dna technology. what is dna technology? its a set of methods name some of these methods: cut dna...
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DNA Technology
What is DNA Technology?Its a set of methods
Name some of these methods:Cut DNA into segments
1
2
What cuts the DNA?Restriction enzymes
Another method?Gel electrophoresis
Why use it?To separate segments
Activity: Restriction enzymes
What is done with the segments?Transfer to another organism
What are they transferred into in E. coli?
A plasmid
(E. coli)
What are these ‘new’ plasmids called?
Recombinant DNA plasmids
3
4
Activity: Cloning a gene in bacteria
(also called a ‘vector’ )
What is done with these ‘new’ plasmids?
Put back into E. coli
E. Coli continues living
and dividing
But, what new capability does E. coli have?
Produces a ‘new’ protein
From that gene segment
5
6
Used to study and manipulate genetic material
What are the methods used for?
Called?Genetic engineering
Or, recombinant DNA technology
The basic techniques of genetic engineering have many applications
DNA Technology and useful products
What was the world’s first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product?
Insulin
Before modern biotechnology, where did insulin come from?
Cows, pigs, horses
Why is the genetically engineered insulin better?
Its made from a human gene
Does not cause allergic reactions
gene A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)
Ample supply available
What is the name of the technique used to make insulin?
Recombinant DNA technology
How does the recombinant DNA technique work?
DNA carrying a gene of interest is taken from a (e.g., a human) cell
The gene is inserted into the DNA of another (host) cell
The host cell now contains recombinant DNA
recombinant a molecule carrying DNA from more than one organism
The host cell multiplies
What happens to the DNA?The desired protein is produced
A quick look:
Humulin production
• Huge vats
• Liquid culture of bacteria
• Bacteria contain insulin gene
Insulin collected, purified, tested for quality, packaged
• And, insulin is produced
Where else is recombinant DNA used?
To introduce a gene into crop plants
The gene gives resistance to specific herbicides
What other crop plants can you think of?
e.g., rice, soybeans, cotton
Look at the golden rice activity
Have you heard about the Flavr Savr tomato?
Its been genetically engineered…
To reduce rate of spoilage
What does this mean?
… a marketing advantageIt can sit on the shelf longer
It can be picked at a later stage of ripeness
How is the stone washed denim look achieved?
Via genetic engineering…
• Recombinant DNA techniques are used
• To clone cellulase genes in bacteria
• To produce large quantities of cellulase
To sell to textile manufacturers
What does the enzyme do?
It partially breaks down the cotton fibers(They also wear out faster!)
Have you ever skied on artificial snow?
This is another example of recombinant (r) DNA technology…
What has r DNA technology done for skiing?
Increase expression of a bacterial protein
Called SnowMax
Used in snow making machines
Mix cold water and protein & huge amounts of snow are produced
Activity: Applications of DNA technology
Gel electrophoresisWhat would you do if you needed to analyze the DNA from a crime scene?
Collect DNA samples
• Extract DNA
1 2 3
From what? The crime scene itself (1)
And any suspects (2, 3)
Then what’s next?
• Cut &/or amplify the DNA samples
Activity: Gel electrophoresis of DNA
What are these fragments called?
Restriction fragments
• Load DNA into wells• Turn on power supply
• Watch fragments travel through gel
• Observe separated fragments
What do you know about DNA to cause the fragments to travel in the gel?
(PO4- ) Length
Compare the results
1 2 3
What is this field of science called?
1 2 3
Which DNA sample matches DNA from the crime scene?
Do you think this person is guilty of the crime?
Learning check
1. A recombinant DNA molecule _____.
a. is necessary for manufacturing protein on a large scale
b. is produced in yeasts
c. is the product of a defective gene
d. requires DNA from two different individuals-perhaps even individuals from different species
e. requires the use of cDNA
Learning check
1. A recombinant DNA molecule _____.
a. is necessary for manufacturing protein on a large scale
b. is produced in yeasts
c. is the product of a defective gene
d. requires DNA from two different individuals-perhaps even individuals from different species
e. requires the use of cDNA
This is a DNA fingerprint exhibiting samples from a victim, two suspects, and the crime scene.
Which of these DNA fragments is common to both the victim and Suspect 1?
2.
A B C D E
Activity: DNA Fingerprinting
This is a DNA fingerprint exhibiting samples from a victim, two suspects, and the crime scene.
Which of these DNA fragments is common to both the victim and Suspect 1?
2.
A B C D E
This is a DNA fingerprint exhibiting samples from a victim, two suspects, and the crime scene.
Which of these DNA fragments is common to both the victim and Suspect 2?
3.
A B C D E
This is a DNA fingerprint exhibiting samples from a victim, two suspects, and the crime scene.
Which of these DNA fragments is common to both the victim and Suspect 2?
3.
A B C D E
4. Why is Suspect 1 considered more likely to have committed the crime than Suspect 2?
a The crime scene sample contains DNA fragments from both the victim and Suspect 1.
b The crime scene sample contains DNA fragments from both the victim and Suspect 2.
c Suspect 1 and the victim have more DNA fragments in common that do the victim and Suspect 2.
d Suspect 2 and the victim have more DNA fragments in common that do the victim and Suspect 1.
e Suspect 1 and Suspect 2 have more DNA fragments in common than either have in common with the victim.
4. Why is Suspect 1 considered more likely to have committed the crime than Suspect 2?
a The crime scene sample contains DNA fragments from both the victim and Suspect 1.
b The crime scene sample contains DNA fragments from both the victim and Suspect 2.
c Suspect 1 and the victim have more DNA fragments in common that do the victim and Suspect 2.
d Suspect 2 and the victim have more DNA fragments in common that do the victim and Suspect 1.
e Suspect 1 and Suspect 2 have more DNA fragments in common than either have in common with the victim.
5. In gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel.
a acidic ... basic
b negative ... positive
c basic ... acidic
d long ... short
e positive ... negative
5. In gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel.
a acidic ... basic
b negative ... positive
c basic ... acidic
d long ... short
e positive ... negative
For Thursday
Continue reading chapter 12
More detail on topics covered in Ch 12
Remember! Exam #2, Tuesday, 11/6
The exam will cover:
Chapter 6, Cell Respiration
Chapter 7, Photosynthesis
Chapter 12, DNA Technology
For next Tuesday
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