to do

51

“Pathway in the Sky” Display

52

Navigational Info

• Examples• Horizontal Situation Indicator (HIS) -

(aircraft)• Map display (car)

• Types• Pictorial

• Technologies• Electronic (CRT, LCD)• Optical projection (projector, HUD)

53

Navigational Info (2)

• Principles• North-up for planning• Track-up (ego-centered) for control• Safety considerations

54

Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)

55

Automobile Map Display

Other Kinds of Displays

Head-Up Display

windscreen

mirrorprojector

pilot’seye

combiner

HUD image (at optical infinity)

58

Head-Up Display

Source: http://ef2000_www.im.gte.com/efhcphd.html

59

Military Aircraft HUD

60

Head Mounted Display

Kopin Monocular Head Mounted Displayhttp://www.phoenix.net/~vrgear/kopin.htm

61

Helmet Mounted Display

62

Head Mounted Display

http://www.keo.com/Hmds.html

63

Head Up Display

F-22 Simulator Solid Statehttp://www.keo.com/F22hud.htm

Head down displayhttp://www.keo.com/hdd.htm

Head Down Display

Haptic Display. Exoskeletonhttp://www.stelarc.va.com.au/exoskeleton/

Haptic Display

66

Haptic Display

PHANToM haptic interfacehttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/nr/1998/phantom.html

67

Haptic Display

A haptic display based on the Tactile Flow concepthttp://www.piaggio.ccii.unipi.it/robotics/robresearch/haptic.html

68

Feedback Displays

Pediatric Intravenous Catheterization Simulatorhttp://www.immersion.com/pdf/ctsmmdl2.pdf

69

Feedback Displays

Event For Extended Body And Walking Machine

http://www.stelarc.va.com.au/exoskeleton/