dushyant agronomy final
Post on 30-May-2018
224 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
1/68
Seed rate , seed
treatment& sowing in the
nursery
Made by :
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
2/68
SEED RATE:-
Th e quantity of seed required forsowing or planting in an unit area.
The seed rate for a particular cropwould depend not only on its seedsize/test weight,
But also on its desired population ,germination percentage & puritypercentage of seed .
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
3/68
It is calculated as
seed rate { kg} = area to besown in m2 test weight of theseed in gm 1 /germination %
purity % spacing (m) 1000
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
4/68
A seed rate of about 100 kg of seedper hectare (2 bushels per acre) istypical, though rates varyconsiderably depending on cropspecies, soil conditions, and farmer'spreference.
Excessive rates can cause the cropto lodge, while too thin a rate willresult in poor utilisation of the land,
competition with weedsand a
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodge -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
5/68
SEED TREATMENT
Seed treatment refers to theapplication of fungicide, insecticide, ora combination of both, to seeds so asto disinfect and disinfect them fromseed-borne or soil-borne pathogenicorganisms and storage insects.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
6/68
Benefits of Seed
Treatment: 1) Prevents spread of plant diseases
2) Protects seed from seed rot and
seedling blights 3) Improves germination
4) Provides protection from storage
insects 5) Controls soil insects.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
7/68
Methods of seed
treatment1) Dry treatment:-
mixing of seed with powder formof pesticides/ nutrients.
3) Wet treatment :-
soaking of seed inpesticide/nutrient solutions.
5) Slurry treatment:-
dipping of seeds/seedling in slurry
Ex. Rice seedling are dipped in phosphate
slurry.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
8/68
4) pelleting :-
it is the coating of solid materials
in sufficient quantities to make theseeds larger, heavier & to appearuniform in size for sowing with seeddrills.
Pelleting with pesticides as aprotectant against soil organisms,soil pests & as a replellant against
birds & rodents .
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
9/68
Types of Seed Treatment:
1) Seed disinfection:
Seed
disinfection refers to the eradicationof fungal spores that have becomeestablished within the seed coat,or more deep-seated tissues. For
effective control, the fungicidaltreatment must actually penetratethe seed in order to kill the fungus
that is present.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
10/68
2) Seed disinfestation:
Seed
disinfestation refers to thedestruction of surface-borneorganisms that have contaminatedthe seed surface but not infected
the seed surface. Chemical dips,soaks, fungicides applied as dust,slurry or liquid have been found
successful.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
11/68
3) Seed Protection:
The purpose of
seed protection is to protect theseed and young seedling fromorganisms in the soil which mightotherwise cause decay of the seed
before germination.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
12/68
Conditions under which
seed must be treated 1) Injured Seeds:
Any break in theseed coat of a seed affords anexcellent opportunity for fungi toenter the seed and either kill it, orawaken the seedling that will beproduced from it. Seeds suffermechanical injury during combiningand threshing operations, or frombeing dropped from excessive
heights. They may also be injuredby weather or improper storage.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
13/68
2) Diseased seed:
Seed may be
infected by disease organisms evenat the time of harvest, or maybecome infected during processing,if processed on contaminated
machinery or if stored incontaminated containers orwarehouses.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
14/68
3) Undesirable soil conditions:
Seeds are
sometimes planted underunfavourable soil conditions suchas cold and damp soils, orextremely dry soils. Such
unfavourable soil conditions may befavourable to the growth anddevelopment of certain fungi spores
enabling them to attack and damage
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
15/68
4) Disease-free seed:
Seeds are
invariably infected, by diseaseorganisms ranging from noeconomic consequence to severeeconomic consequences. Seed
treatment provides a goodinsurance against diseases, soil-borne organisms and thus affords
protection to weak seeds enabling
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
16/68
Equipments used for Seed
Treatment: 1) Slurry Treaters
2) Direct Treaters
3) Home-made drum mixer
4)Grain auger
5) Shovel
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
17/68
Precautions in Seed
Treatment: Most products used in the treatment of
seeds are harmful to humans, but theycan also be harmful to seeds.
Extreme care is required to ensurethat treated seed is never used ashuman or animal food. To minimisethis possibility, treated seed should beclearly labelled as being dangerous, if
consumed. The temptation to use unsold treated
seed for human or animal feed can beavoided if care is taken to treat only thequantity for which sales are assured.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
18/68
Care must also be taken to treatseed at the correct dosage rate;applying too much or too littlematerial can be as damaging asnever treating at all.
Seed with a very high moisture
content is very susceptible to injurywhen treated with some of theconcentrated liquid products.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
19/68
If the seeds are to be treated withbacterial cultures also, the order inwhich seed treatments should bedone shall be as follows
i) fungicide
ii) bacterial cultures.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
20/68
Sowing
Sowing is the process of plantingseeds. before sowing, good qualityseeds (clean and healthy seeds)should be selected to produce a highyield.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeds -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
21/68
Methods of sowing
Seed are sown directly in the field(seed bed) or in the nursery( nursery bed ) where seedling areraised & transplanted later.
Direct seeding may be done by
a) Broadcasting :-
it is the scattering orspreading of the seeds on the soilwhich may or may not be done by
hand,mechanicaal spreader or
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
22/68
Broadcasting the seeds is theeasy,quick & cheap method ofseeding .
The difficulties observed inbroadcasting are unevendistribution,improper placement of
seeds & less soil cover &compaction.
As all the seeds are not placed in
uniform density & depth , there is no
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
23/68
It is mostly suited for closely paced &small seeded crops.
b)Dibbling:-it is the placing of seeds in a hole
or pit made at a predeterminedspacing & depth with a dibbler or
planeter or very often by hand.
Dibbling is mmore laborious,timeconsuming & expensive compared to
germination with good seedling
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
24/68
C) drilling :-
it is the practice of dropping seeds
in a definite depth, covered with soil& compacted.
sowing implements like seed drill orseed cum fertilizer drill are used.
manures,fertilizers,soilamendments,pesticides,etc. May beapplied along with seeds.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
25/68
Seeds are drilled continuosly or atregular intervals in rows.
it requires more time, energy & costbut maintains uniform populationper unit area.
rows are set according to the
requirements .
Seeds are placed at uniformdepth,covered & compacted.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
26/68
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
27/68
E) Planting :-
placing seeds or seed
material firmly in the soil to grow.
F) Transplanting :-
planting seedling in the main fieldafter pulling out from the nursery.
it is done to reduce the main fieldduration of the crops facilitating togrow more number of crops in an
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
28/68
It is easy to give extra care fortender seedling.
For small seeded crops whhichrequire shallow sowing & frequentirrigation for propergermination,raising nursery is the
easiest way.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
29/68
Pre-monsoon sowing:-
Normally sowing is taken up afterreceipt of sufficient amount ofrainfall (20 mm) in the case ofdryland system of farming .
Since sowing is continued for two orthree days after a soaking
rain,certain amount of moisture islast during the period between thereceipt of rainfall & sowing.
In the case of heavy clay soils (black
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
30/68
To over come this difficult, sowing istakenup in dry soil prepared withsummer rains,7 to 10 days beforethe anticipated receipt of sowingrains.
The seeds germinate after the
receipt of the rainfall . This method of sowing is known as
drysowing or pre-monsoon sowing.
By this method the entire rainfall
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
31/68
Factors involved in
sowing management :-Tthis can be classified into 2 broad
groups:
2)Mechanical factors:such as depth of sowing,
emergence habit, seed size & weightseed texture, seed contact, seed bed
fertility, soil moisture.
4)Biological factor:
like companion crops,
competition for light, soil
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
32/68
1) Mechanical factor:
A) seed size & weight:
heavy & bold seeds producevigorous seedling.
application of fertilizer to bold seedtends to encourage the seedlingsthan the seedling from small seeds.
B) Depth of sowing :
optimum depth of sowing rangesfrom 2.5-3 cm.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
33/68
Depth of sowing depends on seedsize & availability of soil moisture.
Deeper sowing delays fieldemergence & thus delays cropduration.
Deeper sowing sometimes ensures
crop ssurvival under adverseweather & soil conditions mostly indry lands.
C) emergence habit:
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
34/68
D) seed bed :
soil texture should minimize crust
formation & maximize aeration whichin turn influence the gages,temperature & water content of thesoil .
very fine soil may not maintainadequate temparature & waterholding capacity.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
35/68
E) seeds-soil contact:
seeds require close contactwith soil particles to ensure thatwater can be absorbed readily.
forming the soil around the seed(broadcast seeds) after sowing
improves the soil-edd contact.
D)Seed bed fertility:
tillering crop like rice, ragi,bajra
etc.should be sown thinly on fertile
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
36/68
Similarly high seed rate are used onpoor soil for non tillering crops.
although jigher the seed rategreater he yeild under conditions oflow soil fertility, in some cases suchas cotton, a lower seed rate gives
better result than a higher seed rate.
G)soil moisture:
excess moisture in soil reetards
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
37/68
Adjustment in depth is madeaccording to moistureconditons,i.e.,deeper sowing on drysoils & shallow sowing on wet soils.
Sowing on riges is usuallyrecommended on poorly drained soil.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
38/68
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
39/68
B) competition of ligh:
in mixed stands, optimum
spacing for each crop minimizes thecompetition of light.
C) Soil micro organisms:
the micro organisms presenting inthe soil should favour seedgermination & should not
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
40/68
Sowing in practice
Pretreatment of seed and soilbefore sowing:
Tropical fruit such asavocado alsobenefit from special seedtreatments (specificly invented for thatparticular tropical fruit)
Before sowing, certain seeds firstrequire a treatment prior to the sowingprocess. This treatment may beseed scarification, stratification,
seed soaking orseed cleaning with cold
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_scarificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_soakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_soakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_scarificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
41/68
Seed soaking is generally done byplacing seeds in medium hot waterfor at least 24 to up to 48hours Seed cleaning is doneespecially with fruit (as the flesh ofthe fruit around the seed can quickly
become prone to attack from insectsor plagues.
] To clean the seed, usuallyseed rubbings with cloth/paper is
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_rubbinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_rubbinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_cleaning -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
42/68
Seed washing is generally done bysubmerging cleansed seeds 20minutes in 50 degree Celsius water .
This (rather hot than moderatelyhot) water kills any organisms thatmay have survived on the skin of the
seed. Especially with easily infected
tropical fruit such as lychees and
rambutans, seed washing with high
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycheehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lychee -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
43/68
In addition to the mentioned seedpretreatments, seed germination isalso assisted when disease-free soil
is used. Especially when trying to germinate
difficult seed (e.g. certain tropicalfruit), prior treatment of the soil
(along with the usage of the mostsuitable soil; e.g. potting soil,prepared soil or othersubstrates) isvital.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_germinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potting_soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potting_soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_germination -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
44/68
Depending on the necessity,pasteurisation is to be preferred asthis does not kill all organisms.
Sterilisation can be done when tryingto grow truly difficult crops.
To pasteurise the soil, the soil is
heated for 15 minutes in an oven of120 C.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
45/68
Plants which are usually
sown Among the major field crops, oats,
wheat, and rye are sowed, grassesand legumes are seeded, and maize
and soybeans are planted.
In planting, wider rows (generally 75cm (30 in) or more) are used, and
the intent is to have precise, evenspacing between individual seeds inthe row; various mechanisms havebeen devised to count out individual
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
46/68
Sowing depth:
In seeding, little if any soil isplaced over the seeds.
More precisely, seeds can begenerally sown into the soil bymaintaining a planting depth of
about 2-3 times the size of the seed.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
47/68
Sowing types and
patterns For hand sowing, several sowing
types exist; these include [7]:
Flat sowing
Ridge sowing
Wide bed sowing
Several patterns for sowing may beused together with these types;these include:
Regular rows
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flat_sowing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ridge_sowing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wide_bed_sowing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wide_bed_sowing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ridge_sowing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flat_sowing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_cleaning -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
48/68
Rows that are indented at the evenrows (so that the seeds are placed ina crossed pattern). This method is
much better, as more light may fallon the seedlings as they come out.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
49/68
Types of sowing
Hand sowing:
Hand sowing is the process ofcasting handfuls of seed over
prepared ground: broadcasting.Usually, a drag or harrow is employedto incorporate the seed into the soil.
Though labor intensive for any butsmall areas, this method is still usedin some situations.
Practice is required to sow evenly and
at the desired rate.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_(tool)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_(tool) -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
50/68
A hand seeder can be used forsowing, though it is less of a helpthan it is for the smaller seeds of
grasses and legumes.
Hand sowing may be combined withpre-sowing in seed trays. This allows
the plants to come to strengthindoors during cold periods (egspring in temperate countries).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_trayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_trayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
51/68
In agriculture, most seed is nowsown using a seed drill, which offersgreater precision; seed is sown
evenly and at the desired rate.
The drill also places the seed at ameasured distance below the soil, so
that less seed is required. The standard design uses a fluted
feed metering system, which is
volumetric in nature; individual
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_drillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_drillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
52/68
Rows are typically about 10-30 cmapart, depending on the crop speciesand growing conditions.
Several row opener types are useddepending on soil type and localtradition. Grain drills are most often
drawn by tractors, but can also bepulled by horses.
Pickup trucks are sometimes used,
since little draft is required.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_(agriculture) -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
53/68
Open field
Open-field refers to the form ofsowing used historically in theagricultural context whereby fields
are prepared generically and leftopen, as the name suggests, beforebeing sown directly with seed.
The seed is frequently left uncoveredat the surface of the soil beforegerminating and therefore exposedto the prevailing climate and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(agriculture) -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
54/68
This is in contrast to theseedbedmethod used more commonly indomestic gardening or more specific
(modern) agricultural scenarioswhere the seed is applied beneaththe soil surface and monitored and
manually tended frequently toensure more successful growth ratesand better yields.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedbedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedbed -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
55/68
Plant nursery
nursery is a place where plants arepropagated and grown to usablesize.
There are retail nurseries which sellto the general public, wholesalenurseries which sell only to other
nurseries and to commerciallandscape gardeners, and privatenurseries which supply the needs ofinstitutions or private estates.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_gardenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_gardenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
56/68
Types of plants
Nurseries grow annuals, perennials,and woody plants (trees and shrubs).
These have a variety of uses:decorative plants forflower gardening and landscaping,garden vegetable plants, and
agricultural plants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
57/68
Some nurseries specialize in onephase of the process: propagation,growing out, or retail sale; or in one
type of plant:
groundcovers, shade plants,fruit trees, or rock garden plants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundcoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundcover -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
58/68
Methods
Nurseries often grow plants in agreenhouse, a building of glass or inplastic tunnels, designed to protect
young plants from harsh weather(especially frost), while allowingaccess to light and ventilation.
Modern greenhouses allowautomated control of temperature,ventilation and light and semi-automated watering and feeding.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
59/68
Some also have fold-back roofs to allow"hardening-off" of plants without theneed for manual transfer to outdoorbeds.
Most nurseries remain highly labour-intensive. Although some processeshave been mechanised and automated,others have not. It remains highly
unlikely that all plants treated in thesame way at the same time will arriveat the same condition together, so plantcare requires observation, judgementand manual dexterity; selection for sale
requires comparison and judgement.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
60/68
Business is highly seasonal,concentrated in spring and autumn.
There is no guarantee that there willbe demand for the product - this willbe affected by temperature, drought,cheaper foreign competition, fashion,
etc. A nursery carries these risks and
fluctuations.
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
61/68
Annuals are sold in trays (undividedcontainers with multiple plants), flats(trays with built-in cells), peat pots,
or plastic pots.
Perennials and woody plants aresold either in pots, bare-root or
balled and burlaped and in a varietyof sizes, from liners to mature trees.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lining_plants&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lining_plants&action=edit&redlink=1 -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
62/68
Balled and Burlap trees are dug eitherby hand or by a loader that has a treespade attachment on the front of the
machine. Although container grown woody plants
are becoming more and more populardue to the versatility. B & B is still
widely used throughout the industry. Plants may be propagated by seeds,
but often desirable cultivars arepropagated asexually by budding,
grafting, layering, or other nursery
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed -
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
63/68
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
64/68
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
65/68
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
66/68
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
67/68
-
8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final
68/68
top related