divorce, regional family cultures, and childcare by grandparents
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Divorce, regional family norms and childcare by grandparents
in Europe
Maaike Jappens & Jan Van Bavel
Interface Demography
Family cultures in Europe
Great diversity of norms & attitudes about family lifein Europe
Northern Europe
weak family ties, individualistic, liberal
Southern Europe
strong family ties, familialistic, traditional
But: heterogeneity between countries & within countries
‘Traditional family norms’
ESS2:
• A woman should be prepared to cut down on her paid work for the sake of her family.
• When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women.
• When there are children in the home, parents should stay together even if they don’t get along.
Principal components analysis
Scores of respondents aged 55 or older averaged per NUTS 1
region
(Regional classification harmonized with Eurostat’s NUTS system)
Grandparents and childcare
• Grandparents are important childcare providers everywhere in Europe
• Divorce: weakening of family ties? Less exchange of support?
To what extent do mothers rely on children’s grandparents as their main source of childcare?
&
Is this influenced by the mother’s marital history and by the normative climate of the region they live in?
• ‘Mothers’: ESS2, aged 20-54, child(ren) <13 in household
Multilevel logistic regression model
Y= grandparents are main source of childcare for youngest child
Baseline model:
Random effects of NUTS 1 region & country
Individual covariates:
• Age
• Number of children <13 in HH
• Employment: in paid work
• Level of education
• Parents alive
• Marital history
• In first marriage
• Never married, cohabiting with partner
• Never married, single
• Divorced, cohabiting with partner
• Divorced, single
• Widowed
Results of baseline model
• Age,
• Number of children in HH,
• Being in paid work,
• High level of education,
• Own mother not alive anymore:
negatively correlated with grandparents as main source of childcare
• Never been married, living with a partner
• Being divorced or separated and single
negatively correlated with grandparents as main source of childcare
Multilevel logistic regression model
Y= grandparents are main source of childcare for youngest child
Additional individual covariates
• Parents (in law) in the household
• Traditional family norms
Covariate on the regional level
• Traditional family norms (people>54)
Covariates on the country level
• Gross domestic product
• Childcare coverage rate 0-2 years
Interaction marital history*traditional family norms region
Results: effect of macro-level variables
• Co-residence between mother and parents(in law) is positively correlated with childcare by grandparents
• Formal childcare coverage rates are negatively correlated with childcare by grandparents
• Traditional family norms
On the regional level: are positively related to childcare by grandparents
Not a significant effect on the individual level
• Interaction family norms in region * marital history of mothers: in more traditional regions, being divorced is slightly positively related to childcare by grandparents (but not significant)
• No effect of GDP
Conclusions
The probability that European mothers rely ongrandparents as their main source of childcareis influenced by:
• Various individual covariates
i.a. marital history (smaller for divorced single mothers)
• The childcare coverage rate of their country, but also by
• The normative climate of the region they live in
Living in a more traditional normative climate does notsignificantly affect the probability for divorced mothersto mainly rely on grandparents for childcare
Effects of covariates in multilevel model(Intercept) 1.706842128 ***
Individual covariates
Age -0.030173217 ***
Number of children <13 in HH -0.135675734 *
Employment: in paid work -0.479915956 ***
Level of education (ref=low)
· Medium 0.224170077 .
· High -0.105834036
Marital history (ref=in first marriage)
· never married, cohabiting with partner -0.604647628 ***
· never married, single -0.242708937
· divorced, cohabiting with partner -0.128839305
· divorced, single -0.505343243 **
· widowed -0.455682686
Parents alive (ref: both parents alive)
· Only mother alive -0.099545896
· Only father alive -0.971058350 ***
· No parents alive -1.102142472 ***
Parents (in law) in the household 0.981086293 ***
Traditional family norms 0.039817053
Covariates on the NUTS1 level
Traditional family norms (people>54) 0.806868508 ***
Covariates on the country level
Gross domestic product 0.000004957
Childcare coverage rate 0-2 years -0.013006969 **
Interaction marital history*conservative family norms region
· never married, cohabiting with partner -0.549445422
· never married, single -0.031460821
· divorced, cohabiting with partner 0.414161257
· divorced, single 0.255424555
· widowed -0.220644219
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