double jeopardy midterm december, 2015, review $200 $400 $600 $800 $1000 $200$200$200 $400 $600 $800...

Double Jeopardy Midterm December, 2015, Review

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Kingdoms & Life Cells Transport DNA

structure

FINAL ROUND

Cell Energy

SWK/Life:

$200 Question

What is the difference between everyday use of the word theory versus the scientific use of the word theory.?

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ANSWER

SWK/Life:

$200 Answer

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In everyday language, “theory” refers to an idea that has not been tested and is not supported by evidence; in science, “theory” refers to an idea that has been tested many times by many scientists and is supported by abundant, replicable evidence.

SWK/Life:

$400 Question

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ANSWER

Which characteristic of life is the requirement of every organism for chemical reactions and energy conversions?

SWK/Life:

$400 Answer

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Metabolism—the term metabolism also means all of the chemical reactions of a cell, some of which are energy releasing (exothermic) and some of which are energy absorbing (endothermic)

SWK/Life:

$600 Question

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ANSWER

Which characteristic of life refers to the genetically-controlled predictable changes that occur between birth and death?

Passive :

$600 Answer

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Growth and development

SWK/Life:

$800 Question

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ANSWER

Which two kingdoms contain cells having neither a nucleus or membrane bound organelles?

SWK/Life:

$800 Answer

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Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

SWK/Life:

$1000 Question

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ANSWER

Which kingdom contains eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells contain neither chloroplasts, large central vacuoles, nor cell walls?

SWk/Life:

$1000 Answer

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Animalia (animal)

Cells:

$200 Question

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ANSWER

This is the part of autotrophic eukaryotic cells where photosynthesis occurs.

Cells:

$200 Answer

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chlorophlasts

Cells:

$400 Question

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ANSWER

What part of a cell provides a framework for it’s shape, allows it to move, and provides a system of highways along which transport vesicles and organelles are moved through the cytoplasm.?

Cells:

$400 Answer

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cytoskeletal proteins in the cytoplasm (and for cell movement, also those in the flagella and cilia of some cells)

Cells:

$600 Question

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ANSWER

Which organelle is located inside the nucleus and is the site of assembly of ribosome subunits that are later shipped to the cytoplasm?

Cells:

$600 Answer

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nucleolus

Cells:

$800 Question

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ANSWER

Name three organelles that are directly involved of synthesis, then modification and transport, of proteins—like hormones—that are exported out of the cell.

Cells:

$800 Answer

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1st the ribosome translates the messenger RNA,

2nd the rough endoplasmic reticulum packages some proteins into transport vesicles that will either be shipped to other organelles or to the golgi,

3rd some of the proteins in the RER produced transport vesicles are further processed in the golgi so that they will exit the cell via exocytosis

Cells:

$1000 Question

Which kingdom includes prokaryotic extremophiles, such as halophiles that live in very salty water, thermophiles that live in hot water, and acidophiles that live in

acid bogs?.

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ANSWER

Cells:

$1000 Answer

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Archaebacteria.

Cell Energy:$200 Question

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ANSWER

Prokaryotes do not contain any membrane bound organelles, not ever chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Do heterotrophic bacteria carry out cell respiration?

Do autotrophic bacteria carry out cell respiration, photosynthesis, neither process or both processes?

Cell Energy:

$200 Answer

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All cells require ATP, so all cells carry out cell respiration; in prokaryotes, the process is a little different than in eukaryotes. All photosynthetic autotrophs require the chemical reactions of photosynthesis, but the process is a little different in prokaryotes; all autotrophic bacteria also require cell respiration, but again, the process is a little different versus eukaryotes.

Cell Energy:

$400 Question

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ANSWER

Describe the ATP cycle, showing how cells use it both to store energy in ATP and to release energy from ATP to do cell work.

Cell Energy:

$400 Answer

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ATP energy for cell work & some heat

+ ADP + phosphateADP + phosphate + energy released

from organic compounds during cell respiration ATP

Cell Energy:

$600 Question

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ANSWER

Combustion is described by the same chemical reaction as aerobic cellular respiration. Why would cellular combustion kill cells, whereas aerobic cell respiration is required for cell survival?

Cell Energy:

$600 Answer

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Aerobic Cellular Respiration—many different chemical reactions serves as steps gradually releasing the chemical potential energy of organic compounds

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 34ATP + some heat released gradually over several different stepsNOT enough heat is released to denature enzymes

Combustion—a single chemical reactionsC6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + heat only, all of

which is released simultaneouslyThe temperature rises to above the point at which

enzymes would denature, killing cells.

Cell Energy:

$800 Question

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ANSWER

Which phase of the process of photosynthesis splits water to release oxygen? _____ Which phase absorbs Carbon dioxide, then uses it to build carbohydrates? ______

Cell Energy:

$800 Answer

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Light dependent phase in thylakoids slits water, releases oxygen gas, loads energy rich electrons onto electron carrier NADP+, and traps energy of sunlight in ATP

Light independent/dark reactions/calvin cycle in stroma use energy of ATP, electrons and protons of NADPH, and Carbon dioxide to build sugars

Cell Energy$1000

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ANSWER

What are the two types of fermentation, and what type of organisms carry out each type?

Cell Energy $1000

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Lactic Acid Fermentation—bacteria and mammal muscle; alcoholic fermentation—yeasts which are unicelluar fungi

Transport:

$200 Question

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ANSWER

Name the three types of passive transport across cell membranes, and explain how these are similar and different.

Transport: $200 Answer

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Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion osmosisRequires no transport protein

Moves small, uncharged solutes directly between phospholipid molecules in the bilayer

Moves solute down the concentration gradient, from higher to lower concentration

cell approaches equilibrium (= solute concentration cytoplasm,environment)

Concentration provides energy, not the cell

Requires solute-specific channel or pore protein

Moves large or charged solutes through openings inside transport proteins—each channel only fits a particular solute

Requires aquaporin channel proteins

Moves water only through the opening in aquaporin channel

Transport:$400 Question

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ANSWER

Compare similarities and differences of active transport and facilitated diffusion.

Transport: $400 Answer

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Active transport of solute Facilitated diffusion of solute

Requires a solute-specific membrane transport protein called a pump OR motor proteins for exocytosis and endocytosis

Cell expends its own energy to power the process, usually ATP

Moves cell away from conc equilibr

Solutes move from lower to higher concentrn, up/against conc gradient

Includes exocytosis that uses motor proteins/ATP to move vesicles filled w/ large amounts material (or large particles) for release out of cell OR endocytosis that pinches in vesicles filled with large amounts of material (or large particles) for entry into cell

Requires a solute-specific membrane transport protein called a channel or pore

Cell does not expend energy; conc gradient collapse fuels process

Moves cell towards conc equilibrium

Solutes move from higher to lower conc’n, Down/With conc’n gradient

Works only with solutes small enough to pass through a transport protein; is not a form of bulk transport

Transport:$600 Question

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ANSWER

These are proteins that extend outwards from the cell membrane and into the surrounding environment; on their external surfaces, many of these proteins have attached carbohydrate chains.

Transport: $600 Answer

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Cell identification molecules

Transport:

$800 Question

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ANSWER

What is different about a peripheral membrane protein versus an integral membrane protein?

Transport:

$800 Answer

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Peripheral membrane proteins are attached to either the cytoplasmic or the extracellular face of the plasma membrane, whereas integral membrane proteins extend all the way from one face to the other.

Transport: $1000 Question

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ANSWER

Why is it necessary to define both the tonicity (relative solute concentrations) of the cell’s cytoplasm AND the solution in the cell’s environment unless the cell is at osmotic equilibrium?

Transport: $1000 Answer

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Unless cell is at osmotic equilibrium (isotonic, with equal internal & external solute concentrations), either the cell will be hypertonic & the environment hypotonic or visa versa (because osmosis is fueled by conversion of potential energy as solute moves down its concentration gradient)

DNA:

$200 Question

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ANSWER

Long before the discovery of DNA’s structure, scientists had discovered that the nucleus contains the genetic material of a cell, as well as that nuclei contain both DNA and protein. What scientists discovered that the genetic material is DNA, not protein?

DNA:

$200 Answer

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Avery and his collaborators were able to transform (change the traits) of a species of bacteria, changing it from a harmless strain to one that kills mice due to pneumonia, simply by adding the killer cell DNA to live harmless cells. Adding the proteins of the killer cells did not transform the cells.

DNA / Protein Synth:

$400 Question

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ANSWER

What scientist contributed the knowledge that showed %C =%G, while %A=%T?

DNA: $400 Answer

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Chargaff isolated DNA, then analyzed it biochemically. He found that the DNA contained nitrogenous bases A, T, C, and G, the four of which comprised 100% of the Nitrogenous bases in DNA. He also found that if C is present at 30%, then G is present at 30%, and T will be present at 20% and A at 20%.

(other scientists who made major contributions to the discovery of DNA structure were:

Franklin—Xray of DNA showed that it was a double helix; Watson and Crick—built model matching today’s current description of DNA structure by synthesizing data generated by Chargaff, Franklin, and others)

DNA:

$600 Question

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ANSWER

Compare and contrast the structures of DNA and RNA.

DNA: $600 Answer

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DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid RNA-ribonucleic acid

Monomers—deoxyribonucleotides having the sugar deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

Nitrogenous bases: A T C G

Double stranded

One type

Contains introns in eukaryotes

Made by replication

Monomers—ribonucleotides having the sugar deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

Nitrogenous bases: A U C G

Single stranded

Several types, including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Does not contain introns

Made by transcription

DNA:

$800 Question

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ANSWER

Name the complementary base pairs of:DNA bonded to DNADNA bonded to RNARNA bonded to RNA

DNA:

$800 Answer

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DNA bonded to DNA A to T, C to G, T to A, G to C

DNA bonded to RNAA to U, C to G, T to A, G to C

RNA bonded to RNAU to A, C to G, A to U, G to C

DNA:

$1000 Question

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ANSWER

Describe 2 major classes of point mutations, and explain how each impacts the structure of DNA.

DNA:

$1000 Answer

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Point mutations are single nucleotide alterations in DNA’s deoxyribonucleotide sequence. These may arise due to errors during DNA replication OR due to DNA damage/faulty repair after exposure to mutagens. Substitution point mutations result in replacement of a nucleotide with another (like changing an A to a C), whereas frameshift mutations result from insertion of extra nucleotides OR deletion of nucleotides. These insertions and deletions alter the combination of nucleotides into codons.

FINAL ROUND Question

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ANSWER

Explain the difference between an “expressed mutation” and a silent mutation.

FINAL ROUND ANSWER

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Silent mutations Expressed mutationsEither result from changes in sequence in DNA lying between genes OR lying within noncoding introns of genes

OR

Due to substitution mutations that switch one codon for another codon that codes for the same amino acid.

In either case, then change in DNA does not result in the amino acid sequence of a protein; so the protein coded by the gene experiences no change in shape or function.

Result from changes in DNA sequence that alter the amino acid coding of the gene. So, the protein coded has the wrong amino acid sequence and therefore also the wrong shape and altered function.

Some expressed mutations affect noncoding parts of genes involved in regulating which cells express the gene, when cells make the protein, or how much protein they make.

$2000 question

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. List at least 4 similarities and 4 differences.

ANSWER

$2000 Answer

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Prokaryotes Eukaryotes BothEvolutionarily older—the ancestors of eukaryotes

•No nucleus

•Smaller and simpler cells

•No membrane bound organelles

Example: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Evolutionarily newer—descendents of prokaryotes

•Nucleus

•Larger and more complex cells

•Have membrane bound organelles

Examples:•Plants•Animals•Fungi•Protists

Grow & develop•Living thingsMade of cells•DNA is genetic or hereditary•Ribosomes•Cytoplasm•Cell membrane carry out metabolismReproduce by divisionRespond to stimuliMaintain homeostasisAdapt, evolve