dual band networks
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Dual Band Networks
February-2002Sherif Bahieg
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Outline
Introduction
Propagation Overview Fading Effects
Link Budget Calculations
Mast Head Amplifier
Antenna Types Losses in 900 vs. 1800
Planning aspects
Implementation Dual BTS
Single Band BTS
Different RF equipment
Parameters and Features (ALM)
Statistics Overview
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Introduction
Enables a single NetworkOperator with licenses intwo or more frequencybands to support the useof Multiband mobiles in allbands of the licenses
DCS 1800
Macrocells
GSM 900Macrocells
Example
Definition
GSM 900 to DCS1800 transparent handovers
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Introduction (cont ..)
Why Dual Band ?
Increasing Capacity
Improving Grade of Service
Relieving Congestion
Advanced Network Management Techniques
Improved Multi-layer Network
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Introduction (cont ..)
Dual Band Mobiles Share ?
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
J-99 F-99 M-99 A-99 M-99 J-99 J-99 A-99 S-99 O-99 N-99 D-99 J-00 F-00 M-00
Dual_Band mobiles
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Introduction (cont ..)
What are the Requirements?
RF considerations
Hardware considerations
Antenna and feeders considerations
Features and Parameters study
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Propagation Overview
Fading Effect
ServingSite
DistantSite
Higher pathloss at1800 MHz
Half wavelength at 1800 MHzFading rate twice as fast as 900MHz
1800 radio wave
Reduced interference fromdistant site at 1800MHz
More aggressive reuse patterncan be achieved
Diversity systems become moreimportant especially for slowmoving mobiles
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Antennas
Different Antenna Types
Different antenna for each Band
Dual antennas with four ports
Dual Antennas with 2 ports (900and 1800 are multiplexed )
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Antennas
2 Ports Antennas
Extra Duplexers will be needed tosplit 1800 signal from 900 signal
Duplexers will be with differentpolarization to maintain diversity
900/1800
GSM 900
indoor or outdoor
Horizonmacro
dual banddiplexer
feeder
dual banddiplexer
Tx/Rx Rx
GSM 900
indoor or outdoor
Horizonmacro
Tx/Rx Rx
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Antennas
GSM 1800
indoor or outdoor
Horizonmacro
900
1800
Tx/Rx Rx Rx
GSM 900
indoor or outdoor
Horizonmacro
Tx/Rx
4 Ports Antennas
No need for extra Duplexers will beneeded to split 1800 signal from900 signal
Duplexers will be with differentpolarization to maintain diversity
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Antennas
Preferred antennas: 65 sector antennas
Small vertical beamwidth 30 dB
Maximum gain Low upper sidelobe (high sidelobe suppression) typ. -20 dB maximum
Dual-polarisation (slant +45/45, isolation >30 dB)
Electrical downtilt
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Possible rules to select proper feeder:
GSM900 cells with 7/8 feeder, GSM1800 cells with 15/8 feeder
all cells with 7/8 feeder- when feeder loss for 1800 cells will be higherthan e.g. 3dB thicker cables will be used
all cells with 7/8 feeder- for GSM1800 cells with high feeder lossMasthead Amps are used
~ 50% more loss at GSM1800
Make
BrandModel Size dB/100m
900MHz
dB/100m
1800MHz
Impedance Max f (MHz) Bend radius(mm)
Weight(Kg)
EUPEN 5228 7/8" 3.93 5.92 50 5300 120 0.59EUPEN 5438 1 5/8" 2.41 3.71 50 2800 300 1,50
Attenuation
Feeders
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Path Losses in 900 vs. 1800
A little physics
Diffraction loss and Penetration loss higher in 1800 MHz band
6dB minimal theoretical difference (see: Friis transmission formula)
Path loss difference - on-street Path loss at 1800MHz is typically 6 - 12 dB higher
Most probable difference in urban environment: 8 dB
Difference is nearly distance-independent (fixed), in typical urban cells ( i.e.
constant offset in loss per length unit )
Actual difference depends on site configuration like antenna height andantenna characteristics
Cell radius at 1800 MHz typically 50% less compared to 900 MHz
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Path Losses in 900 vs. 1800
Path loss difference - in-building
Additional attenuation at 1800MHz when penetrating into buildings
High dependency of penetration loss on building structure, window size, floorheight, angle of incident waves and floor level
Empirical measurement results
Building penetration loss at 900MHz:
5dB to 25dB
Average additional path loss at 1800MHz:
7dB, 4dB standard deviation
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Path Losses in 900 vs. 1800
Receivelevel
(dB)
Log (Distance)
LOS dominates Non-LOS dominates~ 150m - 300m
GSM 900
GSM 1800
>8 dB
6 - 8 dB
in typical urban cells: difference is nearly distance-independent
prerequisite: same ERP on both bands equal antenna pattern
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Path Losses in 900 vs. 1800
Practical difference in coverageDifference can be compensated with a higher ERP at the1800 band
Antenna height has high impact on difference in
coverage (Diffraction - the main propagation mechanism- becomes less important)
Antenna pattern - especially vertical pattern - has highimpact on difference in coverage
Difference raises with raising cell radius
Increase sensitivity of BTS
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Planning aspects
Optimisation process:
Comparing predictions of appropriate GSM900 and GSM1800 cells for in-building coverage level
(e.g. -68 dBm at 900Mhz / -61 dBm at 1800MHz)
Adjusting GSM1800 antenna tilts to obtain similar footprint compared to theappropriate GSM900 cell
Good overlapping needed to achieve efficient traffic relief on GSM900
Supports introduction of new multi-band features like co-incident multi-band handoveror single BCCH
Same coverage conditions (except fairly fixed offset) can be achieved easilywith dual band antennas
Reducing Combining stages in the DCS cells to reduce the losses and use aircombining instead.
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Planning aspects
Example: separate antennae for both bands Downtilt difference between GSM900 & GSM1800 (Tilt 900 - Tilt1800)
Typically 1 lower downtilt on GSM1800
Tilt difference (GSM900 - GSM1800)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
numberofcells
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Planning aspects
basic cell radiusEstimated Cell Radius with either Combinations
Distance
increasedTx power
improved
Sensitivity
transmit power base station sensitivity
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Planning aspects
Environment
cell radius cell radius
@900MHz @1800MHz
rural 5150 m 2010 m
urban 800 m 250 m
ERP 55dBm
MS Rx sensitivity -102 / -100dBm
penetration loss 900MHz 20dB
additional loss 1800MHz 5dB
fading margin 6dB
interference margin 5dB
antenna / body loss 3dB
max. path loss 123dB / 118dB
antenna height: 30 m
level in build. -88dBm / -86dBm
level on street -68dBm / -61dBm
Cell Size Comparison
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Planning aspects (GSM Signal Strength)
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Planning aspects (DCS Signal Strength)
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Mast Head Amplifier
Without MHABTS System Sensitivitydepends on L
With MHABTS System Sensitivity isalmost independent of L
L = feeder loss
S/N
S/N
Use of MHA overcomes the deterioration in thesystem sensitivity due to lengthy RF feeder cables
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Mast Head Amplifier
More Air Time
reduced interferencebetter uplink qualityincreased capacity
low handset transmitting power
longer battery life
high signal-to-noise ratiohigh voice quality
overcomes high feeder loss
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Mast Head Amplifier
with MHA
without MHA
Uplink Rx Quality
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
80
85
90
95
100
P
robability(%)
Measured Call Quality cumulative distribution - CDFComparison with and without MHA
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Link Budget Calculations
Link Budget for Motorola
HORIZONmacro
GSM 1800
no Mast Head Amplifier
air combining
[2] lognormal shadowing with 7dB standard deviation
[3] sensitivity measured at top of rack
[1] max. TCU Tx power 45.10dBm with TDF
Downlink (BTS to MS) Uplink (MS to BTS)
TCU Tx power [1] 45.10dBm MS Tx power 30dBm
Combining loss 0dB
Duplexermax_tx_bts=2 4dB
Total Tx power
@ top rack 41.10dBm
Feeder loss 3dB
BTS antenna gain 19dBi MS antenna gain 0dBi
Total EIRP 57.10dBm Total EIRP 30dBm
MS Rx Sensitivity -100dBm BTS antenna gain 19dBi
MS antenna gain 0dBi Diversity gain 3dB
Fading margin 6dB Feeder loss 3dB
(90% coverage [2]) BTS Rx Sensitivity [3] -108.5dBmFading margin 6dB
Interference margin 3dB Interference margin 3dB
Antenna/Body loss 3dB Antenna/Body loss 3dB
max. pathloss 145.10dB max. pathloss 145.5dBLink balance
(downlink - uplink) -0.40dB
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Propagation Overview (cont ..)
Link Budget Calculations
[2] lognormal shadowing with 7dB standard deviation
[3] sensitivity measured at antenna connector
[1] max. TCU Tx power 45.1dBm
Link Budget for Motorola
HORIZONmacro
GSM 1800
with Mast Head Amplifier
air combining
Downlink (BTS to MS) Uplink (MS to BTS)
TCU Tx power[1] 45.10dBm MS Tx power 30dBm
Combining loss 0dB
Duplexer MS antenna gain 0dBi
Total EIRP 30dBm
Total Tx power
@ top rack 45.10dBm BTS antenna gain 19dBi
Feeder loss 3dB Diversity gain 3dB
BTS antenna gain 19dBi Feeder loss 3dB
Total EIRP 61.10dBm MHA gain 12dB
MHA noise figure 2dB
MS Rx Sensitivity -100dBm Overall noise figure 2.56dB
MS antenna gain 0dBi
Fading margin 6dBBTS Rx Sensitivity[3] -110.4 dBm
(90% coverage [2])Fading margin 6dB
Interference margin 3dB Interference margin 3dB
Antenna/Body loss 3dB Antenna/Body loss 3dB
max. pathloss 149.10dB max. pathloss 150.23dBLink balance
(downlink - uplink) -1.13dB
max_tx_bts=0 0dB
TDF
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Implementation
RF Equipment
M-Cell equivalent: TCU
All connections blind-mate, exceptTx and test
All radios delivered with SMA-SMATx cable
Output power (top of cab): 32W(1800), 40W (900) - same as TCU
SMB Rx connections
D-type data +power connection
SMA Tx connection
Test connection
RF Block CTU
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Implementation (cont.. )
RF Equipment
Sectorised Unified Receiver Front-end
M-Cell equivalent: IADU+3xDLNBs
Six antenna connections (3 sectors,diversity receive)
Two extension ports
Extension ports permanently connectedto Rx0A and Rx0B
2B 1B 0B 2A 1A 0A AB
Programmable Switching
Rx Ext
SURF Module (Single Band)
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Implementation (cont.. )
RF EquipmentSURF Module (Dual Band)
2B 1B 0B 2A 1A 0A AB
Programmable Switching
Extension
0A0B
1800
frequency
900
frequency 900 Dual Band module has 3 sectors of
900 + 1 sector of 1800.
1800 Dual Band module has 3 sectors of
1800 + 1 sector of 900. Extension ports are permanently
connected to Rx0A and Rx0B.
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Implementation (cont.. )
RF Equipment
Twin Duplexed Filter.
Two completely separate transmit/receivepaths.
Permits very low loss single-radio sectorsto be configured.
Transmit loss approx. 1.5dB.
Available in 900, 1800, or dual-band.
Duplexer/
Bandpass
Filter
Ant1
Tx2 Tx1
Duplexer/
Bandpass
Filter
Ant2Rx1Rx2Dual TDF
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Implementation (cont.. )
MCell6 Case
Conversion kit to convert an existing MCell6 Indoor 900MHz cabinet toaccept 1800MHz sectors
Provides Dualband within a single MCell6 Indoor cabinet and singlelogical site
Possible Configurations
Omni-4 (900) and Omni-2 (1800)
2/2 (900) and Omni-2 (1800)
2/2/2 (900) Indoor converted to a 2/2/2 (1800)
Restriction, 2 LNAs mounted side+centre overlaps with the 900 sector,
the 1800 TCUs are limited.
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Implementation (cont.. )
MCell6 Case
900 MHz carriers1800 MHz carriers
To IADU
TX TX TX TX TX TX
RX RXRX RX RX RX
1800MHzDuplexer
1800MHz Low Noise Amplifier
900MHz 2 input Combined Band Pass Filter
900MHzDuplexer (not shown in picture above)
900MHz Dual Low Noise Block
RX/TX RX/TX RX/TXRX/TX
M-Cell6Multiband4 (900)- 2(1800) configuration
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Implementation (cont.. )
Horizon Case
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BSS: freq_types_allowed
mb_preference
early_classmark_sending
early_classmark_delay phase2_classmark_allowed
Cell: frequency_type
interband_ho_allowed
optinal:
band_preference
band_preference_mode multiband_reporting
MSC: ensure phase2 signalling is enabled between BSCs and/or
MSCs
Parameters and Features
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Freq_types_allowedSpecifies the frequency typesavailable to the BSS
freq_types_allowed 5
or
freq_types_allowed PGSM, DCS1800
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
BSC Parameters
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mb_preferenceEnable or disable the Multiband feature
0 Multiband feature disabled
1 Multiband feature enabledchg_element mb_preference 1 0
phase2_classmark_allowedThis parameter defines the format of the classmark parameter sent to the MSCbased on GSM phases
0 Formatted for Phase 11 Formatted for Phase 22 Formatted for Phase 2 with Multiband
chg_element phase2_classmark_allowed 2 0
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
BSC Parameters
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early_classmark_sending
This parameter sets and displays:
Whether the BSS will suppress the early sending of the Classmark Updatemessage to the MSC.
Whether an MS is allowed to send an early Classmark Change message
0 = disabled across both the A-interface and the Air-interface
1 = enabled on A-interface, disabled on Air-interface
2 = disabled on A-interface, enabled on Air-interface
3 = enabled across both the A-interface and the Air-interface
chg_element early_classmark_sending 3 0
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
BSC Parameters
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early_classmark_delay
This parameter specifies the timer that controls how long the BSS will delaysending the Class mark Update message to the MSC during Early Classmark
sending
0 to 100000 (in milliseconds)
chg_element early_classmark_delay 0 0
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
BSC Parameters
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frequency_type
Use this parameter to change the frequency type of a cell, or to display the cellfrequency type
1 pgsm2 egsm4 dcs18008 pcs1900
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Cell Parameters
i i
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interband_ho_allowed
Changes or sets the allowablefrequencies which a cell may handover
to.
This parameter must include, at aminimum, the frequency type for thecell. For example, if the cell has afrequency_type of pgsm, then the
interband_ho_allowedparameter mustinclude pgsm as a possible destinationfrequency band for handovers
1 to 11
1 = PGSM
2 = EGSM
3 = PGSM and EGSM
4 = DCS18005 = PGSM and DCS1800
6 = EGSM and DCS1800
7 = PGSM, EGSM and DCS1800
8 = PCS1900
9 = PGSM and PCS190010 = EGSM and PCS1900
11 = PGSM, EGSM and PCS1900
chg_element interband_ho_allowed 5 cell_number= xx
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Cell Parameters
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band_preference (optional)
Displays the frequency bands that the cell prefersto use for handovers.
Sets the destination frequency band for intercellhandovers.
1 (PGSM),
2 (EGSM),
4 (DCS1800),
8 (PCS1900)
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Cell Parameters
band_preference_mode (optional)
This parameter sets and displays the method the system
uses to have a MultiBand mobile telephone use the preferredfrequency band for a given cell in the BSS
possible values are: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6
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multiband_reporting (optional)
This parameter sets and displays the number of cells of eachsupported band the system will include in the MS MeasurementReport.possible values are:
possible values are: 0,1,2,3
0 Normal reporting of the six strongest neighbour cells with knownand allowed NCC part of the BSIC, irrespective of the band used
1 Report the strongest neighbour cell in each of the frequency bandsin the neighbour cell list, excluding the frequency band of the servingcell. The remaining positions in the measurement report shall beused for reporting Cells in the band of the serving Cell.
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Cell Parameters
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multiband_reporting (optional)
1 Report the strongest neighbour cell in each of the frequency bands in theneighbour cell list, excluding the frequency band of the serving cell. Theremaining positions in the measurement report shall be used for reportingCells in the band of the serving Cell.
2 Report the two strongest cellsin each of the frequency bands in theneighbour cell list, excluding the frequency band of the serving cell. Theremaining positions in the measurement report shall be used for reportingCells in the band of the serving Cell.
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Cell Parameters
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Parameter which should be changed for 1800 cells:
handover_power_level = 0
ms_txpwr_max_cch = 0
max_tx_ms = 30
ms_txpwr_max_def = 30
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Cell Parameters
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BPM = 0
Default operation - no band preference expressed
Multiband handovers due to normal RF causes (PBGT, RXQUAL) can still occur
BPM = 1
Attempt handover to strongest preferred band neighbour on SDCCH - TCH assignment
If unable to handover to preferred band TCH, cancel band preference bias for the lifetime ofthe current connection
Multiband handovers due to normal radio reasons may still occur
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Band Preference Modes
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Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Do not invoke band changes on SDCCH - TCH assignment
Go to strongest preferred band neighbour when normal radio reason (or congestion relief)handover required
Preferred band neighbours take priority in the neighbour list
BPM = 3
Prioritise preferred band at SDCCH-TCH assignment AND when radio reason handovers arerequired
This is a combination of BPM 1 and 2 conditions
Band Preference Modes
BPM = 2
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Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Band Preference Modes
BPM = 4
Do not invoke band changes on SDCCH - TCH assignment
As soon as possible after TCH assignment, attempt to handover to a preferred band channel
For normal radio reason handover, also prioritise preferred band neighbours
BPM = 5
Attempt to hand to preferred band at SDCCH - TCH assignment
As soon as possible after TCH assignment, attempt to handover to a preferred band channel
For normal radio reason handover, also prioritise preferred band neighbours This is a combination of BPM 1,2 and 4
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Invoke the operation attempt to hand to preferred band at SDCCH - TCH assignment only after the cell has become congested
This is like condition 5, but triggered only when the cell is congested
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Band Preference Modes
BPM = 6
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Trunking Efficiency
Using Advanced Load Management or
Handover on Congestion
2 Carriers on GSM 900 and 2 Carriers on GSM 1800
Utilising Band Preference Modes1, 3, 5, 6 (band reassignment SDCCH to TCH)or Handover on Congestion(GSM900 + GSM1800 multi-layer system)
Without Load Management
2 x 8,2 Erl (14 TCH)
With Load Management
20,15 Erl (28 TCH)
Total Erl / Cell
23 % gain in trunking efficiency !
One layer has no blocking probability for Multi-band Mobiles
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Band Preference Modes
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Macrocell
Server
GSM1800
Layer
BPM 2 Macrocell
Neighbor
Macrocell
Neighbor
GSM900Layer
BPM 3Macrocell
Neighbor
Microcell
Neighbor
GSM900
Layer
BPM 3 MicrocellNeighbor
Imperative HOPwr bdgt HO
Serving Cell 1800 Layer
Band preference mode keeps call inimperative and PBGT handoverconditions on 1800 layer
If serving cell level drops belowthreshold => handoff to 900 layer(Type 3 algorithm)
Also Type 2 implemented
Preferred call set-up possible on 1800due to C2 cell re-selection parameter
Handover to microcell layer just inspecial cases, e.g. Indoor
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Implementation Scenarios
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Macrocell
Neighbor
GSM1800
Layer
BPM 2 Macrocell
Neighbor
Macrocell
Server
Macrocell
Neighbor
Microcell
Neighbor
GSM900
Layer
BPM 3 Microcell
Neighbor
GSM900 Layer
BPM 3
Pwr bdgt HO Imperative HO
Serving Cell 900 Layer
Band preference mode moves callin imperative and PBGT handover
situations to1800 layer as first priority
On PBGT reasons 2nd priorityis microcell layer (Type 5), 3rd is the900 layer (Type 1)
On imperative reasons 2nd priority
is 900 layer, then microcell layer - alsoother way round possible
Band re-assignment to 1800 layerif call set-up on 900 layer (BPM 3)
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Implementation Scenarios
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Macrocell
Neighbor
GSM1800
Layer
BPM 2 Macrocell
Neighbor
Macrocell
Neighbor
GSM900
Layer
BPM 3Macrocell
Neighbor
Microcell
Server
GSM900
LayerBPM 3
Microcell
Neighbor
Pwr bdgt HO Imperative HO
Serving Cell 900 microcell Layer
Band preference mode moves callin imperative and PBGThandover situations to 1800 layer
as first priority
On PBGT reasons 2nd priorityis microcell layer, no pbgt handoverto 900 layer enabled
On imperative reasons 2nd priorityis 900 layer, then microcell layer - alsoswapped priority possible
Band re-assignment to 1800 layerif call set-up on microcell layer
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Implementation Scenarios
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Example of ALM and Handover parameter settings in a dual-band network
Parameters and Features (cont .. )
Database Settings Example
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Dual Band Statistics
interband_activity
This statistic will count the interband handover attempts based
on the target frequency band.
Bin Name Descriptions
0 PGSM_HO_ATMPT Record handover attempt to PGSM
1 EGSM_HO_ATMPT Record handover attempt to EGSM
2 DCS1800_HO_ATMPT Record handover attempt to GSM1800
3 PCS1900_HO_ATMPT Record handover attempt to PCS1900
4 PGSM_HO_FAIL Record handover failure to PGSM
5 EGSM_HO_FAIL Record handover failure to EGSM
6 DCS1800_HO_FAIL Record handover failure to GSM1800
7 PCS1900_HO_FAIL Record handover failure to PCS1900
8 INVALID_FREQ_ASGN Frequency not implemented for assignment
request.
9 INVALID_FREQ_HO Frequency not implemented for handover.
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ms_tch_usage_by_type
This counter array statistic will track the length of time spent on
a TCH by various types of mobiles.Duration measured in derived bymultiplying with 6 seconds.
Dual Band Statistics (cont.. )
Bin Name Descriptions
0 MS_PGSM_ONLY Record duration of PGSM MS only
1 MS_DCS1800_ONLY Record duration of GSM1800 MS only
2 MS_PCS1900_ONLY Record duration of PCS1900 MS only
3 MS_PGSM_EGSM Record PGSM and EGSM
4 MS_PGSM_DCS1800 Record PGSM and GSM1800
5 MS_PGSM_EGSM_DCS1800 Record PGSM, EGSM, and GSM1800
6 MS_PGSM_PCS1900 Record PGSM and PCS1900
7 MS_PGSM_EGSM_PCS1900 Record PGSM, EGSM, and PCS1900
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ms_access_by_type
This counter array statistic will track the number of system
accesses by the various types of MSs.
Dual Band Statistics (cont.. )
Bin Name Descriptions
0 MS_PGSM_ONLY Record duration of PGSM MS only
1 MS_DCS1800_ONLY Record duration of GSM1800 MS only
2 MS_PCS1900_ONLY Record duration of PCS1900 MS only
3 MS_PGSM_EGSM Record PGSM and EGSM
4 MS_PGSM_DCS1800 Record PGSM and GSM1800
5 MS_PGSM_EGSM_DCS1800 Record PGSM, EGSM, and GSM1800
6 MS_PGSM_PCS1900 Record PGSM and PCS1900
7 MS_PGSM_EGSM_PCS1900 Record PGSM, EGSM, and PCS1900
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