earthquakes chapter 19. focus vs. epicenter _________– where the rock breaks and seismic waves...
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Earthquakes
Chapter 19
Focus vs. Epicenter
_________– where the rock breaks and seismic waves begin; can be at deep or shallow depths
_________ – point on the surface directly above the focus; usually what is used to locate the position of an earthquake
Focus
Epicenter
Seismic Waves
_______ (P) Wave – fastest, able to travel through liquids, energy travels in the same direction wave is traveling
________ (S) Wave – slower, not able to travel through liquids, energy travels at right angles to direction wave is traveling
________ (L) Wave – travels along the surface, responsible for most of the quakes damage
Primary
Secondary
Surface
The interior structure of the earth is determined by the pattern of seismic waves. The __________ is liquid so s-waves can not pass through.
outer core
The difference in arrival times between p-waves and s-waves is called __________.
The greater the lag time (shown here as the distance between the two curves) the _________ the distance away from the earthquake.
lag time
greater
To locate the epicenter of an earthquake, a minimum of ____ seismograph stations is needed. The location is where all circles _______.
three
intersect
Faults Vocabulary:
__________ – surface along which rock layers move
__________ – rock layers above the fault plane __________ – rock layers below the fault plane ________ – angle with the surface the fault plane
makes going down into the ground ________ – direction along the surface the fault
plane creates
Fault Plane
Hanging Wall
Footwall
Dip
Strike
Faults
_______ – Hanging wall moves down; formed from tensional forces
_______ – Hanging wall moves up; formed from compressional forces
________ – Hanging wall and Footwall move
horizontally past each other; formed from shear forces
Normal
Reverse
Strike-Slip
Normal Fault
Reverse Fault
Strike-Slip Fault
Folds
__________ – A-shaped or hump-shaped fold with older rock layers in the center; formed from compressional forces
__________ – U-shaped fold with younger rock layers in the center; formed from compressional forces
Anticlines and Synclines usually occur together and can be large or small scale
Anticline
Syncline
Anticlines and Synclines
Other Vocabulary:
____________ – instrument used to measure seismic waves
__________ – difference in arrival times of p- and s-waves
___________ – rates earthquake by magnitude (amount of energy released)
__________________ – rates earthquake by amount and type of damage
______________ – area of great vertical offset along strike of fault
__________ – large ocean wave caused by vertical movement of ocean floor due to an earthquake
seismograph
lag time
Richter scale
modified Mercalli scale
fault scarp
tsunami
Earthquake Review
The fastest seismic wave which can travel through liquids is a ___________.
The Richter scale measures an earthquakes’ ____________.
A U-shaped fold with the rock layers are _________ in the center is a(n) __________.
A _________ fault is formed when the hanging wall moves up due to __________ forces.
P-wave
magnitude
younger syncline
reversecompressional
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