distributed micro generation
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Distributed Micro Generation
Trinity College Dublin Mr. Wayne O’Connell
oconnew@tcd.ie086 406 9902
• Developing Energy Background
• Developing Research Goals
• Trinity College R&D
• 3 year project goals / Summary
Agenda
1880-1900 A Golden age of Electricity Provisioning
Thomas Edison Charles Parsons Nikola Tesla TCD
Population 1885 = 1.45bn
2010 World Electrical Grid Penetration
OECD/IEA 2010Off- Grid Population , 1.45bn
Biomass as a Primary Energy Source
Costs of Biomass• 500m fires lamps / every night
– Mother/child mortality– Accidents– Deforestation – CO2 emissions / Black Soot– Violence
Child cooking in kitchen hut
Cooking Technology
Homemade paraffin lamp
If you could change the price of one thing in the developing world to alleviate poverty by far you
would pick energy …Bill Gates ,
2010
Cost of No AccessGDP / Energy Consumption
Universal Modern Energy Access • Electricity
Cooking
UMEAC = 250kWhr /year - $33bn for 20 yrs
• Define Project Outcome – Physical Processes Available– Needs Assessment
• Understand Resources available – Technology– People – Money
• Additional Constraints – Pollution– Economics
• Scale
Research Goals
• What is Energy– What do we mean when we want to deliver or
provision energy?
• Important things to consider– Amount required – Cost to generate / convert – Cost to operate
• Adverse impacts?
Outcomes
Needs Assessment Vs UMEAC (BoP)• What is required to deliver base level services
• 75 W Hr/ day = 25 kWhr / year • Assumes Biomass/Solar for Cooking • Compare to UMEAC = 250kW/hr Scope for Baseline energy Delivery to get people
on the ladder at much lower cost !!!
Device # Voltage (V)
Time (hrs)
Current(A)
Energy (Whr)
LEDs 2 3.7 4 0.35 12Phone 1 3.7 2 0.5 3Fan 2 12 5 0.2 12Radio 1 6 3 02 3OLPC 1 7 3 3 18Total Inc.. 50% buffer 75
Stove Technology
Rocket Stove
Gasifier Stove
Fuel Oil Stove
Charcoal Stove
The A Solution !!
Waste Heat (75%-90%)
Heat for Electricity (3-5%)
Charcoal (Biochar) for Fertilizer Carbon Negative
Heat for Cooking (10-20%)
• Lots of experience on nano-materials which are vital for next gen thermo-electrics– CRANN – Materials Indentified / Screening
• Accomplished Engineering Tradition (ZT / $)– Centre For Energy Devices – Collaboration with Bio-Engineering to develop differentiated low cost high
temperature device • Thermal Conductivity Instrumentation Design Capability• Ongoing Collaboration with developing world
– Irish DFA (Malawi)– Clinton Global Initiative – Strong industrial relationships - INTEL
• Brand Trinity open doors overseas for collaboration– Irish Aid / European Commission / Center For Climate Justice – Open Carb
Why University/Trinity Research
Thermoelectricity Direct Heat Conversion to Electricity
Snyder, “Complex Thermoelectric Materials”
QTTR ba
TIM
ARL
TTAQLk
baeff
Thermal Resistance
Effective Thermal Conductivity
R. Kempers, P. Kolodner, A. Lyons & A.J. Robinson, 2008, “A High-Precision Apparatus for the Characterization of Thermal Interface Materials” Review of Scientific Instruments, 80, 095111(2009). doi:10.1063/1.3193715
Unique Features Precision calibrated thermistors;
temperature uncertainty of ±0.001K
Robust uncertainty analysis for all measured and calculated quantities
Simultaneous measurement of electrical resistance
Thermal Conductivity Most Accurate in Ireland (plane perpendicular)
Phase 2 (Tony Robinson) Films / Nanowires
Test Concept Development In plane Combined ZT Biggest Challenge
Personnel Resources (New Blood /Grep /IRCSET) ????
stove 024.jpg
TCD Stove Characterization
Bio-Engineering Collaboration Opp.• Early Discussion with Kevin (O’Kelly)
• Leverage institutional knowledge of functional ceramics– Joints
• Kevin has relationships with Schvets/Gunkos synthesis Post Doc from a sabbatical partner
• Device Development, 2-3 stage process – Goal is 1/10 the cost of existing devices at > 50% of output
• Absolutely disruptive !!! (Not just for this application _– Co-Generation , Industrial Energy Harvesting
• Stove – 1.0 – 3 T CO2 offset per year ($20-$60)– 80% + reduction in particulates/ IAP
• Reduction in CO and other VOC’s • Impact on Bronchial Health
– Reduction in Time Spent Collecting Wood • Reduced burden on women and children• Deforestation
– Crop Fertilization (if gassifier/biochar used)• Carbon Sequestration (500 yr lifetime)
• Electricity– Night Light = 3 Extra Hours – Mobile Phones / Laptop = Information Age– Income Generation / Socialization / Comfort
–
System Benefits
Key Differentiation of future TCD Device • Features Advantage Benefits
Ferrite TEG Material Low Cost Device Cost Reduction (Ceramic) Material Abundance Future Cost Trajectory/Scale
Material Robustness Long life implies lower op cost per installed capital $
High Temp Capability Reduces Engineering integration Cost Compared to current material
Ceramic Material Sandwich
Well understood manuf. process
Low Cost and Scalable process
Direct Sintering of Heat Sink to TEG
Reduced System cost through simplified thermal eng
3 yr GoalsYear 1 – 3 W Power Plant (Rocket)
10 Whr battery Storage2 LED / Mobile Phone / Radio System ValidationProof of Concept and Utilization in Malawi
Year 2 – 10W Power Plant (30Whr Storage) 50% x cost / efficiency improvement Gasifier / Fuel Oil Versions Biochar / Fertilizer Model Franchisee Model Solar Demonstration Patent Portfolio CDM Application
Year 3 – 20W Power Plant (250Whr Storage)Solar/Thermal Combination Electric Devices Distribution
Power 3W 10W 25WEnergy Capacity
10Wh 30Whr 75Whr
Year 1 BoM $100 $125 $ 200
Year 1 Price $150 $185 -
Year 2 BoM $50 $70 $100
Year 2 Price $70 $105 $150
Year 3 BoM $20 $35 $68
Year 3 Price $30 $50 $105
Device RoadMap Cost
$37.5 bn for 300m stoves (1.5 m users)
Universal Modern Energy Access Case • Electricity Cooking
Reducing the Cost of Electricity Access
Globally - Who is resourced to Pay
(Capoor and Ambrosi, 2009)
Carbon Fossil Fuel Sub
Philanthropy Mobile/ICT
In Summary • Today more people lack access to electricity
than were alive when Edison invented modern electricity provisioning
• Access to energy/electricity is one of the key determinants of developing world growth
• Micro-Generation from Biomass is a viable low cost strategy for 1st level electricity/energy delivery to the BoP
• Trinity is determined to play a leading academic social and economic role in topical energy programme with our development partner(s), Irish Aid
Team (TCD) • Tony Robinson/ Kempers et al
– PI/Lecturer in Thermodynamics/Test
• Chloe Kinsella / Sean ?Shane– Gold Medal TCD Graduate - M.Sc. Student
ESBi - Energy Trading
• Seamus O’Shaughnessy/Aonghus – Heat & Mass Transfer
• Maurice Deasy– MSc Student
• Igor Schvets / John Boland – CRANN (Materials)
• Kevin O’Kelly et al– Bioengineering
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