dysplasia
Post on 24-Feb-2016
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Dysplasia Loss of uniformity of individual cells and loss
of their architectural orientation (gall bladder, cervix etc)
Pleomorphism Hyperchromatism Increased mitotic figures
Causes are Chronic irritation, chronic inflammationChronic infection Chances of becoming cancer are high
Mechanism of intracellular accumulation
Pathologic calcificationPathologic calcification is the abnormal
tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other mineral salts.Dystrophic Metastatic
Dystrophic calcificationDying tissuesNormal serum calcium levelsNo metabolic derangmentAtheroma in heart.
Metastatic calcificationNormal tissues Hypercalcemia Hyperparathyroidism HyperthyroidismVit D intoxicationIncreased bone catabolismDecreased bone formationBlood vessels, kidneys, lungs
Definition
Clinical pathology is a specialty in which pathologists provide testing of patient samples (usually blood or urine) in several different areas.
Determination of the level of enzymes in blood in case of heart attack or
Level of glucose (sugar) in the blood of a patient with diabetes.
The presence of bacteria and other microorganisms.
Blood cells studies for various types of anemias
Sections of the Laboratory CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
1. Clinical Chemistry BUN Cholesterol FBS
2. Clinical Microscopy Analysis of body fluids Urin analysis Fecal anaysis Semen analysis
3. Microbiology Cultures (sputum,blood, urine) Diagnostic
bacteriologyMycology ,Mycobacteriol
ogy Virology Immunology4. Hematology Biggest section Includes CBC,coagulation,
PT, PTT
Blood bankVery critical section Bec. May have errors Blood typing Cross match AB Identification Goes hand in hand with
serology and immunology Tests done for MALARIA SYPHILIS HIV
Serology/Immunology Cardiac and thyroid fxntest
II. ANATOMY PATHOLOGY
Histopathology Submission of tissues for
tests
Clinical chemistrythe application of biochemical scientific knowledge and
techniques for medical testing and using those results to diagnosis, prognosis, and improve healthcare.
cardiac carecancer testingorgan transplantPoisoningprenatal testingdiabetes managementinfectious disease testinggenetic testing
Coagulation
PT, PTT, fibrinogen, factor 8, antithrombin 3, platelet counts.
platelet hypofunction statesvon Willebrand diseasedisseminated intravascular coagulation,
hemophilia thrombocytopenia
CytogeneticsThe branch of biology that studies the cellular
aspects of heredity (especially the chromosomes.
The branch of genetics that studies the relationships between the structure and number of chromosomes as seen in isolated cells and variation in genotype and phenotype .
The study of the structure of chromosomes. blood and bone marrow taken from patients for chromosomal abnormalities.
Molecular diagnostics
Molecular diagnostics is an emerging discipline within pathology which is focused on the study and diagnosis of disease through interrogation of nucleic acids and proteins within solid tissue and body fluids. In our view, molecular diagnostics is an interdisciplinary science shared between anatomic and clinical pathology
Reasons for ordering testsAid in diagnosis
Confirm diagnosis
Evaluate prognosis
Monitor therapy
Screen for a disease
Nature of RequestSTAT
Performed immediately and by itself
Run control and standard
20-50% More expensive
TAT is shortened Request is needed
Today
confusing Performed as
soon as possible, given priority
Based on “running time”
Routine Done with the batch Wait for TAT stated
by laboratory
ValuesREFERENCE
VALUESBetter term than
“normal value”Pulled value, usually
95%of populationVary in diff. hospitals
but not that far
SIGNIFICANT VALUES
Clinical decision should be made if higher or lower than reference value
Usually when 2x to 3x
CRITICAL VALUES Needs immediate attention “panic values” Should call physician Patient is at risk
Reference ValuesNot fixed for allShould consider:
Age Sex Pregnancy Diurnal Variation Race Blood type
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