ecology 1,2012
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Ecology defined
The study of interactions betweenorganisms and their environments
Ex: population dynamics; food webs;trophic levels; nutrient cycling
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QuickTime and a
decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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: t e ecosystemsthat are identified by particular
vegetation and climate: Grasslands
Desert
Temperate deciduous forest Tropical rainforest
Marine
Freshwater
Estuaries
Tundra
Taiga (boreal forest/ coniferous forest)
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Biomes: climate
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Biome in different locations can have varying species:Ex: grassland differences
American PrairieAfrican Savannah
See summary chart in notes
Biomes
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Aquatic Zones: Planktonic vs.
nekton vs benthicPlanktonic: floaters*Phytoplankton:diatoms(90% O2
produced in world)
*Zooplankton
Nekton: free swimmersEx. whales, jellyfish etc.
Benthic: bottom dwellersEx: flounder, clams,coral
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Aquatic Zones:
Photic vs Aphotic
PhoticLight penetrates
Photosynthesis and Respiration*Make O2 and food(producers)*Use CO2 and raw nutrients(from the aphotic zone/all theheterotrophs)
AphoticNo lightRespiration and decomposition only
*Use O2 and food (fromproducers)*Make CO2 and raw nutrients
(through respiration-give tophotic)
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Intertidal= ecotone
Zones of great diversity
* Often called nursery of the sea
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Estuaries and Marshes=
EcotonesWhy are wetlands important ?
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Ecosystem
All of the interactions among the populationsin a community
and the communitys physical surroundingsIncludes all the BIOTIC (living) factors and the
ABIOTIC (non-living) factors
Ex of ecosystems: tide pool; stream; field:drop of pond water; a tree; woods
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QuickTime and adecompressor
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What are some connectionswithin Ecosystems?
http://www.eduweb.com/portfolio/earthsystems/food/foodweb4.html -
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Connections in Ecosystems
Ecosystems endlessly recycle materialsand energy
common to all ecosystems.
Linked within ecosystems:
chemically (nutrients) biologically (food web)
physically (shared abiotic factors)
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Pyramid of Energy:its aone-way street: WHY?
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Pyramid of Energy
Producers
Photosynthesis (energy + H2O + nutrients (CO2)
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Pyramid of Energy
Producers
Herbivores
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Pyramid of Energy
Producers
Herbivores
Carnivores
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Pyramid of Energy
Producers
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
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Pyramid of Energy
Carnivores
Omnivores
Producers
Herbivores
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Pyramid of Energy
Carnivores
Omnivores
Producers
Herbivores
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Trophic Levels
Photosynthetic autotrophs
First order consumers
Second orderconsumers
Thirdorder
consumers
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Biomass
Pyramid of Size:
Generally amount ofmatter stored inorganism isinverselyproportional to the
size of the animals
Large
Medium
Small
Microscopic
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Biomass
Diatoms
Daphnia
Minnows
Trout
Hawk
Producer
Herbivore or Primaryor 1st order consumer
Primary Carnivore orsecondary or 2nd orderconsumer
Tertiary or 3rd orderconsumer orsecondary carnivore
Tertiary carnivore or Quaternary or4th order consumer
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Energy and Biomass
QuickTime a nd a
decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Why is there only 1 hawk at the top?
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QuickTime an d adecompressorare needed to see this picture.
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Application Question
Turn to your neighborand each of you
give an example tothe other of how anabiotic factor caneffect a biotic factor
Now, can youreverse that??
give an example ofhow a biotic factorcan effect abioticfactors
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Niche
An organisms role
in its ecosystem
What it eats
Who eats it
Where it lives How it affects its
environment
Interrelationships
**No two species can occupy the same niche at the
same time in the same place.
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Niche, cont
Ex:
Antelope and African deer:same niche: different place=okay
Hares and kangaroos:
Same niche, same place &same time = in competitionfor food & space
Galapagos finches: same place
& time, diff niches - feeding,nesting sites, habitat allvaried based on feet andbeak adaptations
Fisher and eaglehttp://www.txtwriter.com/Backgrounders/graphics/evolution/page5.jpg
http://www.travellerspoint.com/photos/17864/australia,..arri%20gate.jpg
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Interrelationships - Symbiosis
Predation: (+/-)
Only one benefits;one harmed. (canbe +/+ to population-how?)
Mutualism: (+/+)Both benefit-
examples?
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Commensalism & Parasitism
Commensalism: (+/0)
One benefits; one neutral
Parasitism: (+/-) or (-/-)-
why?
ttp://ruina.tam.cornell.edu/Personal%20photos/KonMin A2 MacroSamples/originals/mosquito.JPG
http://www.oceanfootage.com/oceans/search?screen=search&savesearch=1&keyword_sorter=cat&cat_keyword_sorter=and&keywords=shark+remora&search_rights=ALLhttp://www.oceanfootage.com/oceans/search?screen=search&savesearch=1&keyword_sorter=cat&cat_keyword_sorter=and&keywords=shark+remora&search_rights=ALL
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