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e-MERLINDevelopment2018-2023
SimonGarringtonJBO,e-MERLIN/VLBINationalFacility
UniversityofManchester
Motivation Scientificpotential
Productivitylimitedbyprocessing– Harder(RFI,calibration,wide-band,wide-field…)
– Datavolumex100KeyscienceissensitivitylimitedàOptimisefrequencybands
àMaximisesurveyspeed
àMaximisebandwidth
àOptimiseimagequality
Thesearetheissuestobeaddressedto
bringe-MERLINtrulyintotheSKA-eraJ123711+621331 e-Merge 1.5GHz
Motivation Scientificpotential
Productivitylimitedbyprocessing– Harder(RFI,calibration,wide-band,wide-field…)
– Datavolumex100KeyscienceissensitivitylimitedàOptimisefrequencybands
àMaximisesurveyspeed
àMaximisebandwidth
àOptimiseimagequality
Thesearetheissuestobeaddressedto
bringe-MERLINtrulyintotheSKA-eraJ123711+621331 e-Merge 1.5GHz
WP2:Software
WP3:2-4GHz
WP4:8-16GHz
WP5:PAF
WP6:Bandwidth
WP7:Defford
e-MERLINUpgrades
Throughput
FrequencyCoverage
Sensitivity
SurveySpeed
Imagingquality
PSRBeamforming
SKA-basedsoftwarepipelines
NewReceiverBands2-4&8-16GHz
Newdigitalchain:2x4,2x8GHzb/w
Flexiblecorrelator/beamformer
PAFonLovell
NewtelescopeatDefford
✔SKA-levelperformance
✔Fullcoverage1-24GHz
✔maxavailableb/w
✔4xsurveyspeed
✔maxareaforpulsars
✔alltelsatallbands
Transformation
MTRLI–1980134km,10MHz0.4,1.5GHz£33m
MERLIN–1991217km,2x15MHz0.15,1.5,5,22GHz£14m
e-MERLIN–20092x2GHz£11m
e-MERLIN–20181-16GHz;2x8GHzb/w440km£10m
Transformation
Transformation
2000-2008:£3.2m/yr+£120kLTê
2018:£2.3m/yr+£400kLovell
2009-2017:£2.0m/yr£0kLovell
A:TheUniverse…A1:earlyuniverseA2:firststructuresA3:rolesofDM&DEA4:firststars,gals,BHA5:galaxyevolutionA6:stellarformation
B:stars&planetsB1:planetarysystemsB2:influenceofSunB3:lifeelsewhere
C:FundamentalphysicsC1:particlesC2:space-timeC3:unifiedframeworkC4:darkmatterC5:darkenergyC6:nuclear/hadronsC7:matter-antimatter
D:ExtremephysicsD1:physicsinextremesD2:highenergies,GWD3:ultra-compactobj
STFCScienceChallenges
KeyScienceGoals
• Planet-formation• Star-formation&evolution• Galaxyevolution&roleofblackholes• Fundamental&extremephysicswith
pulsars• Gravitationalwaves(nHz)usingpulsars• Darkmatter&darkenergyusing
gravitationallensing• Compactobjects&relativisticparticlejets
fromAGN
8-16GHz
2-4GHz
PAF
Bandwidth
2-4GHz
Digitalupgrade
Defford
Defford
ScienceCase:Planet-formingdisks
• Inner10AU(Saturn)opaquetosub-mm• Needcmwavelengths(1)seethroughdust&(2)detectpebblematerial• At1AUneed>~3cm• >200kmbaselinestoreachinner(terrestrial)
orbits• Jup:40mas,Mars12mas
91AU
13AU
HLTauALMA2015
à e-MERLINat10GHz(3cm)isideal:1uJy/b=15K(τ=0.15T=100K)S~𝜈𝛼𝛼>2;winevenforsurf.brightness20masresolutionuse5GHz,22GHztountangleemissionfrom thermaljets,diskwinds,synchrotron
ScienceCase:Galaxyevolution
• Cosmicstar-formationhistory• Moststar-formationobscured->radio(SNR,HII)orsub-mm(dust)• Radioemissionisveryfaint,steep
spectrum,andextended~1”
Wheredoesstar-formationoccur?AGN?Centralstar-formation?
Heckman+Best2014VLAresolutionat1.5GHz
e-MERLIN1.5GHze-MERGE
à Need~0.1”resolutionà 2-4GHzbandidealJVLApreferredband4xbandwidth,lessRFI0.1”fore-M+JVLAà AdditionofGoonhilly
ScienceCase:Galaxyevolution
• Cosmicstar-formationhistory• Moststar-formationobscured->radio(SNR,HII)orsub-mm(dust)• Radioemissionisveryfaint,steep
spectrum,andextended~1”
Wheredoesstar-formationoccur?AGN?Centralstar-formation?
VLAresolutionat1.5GHz
e-MERLIN1.5GHze-MERGE
à Need~0.1”resolutionà 2-4GHzbandidealJVLApreferredband4xbandwidth,lessRFI0.1”fore-M+JVLAà AdditionofGoonhilly
ScienceCase:Galaxyevolution
• Cosmicstar-formationhistory• Moststar-formationobscured->radio(SNR,HII)orsub-mm(dust)• Radioemissionisveryfaint,steep
spectrum,andextended~1”
Wheredoesstar-formationoccur?AGN?Centralstar-formation?
VLAresolutionat1.5GHz
e-MERLIN1.5GHze-MERGE
VLA-LVLA-LVLA-SeM-LeM-S
à Need~0.1”resolutionà 2-4GHzbandidealJVLApreferredband4xbandwidth,lessRFI0.1”fore-M+JVLAà AdditionofGoonhilly
S-band(2-4GHz)simulations JavierMoldon(e-MERLIN/JBO)
• Higherresolution• Maintainsensivitytodiffuseemission
• Distinguish&separatethecomponents&processses:
• star-formingknots,nucleus,jetetc
ScienceCase:
Gravity,GravitationalWaves&UtilisingPulsarClocks.
Kramer
KeyQuestions• Physicsinextremeconditions• Testingtheoriesofgravity,detectionofGWRequirements• Sensitivity,cadence,surveyspeed,accuracyBenefitsofLovell+e-MERLIN• 2xsensitivityforpulsarobservations(=LargeststeerabletelescopesinNHemisphere)• IncreasedsensitivityforLEAP,PulsarTimingArrays
• PAF:increasedsurveyspeed&cadence• S-band:increasedaccuracy
– Largerbandwidth– Reduceddispersion(λ2)andscattering(λ4)à S-bandwillbebandofchoiceforPSRtiming,GW -2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
33 33.5 34 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37G
alac
tic la
titud
e (d
eg)
Galact ic longitude (deg)
Simultaneousmulti-pulsarobservingwithe-MERLINand/orPAF
Design&Implementation Summary
WP2:Software:PAlexander(Cambridge),AScaifeWP3:2-4GHzreceivers:MJones(Oxf),SGarrington,WP4:8-16GHzRx:MJonesWP5:LTPhasedArrayFeed:MKeithWP6:DigitalUpgrade:KGraingeWP7:NewdishatDefford:SGarrington
WP2:SoftwarePAlexander(Cambridge)&AScaife
• Currentpipelinesstillahurdle…• EarlyadopterofSKA-SDP?• LeveragelargeUKandinternationalinvestmentent• TrialSDPonrealdata,similarconfigurationtoSKA1-mid• Head-startonconfiguringandusingSDPpipelines:train&developUKSKAcommunity
E-MERLINSupportCentre
• EarlyimplementationofSDPpipeline• followSDPdevelopmentcycle• Workshops,schoolsetc• Paralleldevelopmentandimplementationofalgorithmsfore-MERLINissues:
• RFIrecognition&flagging• Calibrationandimaging• PAF+singlefeeds
WP3:S-band(2-4Rx) SGarrington&MJones(Oxford)
• Sciencemotivation:galaxyevolution,feedback(jets),cosmology(shear),PSRtiming
• Technicalmotivation:– 4xbandwidth,2xresolutioncomparedtoL-band(1.5GHz)
– JVLAbandofchoiceforgalaxysurveys– Plug-inupgrade:retrofitreceiverstotelescopes:samedownconversion,samplers,…
– Lessinterference
1-4GHzTerrestrialSpectrumPassiveBa
nd Airportapproachradar
S-bandRxL-bandRx
2-4GHzReceiverComponents
• Feedhorns– LargehornsforCassegrain– External/internallens?– Smallfeedsforprime(Mk2,De,LT)
• OMT• LNA EVLAS-band
FeedHorn
10’9”
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.82.0 4.0
5
10
15
20
0
25
freq, GHz
te(2)
2-4GHzReceiverComponents
• Feedhorns– LargehornsforCassegrain– External/internallens?– Smallfeedsforprime(Mk2,De,LT)
• OMT• LNA
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.82.0 4.0
5
10
15
20
0
25
freq, GHz
te(2)
2-4GHzReceiverComponents
• Feedhorns– LargehornsforCassegrain– External/internallens?– Smallfeedsforprime(Mk2,De,LT)
• OMT• LNA
e-MERLINLens1.5GHz
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.82.0 4.0
5
10
15
20
0
25
freq, GHz
te(2)
2-4GHzReceiverComponents
• Feedhorns– LargehornsforCassegrain– External/internallens?– Smallfeedsforprime(Mk2,De,LT)
• OMT• LNA
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.82.0 4.0
5
10
15
20
0
25
freq, GHz
te(2)
2-4GHzReceiverComponents
• Feedhorns– LargehornsforCassegrain– External/internallens?– Smallfeedsforprime(Mk2,De,LT)
• OMT• LNA EVLAOMTDesign
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.82.0 4.0
5
10
15
20
0
25
freq, GHz
te(2)
WP4:X-band(8-16GHz) MJones(Oxford)
• ScientificMotivation:FewAUresolutionand~10Ksensitivityforplanet-formingdisks+star-formation,low-luminosityAGN,+…
• TechnicalMotivation:– High-performance,low-costreceiversforSKA– Upto8GHzbandwidth
SKA1-midreceiverpackage
• SKABand3/4/5receiversbeingdesignedatOxford
• Providesupto5bandsonSKA-midantennas– 1.6–3GHz– 3–5GHz– 4.6–8.5GHz.*– 8.3–15.3GHz*– 15–24GHz*first-lightbands
• eMerlinX-bandreceiverswillbemuchsimplifiedversion,usingsameelectronics,LNAsetc.Feeds/OMTsrescaledtoeMerlinbandandcryostatsimplifiedforsinglefeed.
TheLovellTelescopeatX-band
Lovellperformanceat10GHz
WP5:Phasedarrayfeeds MKeith
• Sciencemotivation– SurveyspeedatL-,S-bandforgalaxy
evolution,weaklensing(alsophasereferencing)
– Field-of-viewfortransients– Pulsarobservingefficiency– Antennaefficiency/surfacecorrection
• Phasedprojectdevelopment– UoMpurchasingASKAPPAF2017
• Uncooled;~250MHzb/w;2x96elements– STFCgrantforcooledPAFR&D
(2016-18)à Cooled,broad-bandL&S-band(1-4GHz)
PHAROS CSIROPAF 2-4GHzCryoPAF
Frequency 4-8GHz 1.2-1.8GHz(plus0.70-1.1GHz)
2-4GHz(plus1.4-1.8option)
Cooling Cryogenic Roomtemperature Cryogenic
Projectstatus Testingofprototype Integrationofproductionsystem
Designandprototyping
Numberofelements220
(24inprototype) 188 188(~24inprototype)
Elementtechnology Vivaldi Chequerboard TBD
BeamformingAnalogue
(Upgradingtodigital)Digital
CSIROBeamformerDigital
CSIROBeamformer
eMerlindevelopmentsupportrequested N/A
InterfacebetweenbeamformerandeMerlinsystems
Developmentoffull-scaleinstrument
(+sameinterfacesasCSIROPAF)
WP5:PAF
WP6:DigitalUpgradeKGrainge
• Motivation– Sensitivity:MaximumbandwidthinC(4-8GHz)andX(8-16GHz)bands
Currently2x2GHz– UpgradeableSKAtechnologies
• 100Gb/slinks,standardnetwork,flexiblecorrelator/beamformer
• Projectelements– Dataacquistion(samplers)– DataLinks(opticalnetwork)– Correlator
Crewe
Birmingham
Nottingham
Peterboro
Pickmere
Jodrell Bank
Darnhall
Knockin
Cambridge
Defford
WP6:DigitalUpgradeDataacquisition&links
• Rangeof5-26Gs/sdigitisersnowavailable(e2v,TI,AnalogDevices)– JESD204StandardinterfacingtoFPGA
• OptionsofdirectsamplingforL,C,S-bands&4,8GHzIFforX(&K)
• DAQboardsindesignbyOxford/AASL• 100Gb/stransmissionnowstandard;willbeusedforSKA
• Convertexistingnetworktonx100Gb/sethernet
WP6:DigitalUpgradeCorrelator
• LastgenerationofbigASICcorrelators
• Rangeofnewoptions– FPGA,GPU,CPU
• ExpecttousehybridFPGA->GPUclusterRe-useWilkesCluster
WP7:DeffordSGarrington
WP7:DeffordSGarrington
WP7:DeffordSGarrington
FeedIndexer
Subreflector
Pedestal
Multipanelmainreflector(totalrms350micron)
Azimuth&Elevationdrive
WP7:NewdishatDefford
SKA1-MidDishDesign2017
M Harman – SKAO Dish Project Manager
SinglePixelFeedBands–1:350-1050MHz–2:950-1760MHz–3:1.65-3.05GHz–4:2.8-5.2GHz–5a:4.6-8.5GHz–5b:8.3–15.3Ghz–5c:14.8-24Ghz
Bands3,4and5c,arenottobefittedastheyarenotpartofSKA1initialdeployment.
SKA1-midDishperformance
WorkPackageCosts
WP Cost(toRC)
Benefits
2:Software £1.5m Sciencethroughput,communityengagementImpact:s/wdevelopment
3.S-band(2-4GHz) £1.0m Science:galaxyevolution,PSRtiming,AGNfeedback
4.X-band(8-16GHz) £1.2m Science:planet&starformation,compactobjects,…
5.PAF £2.3m Science:galaxysurveys,PSR,weaklensing(DM,DE)Impact:SKAtechnology
6.Digitalupgrade £1.8m Science:sensitivityforplanetformationetcImpact:SKAtechnology
7.NewDeffordtel. £1.7m Science:imagingqualityatC,X-band(stars&planets)Impact:SKAtechnology
8.Management £0.5m ProjectmanagementImpact:industrialengagement
Schedule
end
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