earth’s orbit
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Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2
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Topic 2Earth-Sun Relations, Solar
Energy, and SeasonsEarth's Orbital CharacteristicsSolar EnergyElectromagnetic RadiationSolar InsolationSeasonality
Chapter 2
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Earth’s Orbit
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Plane of the Ecliptic
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Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2
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Milankovitch Cycles
1. Eccentricity varies over a 100,000 yr. period• ± 17 million km• affects energy received (insolation)
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Milankovitch Cycles (x3)
2. Angle of tilt varies over 26,000 yr. period• ± 1.2º or 2.4º total variation• affects degree of seasonality
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Milankovitch Cycles (x3)
3. Direction of tilt varies over 40,000 yr. period• When tilt is toward or away from sun at
perihelion and aphelion max. seasonality occurs
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Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2
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Milankovitch Cycles
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Solar Energy
Elec
trom
agne
tic R
adia
tion
Solar Wind
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Solar Wind
Solar Wind
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Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2
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Aurora Australis and Borealis
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EMR
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2
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Solar and Terrestrial
Energy
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
Shortwave vs.
LongwaveEnergy
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Earth’s Energy Budget
INcoming SOLar RadiATION = INSOLATION14
Uneven Distribution of Insolation
• Sphericity
• Subsolar point
• Declination = Latitude of Sun
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Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2
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Declination from the
Analemma
and the equation of time
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Declination & Circle of Illumination
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Seasonal variation in:
Sun angle (intensity)
Daylength (duration)
Declination of Sun
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Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2
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Global Net Radiation
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The Seasons refers to changes in:
Altitude of Sun above the horizonHow intense the Sun's energy is
Period of daylengthHow long we receive this energy 21
Intro Physical Geography - Topic 2
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Reasons for Seasons
Function of 5 physical characteristics of Earth and its orbit around the Sun
1. Revolution of Earth around Sun2. Rotation of Earth on axis3. Tilt of Earth’s axis4. Axial parallelism5. Sphericity
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Reasons for Seasons1) Revolution
Due to axial parallelismN-S hemispheres tilt toward & away from SunCauses changing declination
2) RotationResults in diurnal pattern of day & night as Earth rotates through circle of illumination
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Revolution and Rotation
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