divisions of organization kingdom phylum class order family genus species animals...

Divisions of organizationDivisions of organizationKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies AnimalAnimal

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InvertebratesInvertebrates VertebratesVertebrates

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsMulticellularHeterotrophicSymmetry

RadialBilateral

No cell wallsMost are made of tissuesMost reproduce sexually

“Without backbone”

97% of all animals

Most are marine

Sponges – no tissues

“With backbone” and Nerve cord

Bilaterally symmetric

Endoskeleton

Fishes were the first

Animal Phyla of the Animal Phyla of the OceansOceans

Phylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera• Benthic, suspension feedersBenthic, suspension feeders

• AsymmetricalAsymmetrical

• Sexual and asexual reproductionSexual and asexual reproduction

• No tissues or organsNo tissues or organs

• Osculum- large opening(s) at topOsculum- large opening(s) at top

• Pores for incurrent waterPores for incurrent water

• Collar cells (choanocytes)Collar cells (choanocytes)

Ex: Sponges

Encrusting sponges

Coralline sponge

Tubullar sponge

• Wonderful world of spongesWonderful world of sponges– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW0

5vMziy2o

• Sponge filteringSponge filtering– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7E1

rq7zHLc

Phylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria

• Benthic or pelagicBenthic or pelagic• Predators, passive suspension feedersPredators, passive suspension feeders

– Extra and intracellularExtra and intracellular• Radial symmetryRadial symmetry• Oral and aboral surfaceOral and aboral surface• Two stagesTwo stages

– Polyp – attached to bottom (sessile)Polyp – attached to bottom (sessile)– Medusa – free swimmingMedusa – free swimming

• Nematocysts - stinging cells on tentaclesNematocysts - stinging cells on tentacles

Polyp

Medusa

Nematocysts firing Nematocysts firing

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zJiBc_N1Zk&feature=related

Class HydrozoaClass Hydrozoa• Colonial Colonial

• Polyp stage Polyp stage dominantdominant

Portugese Man of War

HydraFreshwater Jelly

Class ScyphozoaClass Scyphozoa

• Individual organismsIndividual organisms

• Medusa stage dominantMedusa stage dominant

• JellyfishJellyfish

Bell

Killer cnidarianKiller cnidarian

• Box jellyfishBox jellyfish– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ws5h

ImeonEA

Class AnthozoaClass Anthozoa• SessileSessile

• Solitary or colonial polypSolitary or colonial polyp

• Nematocyst to sting and capture Nematocyst to sting and capture preyprey

Anemone

Sea fan

Coral

AnemonesAnemones

• And clownfishAnd clownfish– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVNW

3mO8hCE

• ReproducingReproducing– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPwi

2QcLKao&feature=PlayList&p=68713C56DE93FD18&index=14&playnext=2&playnext_from=PL

Phylum CtenophoraPhylum Ctenophora

• No stinging cellsNo stinging cells– Colloblasts that stick to preyColloblasts that stick to prey

• Pelagic predatorsPelagic predators

• Radial symmetryRadial symmetry

• Ciliary combsCiliary combs

Comb jelly

• Lobed comb jellyLobed comb jelly– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bW3s

qB7RTIc

Comb jellyComb jelly

Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum Platyhelminthes• FlatwormsFlatworms

• Benthic parasitesBenthic parasites

• Simple brainSimple brain

• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry

• True organs and organ systemsTrue organs and organ systemsFluke

Turbellarian

Tapeworm

FlatwormsFlatworms

• PlanarianPlanarian– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0Qz

SYQGsnA

• FencingFencing– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wn3x

luIRh1Y

Phylum Nemertea Phylum Nemertea

• Benthic predatorsBenthic predators

• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry

• Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tract

• Circulatory systemCirculatory system

• Proboscis – long tube to entangle Proboscis – long tube to entangle preyprey

Ribbon worm

• ProboscisProboscis– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qT2x

9YuowqU

Phylum NematodaPhylum Nematoda

• Benthic predatorsBenthic predators

• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry

• Common in sedimentCommon in sediment

• Parasite (sushi)Parasite (sushi) Round worm

• Nom nomNom nom– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1YiIi

PUQR8

Phylum AnnelidaPhylum Annelida

• Segmented worms Segmented worms

• CoelomCoelom

• Muscles (longitudinal/circular)Muscles (longitudinal/circular)

• Closed circulatory systemClosed circulatory system

• Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tract

Class PolychaetaClass Polychaeta

• Each segment has parapodia with Each segment has parapodia with sharp bristles, setaesharp bristles, setae

SandwormBeard worm Tube worm

• Clam wormClam worm– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdHz

RNdz2HU

Class OligiochaetesClass Oligiochaetes

• Found in mud and sandFound in mud and sand

• Lack parapodiaLack parapodiaBlack worm

Class HirundineaClass Hirundinea

• Suckers at each endSuckers at each end

• No parapodiaNo parapodia

Leeches

Phylum SipunculaPhylum Sipuncula

• Soft, unsegmentedSoft, unsegmented

• Mouth contains small lobes or Mouth contains small lobes or tentaclestentacles

• Retractable mouthRetractable mouth

Peanut worm

• Peanut wormPeanut worm– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5ea

Yp6Jw_g

Phylum EchiuraPhylum Echiura

• Non-retractable proboscisNon-retractable proboscis

• Benthic predatorsBenthic predators

Spoon worm

• Fat innkeeper wormFat innkeeper worm– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PZw

kx-YSbs&playnext=1&list=PL3D098C5C1CC08E6B&feature=results_video

Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca

• Calcium carbonate shellCalcium carbonate shell– Internal or externalInternal or external

• Separate mouth and anusSeparate mouth and anus

• ““Rasping tongue” - radulaRasping tongue” - radula

• Mantle – secretes shellMantle – secretes shell

Class GastropodaClass Gastropoda

• ““stomach foot”stomach foot”

• Torsion Torsion developmentdevelopment– Anus over headAnus over head

Nudibranch Cowrie

Abalone

Snail

Killer cone snailKiller cone snail

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcBmMPJrrKk

Class BivalvaClass Bivalva• Bivalve named for number of shellsBivalve named for number of shells

• No eyes or distinct headNo eyes or distinct head

• Siphons (feed/breathe)Siphons (feed/breathe)

• Byssal threadsByssal threads

• Umbo – oldest part Umbo – oldest part

Scallop

Mussel

OysterClam

FoulingFouling

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=609ChAyR3yM

Class CephalopodaClass Cephalopoda• ““head-footed”head-footed”

• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry

• Ink sacInk sac

• Most intelligent Most intelligent invertebratesinvertebrates

Nautilius

Octopus

Cuttlefish

Squid

• Color changingColor changing– http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discove

ry/29084-the-ultimate-guide-octopus-color-changing-cuttlefish-video.htm

• Walks on landWalks on land– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjQr3

lRACPIm

Class PolyplacophoraClass Polyplacophora

• All marineAll marine

• 8 overlapping shells8 overlapping shells

chiton

Class MonoplacophoraClass Monoplacophora

• Only known as fossils until 1952Only known as fossils until 1952

• Deep waterDeep water

• Similar to segmented wormsSimilar to segmented worms

Monoplacophoran

Class ScaphopodaClass Scaphopoda

• Deep waterDeep water

• Tentacles with adhesive tipsTentacles with adhesive tips

Tusk shells

Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda

• Most dominant animals on EarthMost dominant animals on Earth

• Segmented, bilaterally symmetricSegmented, bilaterally symmetric

• Exoskeleton (chitin)Exoskeleton (chitin)– moltsmolts

• Jointed appendagesJointed appendages

• Well developed Well developed – sensory systemsensory system– nervous systemnervous system– circulatory systemcirculatory system

Subphylum CrustaceaSubphylum Crustacea• Calcified Calcified

exoskeletonexoskeleton

• Compound eyesCompound eyes

• 2 pairs of antennae2 pairs of antennae

• Gills Gills Barnacles

Decapods (10 legs)

Shrimp

Lobster

Crab

CopepodIsopod Amphipod Krill

• Mating danceMating dance– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gwet

0JLuqWY

• Mantis shrimpMantis shrimp– http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discove

ry/4564-the-predatory-shrimp-video.htm

Class MerostomataClass Merostomata

• 5 pairs of legs5 pairs of legs• Lay eggs on beachLay eggs on beach

• 4 or more pairs of legs4 or more pairs of legs

• Large proboscisLarge proboscis

• Common in cold watersCommon in cold waters

Horseshoe Crab

Spider CrabClass PycnogonidaClass Pycnogonida

Phylum EctoproctaPhylum Ectoprocta• ““moss animals”moss animals”

• Lophophore – tentacles for feedingLophophore – tentacles for feeding

• Suspension feedersSuspension feeders

• Benthic and colonialBenthic and colonial

Bryozoan

Phylum PhoronidaPhylum Phoronida• Sessile Sessile

• LophophoreLophophore

• Filter feederFilter feeder

• U-shaped gutU-shaped gut

California phoronid

Phylum BrachiopodiaPhylum Brachiopodia

• Shell with two valvesShell with two valves– Dorsal/ventralDorsal/ventral

• Lopophore with 2 ciliated armsLopophore with 2 ciliated armsLamp shells

Phylum ChaetognathaPhylum Chaetognatha

• Smallest animal phylaSmallest animal phyla

• Transparent, streamlinedTransparent, streamlined

• Fish-like fins and tailsFish-like fins and tails

• Eyes, spines, and teethEyes, spines, and teeth

Arrow worm

Phylum EchinodermataPhylum Echinodermata

• Water-vascular system Water-vascular system – Locomotion, respiration, and food captureLocomotion, respiration, and food capture

• Pentamerous radial symmetryPentamerous radial symmetry

• Tube feet for movementTube feet for movement– Ampullae (muscular sacs)Ampullae (muscular sacs)– MadreporiteMadreporite

• EndoskeletonEndoskeleton

Class StelleroideaClass Stelleroidea• Central discCentral disc

• 5 or more arms5 or more arms

• Regenerative Regenerative abilitiesabilities

Crown of thorns

Sea star

• RegenerationRegeneration– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7cXe

WxxfD4

Class OphiuroideaClass Ophiuroidea

• Long, thin flexible armsLong, thin flexible arms

• Tube feetTube feet– lack suckerslack suckers– Used for feedingUsed for feeding

Brittle Star

Class EchinoideaClass Echinoidea• Interlocking plates form a Interlocking plates form a

testtest

• Movable spinesMovable spines

• Artistotle’s lanternArtistotle’s lantern– Jaw musclesJaw muscles Sea urchin

Sand dollar

• Walking sand dollarWalking sand dollar– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLK7

1-vsi2E&NR=1

Class HolothoroideaClass Holothoroidea

• Elongated bodyElongated body

• Leathery skinLeathery skin

• Deposit feedersDeposit feeders

• Evisceration Evisceration Sea Cucumbers

• Spilling gutsSpilling guts– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCxK

Fc3XtJs&feature=related

Class CrinoideaClass Crinoidea

• Mouth with feeding Mouth with feeding armsarms

• Suspension feedersSuspension feeders

• Three sectionsThree sections– StemStem– CalyxCalyx– ArmsArms

Feather stars

Sea lilly

Phylum HemichordatesPhylum Hemichordates

• Dorsal hollow nerve cordDorsal hollow nerve cord

• Proboscis, collar, and trunk with gill slitsProboscis, collar, and trunk with gill slits

• Some live sedentary lives in the deep Some live sedentary lives in the deep oceanocean

Acorn worm

Subphylum UrochordatesSubphylum Urochordates

• TunicatesTunicates

• Sac-like bodiesSac-like bodies

• Sessile Sessile

• Filter feeders with siphonsFilter feeders with siphons– Incurrent = mouthIncurrent = mouth– Excurrent = anusExcurrent = anus

• Tadpole larvaeTadpole larvae

Sea squirts

Salps

Subphylum Subphylum CephalochordataCephalochordata

• LanceletsLancelets

• Laterally compressed and elongatedLaterally compressed and elongated

• Filter feeders using gill slitsFilter feeders using gill slits

Amphioxus

Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata• Characteristics Characteristics

– NotochordNotochord– Dorsal, hollow nerve Dorsal, hollow nerve

cordcord

– Pharyngeal gill Pharyngeal gill slits / Respiratory slits / Respiratory OpeningsOpenings

– Post-anal tailPost-anal tail

Class AgnathaClass Agnatha

• Jawless fishesJawless fishes

• Suction with aid of round mouth and Suction with aid of round mouth and teethteeth

• Lack fins, scales and true vertebraeLack fins, scales and true vertebraeHagfishLamprey

Class ChondrichthyesClass Chondrichthyes• Cartilage bodiesCartilage bodies

• Movable jawsMovable jaws

• Placoid scales cause rough Placoid scales cause rough skin skin

Hammerhead SharkStingray

Manta ray

Skate

Ray videoRay video

Shark videoShark video

Class OsteichthyesClass Osteichthyes

• Bony fishesBony fishes

• Cycloid(smooth) or ctenoid(spines) Cycloid(smooth) or ctenoid(spines) scalesscales

• Gills covered by operculumGills covered by operculum

Pufferfish

Angelfish

Sea Dragon

Gramma

What is a fish videoWhat is a fish video

Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia

• Ectothermic – “cold blooded”Ectothermic – “cold blooded”

• Skin covered in dry scalesSkin covered in dry scales

• Lay eggs on beach Lay eggs on beach

Sea Turtle

Sea SnakeMarine IguanaSaltwater

Crocodile

Marine turtlesMarine turtles

Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia

• NONENONE

Class AvesClass Aves• Endothermic– “warm-blooded Endothermic– “warm-blooded

• Feathers and light bones for flightFeathers and light bones for flight

• Nest on land but feed at seaNest on land but feed at sea

Tubenoses

Seagull

Penguins

Tern

Pelican

Cormorant

Frigate birds

Seabirds videoSeabirds video

Class MammaliaClass Mammalia

• HomeothermsHomeotherms

• Viviparous – embryos develop in Viviparous – embryos develop in mother nourished by placenta mother nourished by placenta

• Lungs Lungs

• Can be fully or semi-aquaticCan be fully or semi-aquatic

• Mammary glandsMammary glands

Order PinnipedsOrder Pinnipeds• Semi-aquaticSemi-aquatic

• Flippers - “winged feet”Flippers - “winged feet”

• Thick layer of blubberThick layer of blubber

• Breed on landBreed on land

Elephant Seal

Monk Seal

Sea lion Walrus

Elephant Seal videoElephant Seal video

Order CarnivoraOrder Carnivora

• Insulation from fur instead of blubberInsulation from fur instead of blubber

• Semi-aquaticSemi-aquaticPolar Bear

Sea otter

Order SireniaOrder Sirenia• HerbivorousHerbivorous• Front flippers, no rear limbsFront flippers, no rear limbs• Paddle shaped horizontal tailPaddle shaped horizontal tail• BlubberBlubber

Manatee

Dugong

Order Cetacea Order Cetacea • Warm blooded, have hair, produce Warm blooded, have hair, produce

milkmilk

• Front flippers with horizontal flukeFront flippers with horizontal fluke

• Blowhole on top of headBlowhole on top of head

• Toothless vs. toothedToothless vs. toothedBaleen Whale

Orca

Common dolphin

Humpback Whale

Sperm Whale

Dolphin videoDolphin video

Whale videoWhale video