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Cold-work tool steels and high-speed steels
Sales + Customer Services
For cold-work tool steelTel. +49 2331 - 398 52 38Fax +49 2331 - 398 53 20e-mail: thomas.hoette@ews-stahl.de
For high-speed steelTel. +49 2302 - 294 256Fax +49 2302 - 294 909e-mail: peter.loeschner@ewk-stahl.com
Edelstahl Witten-KrefeldEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen
Edelstahl Witten-KrefeldEdelstahlwerke SüdwestfalenContacts
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld info@ewk-stahl.com www.ewk-stahl.comEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen info@ews-stahl.de www.ews-stahl.de
Contents
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Supreme quality requires outstanding steel
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalen the cold-work tool steel and high-speed steel experts
Process reliability from consultation to the final product
Precision for the tool manufacturer
Economic benefits for the user
Areas of application
Our technology and experience your guarantee for premium quality
Custom remelting
Individually variable heat treatment
Overview of cold-work tool steels and high-speed steels
Cutting, punching and shearing
Coining, pressing and bending
Rolling
Comminuting
Guiding and folding
Machining
Tool holders
Hand and power tools
Material data sheets
Notes on processing
Overview of tool steel weights
02 03
Cutter blades
Today tools made of cold-workand high-speed steels need tofulfil ever-increasing requirements.On the one hand this is the consequence of more modernproduction facilities and optimized manufacturing processes. On the other thesestem from constantly increasingdemands made on the qualityof the products to be manufactured.
As a consequence the use of precisely the correct steel with the best performance characteristics for the toolapplication is decisive. Onlywhen these considerations areborne in mind can the length of a tool's service life be guaranteed and at the sametime, ensure an economic production with reduced unitcosts.
The correct alloy composition isof utmost importance in orderto attain a steel's material properties which will be mostappropriate for the applicationrequired. These properties canbe fine-tuned through calculating the varying quantities of the elements usedin an alloy, such as chromium,molybdenum, tungsten andvanadium. Besides overseeingthe optimal proportioning of the main elements, close attention is paid to keepingundesirable accompanyingcomponents to an absoluteminimum.This approach enables the supplyof cold-work tool steels andhigh-speed steels for virtuallyevery need and application.Cold-work tool steels are employed at operating
Supreme quality requires outstanding steel
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalenthe cold-work tool steel and high-speed steel experts
temperatures reaching around200 °C and are characterized byhigh levels of wear resistance.They also show good toughnessproperties depending on theintended application.
High-speed steels consistentirely of high-alloy tool steels,which retain necessary high working hardness of approximately 60 to 67 HRC atoperating temperatures ofnearly 600 °C. Their operationalcharacteristics partly stem from a high carbide contentresulting in very high wear resistance.
The combined Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen companies nowbelong to the world's top-ranking manufacturers of cold-work tool steels and high-speedsteels.
This advantageous position isbased on both enterprisesexperience in steel productionspanning more than 150 years,their continuous lead in casting technology and an exceptionallywide range of products and services offered, comprisingseveral thousands of sizes andshapes.
The diversity of materials rangesfrom ordinary shell-hardenablesteel to extremely high-alloymaraging cold-work tool steel.And for every type of applicationwe deliver tailor-made steelgrades, which excel themselvesthrough the following properties:
• very good wear resistance• high compression strength • excellent toughness
So as to offer tool manufacturersand industrial users optimalconditions, Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen have extendedtheir services into customer andapplication-specific consultation,as well as advice on productdevelopment.Deciding on the perfect toolsteel with us starts with consulting our cold-work toolsteels and high-speed steelspecialists.
Together with the toolmaker,the demands on the final
product and on the requiredsteel grade are defined.
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen’scommitments to ongoingimprovements and the refiningof present steels, as well as the development of new steel grades are the result of the symbiotic relationship withtool-makers and users. It is theperfect incentive to engineerand test newly developedmaterials, alloying concepts and production methods.
Our clients are offered the possibility to be integrated inthe decision-making processfrom the extent to which customer-specific pre-machiningshould take place right throughto the manufacture of components, such as cold rolls.
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalendeliver individual sizes ex-warehouse.
04 05
Pre-machining a tool’s shape Milling cutters made from high-speed steel
Process reliability from consultation to the final product
Precision for the tool manufacturer
Economic benefits for the user
Areas of application
Competent advice for our clientsranges from the choice of themost suitable steel gradethrough to the developmentof specific tool steel grades.Not is there a the choice between the various forms deliverable from our extensivestock and product range, butclients also determine whetherthe tool is to be supplied in a pre-machined or ready-to-install state.
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenthen rapidly and reliably deliverthe chosen steel grade, in anyquantity desired – always inconsistent quality.This applies to all importantmarkets worldwide. Our globalsupply network ensures dependable delivery and thefinest on-site quality.
We guarantee our clients customized precision from thesteel production stage rightthrough to machining – andthis tool for tool.
The benefits for tool manufacturers are:
• individual material solutions• consistently high quality• reproducible material
properties such as microstructure and purity
• good machinability• low-distortion heat treatment• very short delivery times• competent consultancy• development of new steel
grades
Cost efficiency is achievedthrough three main criteria:through constantly high quality,long tool lives with reducedcosts and a minimization of downtimes together with minimal tool breakage andedge roughness.
Thanks to the outstanding performance features of ourcold-work tool steel and high-speed steel grades, these criteria are met and at the specified degree.
Innovative material technologycoupled with decades of experience in the production ofhigh-grade steel long productsand our practice-oriented technical consultancy meanproduction dependability fromthe very start. This places us ina reliable position to producesteel grades which are precisely tailored to the respectivedemand profile. From the client's perspective, this createsthe chance to reduce unit costby a more efficient control oftheir production processes.
The resulting benefits for theuser are:
• high wear resistance• good hardenability• balanced toughness• high compression strength• dimensional stability• profitable machinability• long service lives• low tool costs• less machine downtime• higher profitability
The special advantages ofEdelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen'scold-work tool steel and high-speed steel grades make themthe first choice for numerousindustrial tool applications,especially in the areas of:
• cutting, punching and shearing
• coining, pressing and bending (cold solid forming, cold extrusion and deep drawing)
• rolling(for cold, straightening and bending rolls)
• comminuting(granulating, chipping and shredding)
• folding and guiding• machining
(drilling, sawing and milling)• tool holders• hand and power tools
06 07
The requirements made of cold-work tool steels are exceptionallydiverse. This is why appropriateadjustments of the differentalloy components, as well as arelevant treatment during steelproduction are imperative so asto produce a steel grade whichis in perfect accord with the envisaged application.
So as to ensure that the client'sdemands are met, we rely on ahighly experienced group of specialists in the cold-work toolsteel and high-speed steel area. Together with the toolmanufacturers, the specialistsconstitute a perfectly coordinatedteam to determine which steelgrade and quality is mostappropriate to each individualdemand profile.
To complement our steel specialists' extensive knowledge,we are in a position to rely onvery modern production facilities backed up by decadesof experience in every area dealing with heat treatment.In addition to this, our activeand certified quality assurancesystem (DIN EN 14001, DIN ENISO 9001, QS 9000,VDA 6.1 TS16949 and KTA 1401) guaranteesthe production of an individuallydefined steel grade with continuous quality consistency.
Should problems occur in a tool'sservice life, our technicians arehappy to provide necessary support and advice. Throughassessment and materialtesting, they are in the positionto produce findings that lead to rapid repairs enabling long-term trouble-free operation.
Saw blades
The purity and homogeneity ofour cold-work tool steels andhigh-speed steels stem fromproducing them in our modernsteelworks at Witten and Siegen.We fulfil our clients' predefineddemands by means of precisionalloying and using process specifications for melting,shaping and heat treatment.
The tool steels produced byEdelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenare melted in 130-ton electricarc furnaces. A subsequentanalytical fine-tuning is carriedout in a ladle furnace, followedby vacuum degassing of thesteel just before casting.
In order to cast the metallurgically treated moltenmetal, two processes can beapplied depending on therequired size of the final product. Usually an optimizedvertical continuous castingmethod is used, but for largeforging sizes, ingot casting isemployed.
Our technology and experience your guarantee for premium quality
Individually variable heat treatmentCustom remelting
For tool steel grades having tosatisfy especially high levels of toughness, homogeneity and purity standards, EdelstahlWitten-Krefeld and Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalenhave five electroslag remeltingfurnaces (ESRs) and one vacuum-arc remelting furnace(VAR) at their disposal.
The decision as to which process and furnace to use ispredetermined by the desiredquality the remelted steelshould have. Electroslag remelting (ESR) produces noticeably refined sulfidic purityin comparison to non-remeltedsteel. To improve oxidic purity,vacuum-arc remelting (VAR) isapplied.
process flows, the reproducibilityof heat treatment is guaranteedat any time – from the initialinspection of incoming shipments through to the finalheat-treated product.
A bonus for our clientsThrough the use of a precision-hardening process – an EdelstahlWitten Krefeld development –we are in the position to reducethe deformation of thin components to a minimum (e.g. with guide strips).
08 09
ESR furnace at our Krefeld factory Plasma nitriding
The integration of the previousThyssen hardening shops into the Edelstahl Witten Krefeldand Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalen group has enabledus to build on decades of tradition in all fields of heattreatment. From a practicalpoint of view, we are now ableto manufacture products usingthe complete production chain –starting with steel production,via pre-machining to refiningthrough to heat treatment. Ourone-stop solution is invaluablefor the world's most importantmarkets and facilitates fulfilmentof the most discerning toolquality prerequisites.
In our hardening shops acrossthe continents, we have vacuum-tempering furnaces, inert gasplants and plasma-nitridingplants for thermo-chemical treatments at our disposal.Thanks to computer-controlled
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Cuttingpunchingshearing
Coiningpressingbending
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Rolling Comminuting Foldingguiding
Machining Tool holders
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Hand andpower tools
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Cold-work tool steels and high-speed steels
THYRODUR® 2709
THYROTHERM® 2714
THYRODUR® 2721
THYRODUR® 2743
THYRODUR® 2746
THYROPLAST® 2764
THYRODUR® 2766
THYRODUR® 2767
THYRODUR® 2826
THYRODUR® 2833
THYRODUR® 2842
THYRODUR® 2990
THYRAPID® 3202
THYRAPID® 3207
THYRAPID® 3243
THYRAPID® 3247
THYRAPID® 3333
THYRAPID® 3343
THYRAPID® 3344
Overview of cold-work tool steels and high-speed steels
Cuttingpunchingshearing
Coiningpressingbending
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Rolling Comminuting Foldingguiding
Machining Tool holders
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Hand andpower tools
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Cold-work tool steels and high-speed steels
THYRODUR® 1520
THYRODUR® 1730
THYRODUR® 2002
THYRODUR® 2008
THYRODUR® 2067
THYRODUR® 2080
THYRODUR® 2101
THYRODUR® 2201
THYRODUR® 2210
THYRODUR® 2235
THYRODUR® 2242
THYRODUR® 2243
THYRODUR® 2249
THYROPLAST® 2312
THYROLL® 2327
THYRODUR® 2328
THYROTHERM® 2343
THYROTHERM® 2344
THYRODUR® 2357
THYRODUR® 2360
THYROLL® 2362
THYRODUR® 2363
THYRODUR® 2379
THYRODUR® 2381
THYRODUR® 2436
THYRODUR® 2510
THYRODUR® 2516
THYRODUR® 2550
1 also suitable for thermal stress
The cutting, punching andshearing of metallic and non-metallic materials belong to themost demanding tasks cold-worktool steel tools are subjected to.Besides cutting and shearing,there are virtually no other applications where the tool's properties have such an influenceon the process.
The design of cutting, punchingor shearing tools is generallydetermined by three variables –the precision that will be required of it, the nature of the material to be cut and theintended batch volumes in production. Apart from thetool's functional design, anoptimal choice of steel as wellas heat treatment and wherenecessary, surface coating willdetermine the tool's service life.
Specific stresses which, forexample, punches and dies areexposed to, are largely dependent on blade clearance.With decreasing clearance, theforces acting on the bladesincrease significantly resultingin the cutting edges chipping orblunting prematurely. So as toavoid such eventualities, theuse of more highly alloyed ledeburitic cold-work tool steelsand high-speed steels arerecommended.
Where blade clearance increases,the material is drawn into theinterstices leading to majorbursting and bending stresseson the tools. To prevent thisoccurence, the materials haveto possess a very high toughnesspotential.
Cutting, punching and shearing High-performance steels forcutting, punching and shearing
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Cutlery made from cold-work tools Progressive die
This is where THYRODUR®2709, THYRODUR® 2746 and THYRODUR® 2767 come intoplay. For the highest demandson wear resistance we recommend our high-speedsteels.
In addition to a wide range of globally established high-quality standard steel grades,Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalenprovide further steels with specific qualities for cutting,punching and shearing.We have highlighted the following steel grades as mostrepresentative of our completerange.
THYRODUR® 2379 is a 12 % ledeburitic chromium steel featuring high wear resistanceand toughness. During vacuumheat treatment in particular, itdisplays its highly developedthrough-hardening properties.Precision cutting tools areamong typical operational applications made of this high-carbon steel for cutting dies.
THYRODUR® 2516, a special steelwith maximum dimensionalstability and outstanding wearresistance combined with akeen cutting edge, is preferredfor use in high-performance cutting during thin sheet andstrip processing with cuttingmaterial thicknesses of up toapproximately 3 mm.
THYRODUR® 2550 is an oil-hardening, impact-resistant,tungsten-alloyed high-performance steel for cuttingdies. Due to its very good toughness and high hardenability,it is employed to cut sheet ofmedium thicknesses.
THYRODUR® 2990 is characterizedby particularly high hardness,strength and adhesive wear resistance. Through improving
High-performance steels forcutting, punching and shearing
Property comparisons and applications
the toughness compared toTHYRODUR® 2379, enhanced fracture strength has been achieved resulting in a prolongingof service life. THYRODUR® 2990features good EDM properties,smooth surface treatment andtrouble-free inductive hardening.We recommend this grade for rotary cutters, rotary shearblades, punches, dies andprogressive dies applications.
THYRAPID® 3343 is a standardhigh-speed steel grade with multiple applications. Its balanced alloy compositionforms the basis of its high toughness, wear resistance andgood cutting edge retention.
GradeTHYRODUR® 2067THYRODUR® 2080THYRODUR® 2101 modTHYRODUR® 2243 modTHYRODUR® 2360THYRODUR® 2363THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2436THYRODUR® 2510THYRODUR® 2516THYRODUR® 2550THYRODUR® 2746THYRODUR® 2767THYRODUR® 2842THYRODUR® 2990THYRAPID® 3343
Tensile strength++
++++++
++++
+++++++++++++
++++++++
Through hardening0
+++++
++++++
+++++0
+++0
++++++
0++++++
Toughness+0+
+++++++0++
++++++++
++++
Wear resistance++
++++++
++++
+++++++++++++
++++
+++
Group-specific property comparisons
Material to processSheet steel, strip steel, aluminiumand aluminium alloys, copperand copper alloys
Transformer and dynamo sheet,dynamo stripAustenitic steel grades
Metallic sheet and strip
Plastics, wood, rubber, leather,textiles and paper
Thicknessup to 4 mm
up to 6 mm
up to 12 mm
over 12 mm
up to 2 mmup to 6 mmup to 4 mm
up to 6 mm
up to 12 mmover 12 mmup to 4 mm
up to 6 mm
up to 12 mm
Working hardness in HRC58 – 6258 – 6259 – 6356 – 6056 – 6056 – 6056 – 6054 – 5848 – 5252 – 5950 – 5860 – 6358 – 6260 – 6260 – 6458 – 6258 – 6254 – 5850 – 5460 – 6259 – 6360 – 6458 – 6258 – 6256 – 6056 – 6052 – 5950 – 5858 – 6358 – 6258 – 6357 – 6154 – 5858 – 63
GradeTHYRODUR® 2080THYRODUR® 2436THYRODUR® 2516THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2363THYRODUR® 2510THYRODUR® 2842THYRODUR® 2550THYRODUR® 2767THYRODUR® 2243 modTHYRODUR® 2101 modTHYRODUR® 2436THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2379THYRAPID® 3343THYRODUR® 2379THYRAPID® 3343THYRODUR® 2550THYRODUR® 2767THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2516THYRAPID® 3343THYRODUR® 2379THYRAPID® 3343THYRODUR 2379THYRAPID 3343THYRODUR® 2243 modTHYRODUR® 2101 modTHYRODUR® 2080THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2436THYRODUR® 2510THYRODUR® 2550THYRODUR® 2842
Grades for cutting, punching and shearing
54
58
56
60
62
64
66
1 2 3 40 5 6 7 8 9 10
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Sheet thickness in mm
Effective working hardness dependent onsheet thickness.(Above complements adjacent table on'Grades for cutting, punching and shearing')Rotary shear blades
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dimensional stability, toleranceand surface quality.
Cold extrusion – in particularthe production of cold-extrudedsteel components – places enormous strains on toolswhen it comes to toughnessand wear resistance. This is dueto the forces required for thistype of cold forming, whichlead to immense compressionand tensile stresses. This scenario can lead to permanentdeformation or even cracking.To reduce these two types ofstress, material-related preloadsare utilized in the form of reinforcement rings. Our nickel-alloyed THYRODUR® 2721 in particular is recommended forsuch rings.
The pelleting process, whichnecessitates a uniform highdimensional accuracy, morethan any other characteristic,requires a fine, non-porous surface. The latter is achievedthrough the homogeneous microstructure of the pelleter,which enables absolutely perfect micro-engraving.So as to facilitate an uncomplicated removal ofthe pelletized material withoutsticking, pelleters may be coatedusing various methods.
Coining, pressing and bending High-performance steels forcoining, pressing and bending
Besides their established high-quality standard steels featuring a diversity of alloys,Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalensupply steel grades with specialqualities for coining, pressingand bending tools. The steels in question excel themselvesthrough high toughness andwear resistance. We have chosenfive steel grades representativeof a larger selection.
THYRODUR® 2357 is an air-hardening cold-work tool steelwith very good toughness even at high strengths. It is preferentially used for pelleters.
THYRODUR® 2550 is an impact-resistant, tungsten-alloyed cold-work tool steel featuring verygood toughness combined withhigh hardenability. This grade isstrongly recommended for usewith preforming and tabletpress punches.
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Minted Euro coins
When it comes to coining,THYRODUR® 2550 has proven itself a good economic alternativeto HSS.Where superior toughnessis required, nickel-alloyed gradessuch as THYRODUR® 2767 are preferred.
THYRODUR® 2767 is a cold-worktool steel, the nickel content ofwhich assures improved hardenabiltiy, toughness and polishability. Its uses include solid embossing tools, bendingtools and cutlery dies.
Metals take on new, specifiedphysical qualities through coldsolid forming, deep drawing,coining and cold extrusion processing methods.
During cold solid forming,materials are transformed intotheir final shape by cold formingor extrusion. Depending on the method employed, the forming tools can be exposedto extremely high wear resulting from pressure andabrasion.
The coining or embossing process, especially the mintingof coins, creates unusually highdemands on the steels used for punches and dies when itcomes to purity, compressionstrength and wear resistance.In the mints where the coinsare produced, even the slightestdivergences relating to surface,dimensional or gravimetricaccuracy result in the tools beingtaken out of service. This stronglyunderlines the importance ofthe tool steel quality employed.
The demands the deep-drawingprocess makes on the physicalformability of the material used are very considerable. Atthe same time the increasing tendency to reduce materialcosts is nowadays accompaniedby cutbacks in wall thicknesses.The tools employed in thismanufacturing process are subject to exceptional attrition –in particular at the edges andon radii. With respect to production profitability, allthese factors require tool properties that comply with the highest standards of
THYRODUR® 2842 is a standardgrade used for less heavilystressed coining dies with low-profile engraving.
THYRAPID® 3343 is a high-speedgrade which is universallyapplicable for cold solid formingand deep-drawing tools and ischaracterized by high toughnessand wear resistance.
Grade
THYRODUR® 2357THYRODUR® 2360THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2550THYRODUR® 2721THYRODUR® 2767THYRODUR® 2842THYRODUR® 2990THYRAPID® 3343
Wear resistance
+++
++++00+
+++++
Compressionstrength
++++
+++++++
++++++
Toughness
+++++o
++++++++
+++0
Polishability
++++++
++++++++++++
Group-specific property comparisons
Deep-drawn beverage cans
The use of special smelting-reduction processes, such aselectroslag remelting (ESR) orvacuum arc remelting (VAR),assures compliance withdemands on surface quality,purity and isotropy. Modern forging units guarantee ultimateshaping with high compressionof the core area.
Our forging press and radial forging machines enable theproduction of forged-to-shapeblanks with dimensions close to the final gauge.The blanks are supplied annealedor in quenched and temperedcondition.
For the finish-machined products, Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen are equippedwith hardening units for inductive surface hardeningand soaking pits for throughhardening of the steels.Machining is performed on ourmodern machining centres.
Every roll is extensively testedas part of our guarantee forconsistent premium deliveryquality.For any client inquiries and specific advice on applicationaluse, a qualified team ofengineers and steel experts isready to be of assistance.
Rolling High-performance steels for rolls
The following are some of thegrades which Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen supply for coldrolls, leveller rolls, section-bending and straightening rolls.
THYROLL® 2327 is a 2 % chromiumsteel, which on account of itsalloy content, offers a balanced ratio of hardening depth, hardnessand toughness.We supply this grade in variousalloy variations. For specificdemands we offer a remeltedquality.
THYROLL® 2362, a 5 % chromiumsteel, is characterized by improved compression strengthin comparison to THYROLL® 2327.Depending on requirementsand intended application,THYROLL® 2362 can be used in either through-hardened orcase-hardened form. This gradeis preferred for intermediate rolls.
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Machined tool steel Cold roll
Cold rolling is a forming processwhich takes place belowrecrystallization temperature. Itinvolves further reduction ofalready hot-rolled strip and adetermining of the mechanicaland technological properties ofthe same strip.
Due to specific requirementsduring processing, cold rolling isregarded as a speciality withinthe diverse application areas ofcold-work tool steels.
The steels supplied by EdelstahlWitten-Krefeld and Edelstahl-werke Südwestfalen for cold-working are largely employed inthe classical segments of thecold-rolling industry. Theynevertheless have uses in otherfields such as back-up rolls,straightening and section-bending rolls.
For the cold forming of stripsmade from low and high-alloyed steels as well as ofstrips and foils made of non-ferrous metals, the combinedEdelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalencompanies produce work rollsfor two-high mills togetherwith work and back-up rolls forfour-high and six-high mills.We additionally equip clustermills with work, interior andexterior intermediate rolls.
At our Krefeld works we manufacture cold rolls on-sitewhich are supplied as ready-to-install tools.This enables us to adapt themetallurgical and technologicalproperties of steel grades precisely and individually to ourclient's specific requirements.
Grade
THYROLL® 2327THYROLL® 2362THYRODUR® 2363THYROLL® 2364THYRODUR® 2379THYRAPID® 3343
Wear resistance
++++
+++++
++++++
Compressionstrength
+++++++
++++++
Toughness
+++++
++0+
Polishability
++00
+++00
Group-specific property comparisons
Comminuting High-performance steels for comminuting
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalensupply a broad assortment ofpremium quality alloyed cold-work tool steels for granulating,chipping and shredding tools.
THYRODUR® 2360, a 7 % chromium steel, has proven particularly successful in woodprocessing. Its good wear resistance and high hardness arederived from a well-balancedalloy-components ratio – namelymolybdenum, vanadium andtungsten – combined with amedium carbon content.
THYRODUR® 2379 is a preferredchoice for granulating blades tobe used for comminuting. Thisgrade offers a balanced ratio ofhigh hardness and good wearresistance.
THYRODUR® 2743 is a highnickel cold-work tool steel. Itsfine combination of hardness,wear resistance and toughnessis particularly noteworthy.THYRODUR® 2743 is mainlyused for shredders.
THYRODUR® 2746 is a high-performance high nickel cold-work tool steel. This air and oil-hardening grade featuringmaximum impact resistance isutilized for cold-shear blades,which are primarily for scrapchopping.
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Scrap shears
The comminuting of mineraland metallic materials, plasticsand wood is a necessary and decisive economic factor formany industrial manufacturingprocesses.
Whether for the granulating of plastics, wood chipping ormetal shredding, the tools, aswell as the steels they are madefrom, have to cope with veryconsiderable wear resistance,impact strength and hardnesscaused by a broad spectrum ofvery varied operational conditions.
For the comminuting of plastics,highly wear-resistant ledeburiticchromium steel grades arestandard for use with granulating blades. Whereexceptional demands are madeon the blades, our specialtymaterial Ferro-Titanit® guarantees ultimate wear resistance.
Specially alloyed cold-work toolsteel grades have been developed for wood chippersand especially for wood processing. These grades arecharacterized by appropriatehardness combined with hightoughness and high wear resistance.
For shredding – for examplewith scrap choppers – forgedhigh nickel cold-work tool steels are used, as they bestcope with the increasingdemands on mechanical properties and toughness.
Chipping tool
Grade
THYRODUR® 2360THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2550THYRODUR® 2743THYRODUR® 2746THYRODUR® 2842THYRAPID® 3343
Hardness
++++
+++
+++++
Wear resistance
+++++
+++++
+++
Toughness
+++
++++
+++++
Group-specific property comparisons
Ongoing improvements andcontinued developments inmachine tool construction haveresulted in increasingly complexrequirements relating to thequality and profitability of toolsystems.This is well illustrated by hardened guide and sliding railsfor machine tools, which arenow some of the most importantcomponents on the market.
There is an abundance of requirements the steels forsuch guide rails have to fulfil.Necessary mechanical propertiesare high abrasive resistancetogether with good fracturetoughness and high dimensionalstability when under permanentstress.
It is precisely these propertiesthat distinguish Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen's through-hardening cold-work tool steels.In addition, they are easily hardened with as good as nodistortion. Their machinabilityis impeccable and they guaranteea high-quality surface finish.
The efficiency of the steel gradesmade by Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen is equally superiorwhen it comes to modern foldingprocesses.
Present-day folding technology –increasingly supported by intelligent material configurations and profitablenesting software – enables theuser of press brakes to manufacture highly accuratefolding products.
Ultimately success depends on the degree of applicationspecification and the efficiencyof tool systems made fromhigh-performance steels.The steel grades themselveshave to ensure the followingstandards: high wear resistanceand flexural fatigue strength,good machinability, good hardenability and virtuallystress-free as-delivered condition.
According to customer requirements, Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen’s high-performancesteel grades are deliveredstress-relieved and pre-hardenedor through-hardened.Alternatively they may be giveninduction treatment on-site atthe customer.
Guiding and folding High-performance steels forguiding and folding
In the guiding and folding sectorEdelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalensupply an extensive variety ofhigh-quality quenched and tempered cold-work tool steel grades. It is worth highlightingthe following steel grades fromour product range.
THYRODUR® 2067 is characterizedby a well-balanced propertyprofile. This grade is mostcommonly used for guide rails.
THYROPLAST® 2312 is a high-performance brake die steel originally designed for plasticmould construction. The grade,which features very goodmachinability, is delivered at ahardness of 280 to 325 HB.
THYRODUR® 2842 is a universalcold-work tool steel for guiderails. It offers improved throughhardening in comparison to the standard guide rail grade THYRODUR® 2067.
22 23
Guide rails
Grade
THYRODUR® 2067THYROPLAST® 2312THYRODUR® 2510THYRODUR® 2842
Machinability
+++++++++
Achievablesurface
+++++
++++++
Hardenability
+++
++++++
Wear resistance
+++
++++
Group-specific property comparisons
components carbon, tungstenor molybdenum, vanadium,cobalt and chromium result insteels with very individual properties.The ensuing diversity places usin a strong position to supplythe customer with high-speedsteel grades designed for everypossible demand and application.
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenhave many years of experienceat their disposal when it comesto high-speed steel production,with the consequence that wecan guarantee higher levels of quality by applying calculatedmeasures when smelting, castingand processing.
High tempering resistance facilitates certain surface treatments such as nitriding.This not only causes a decreasedtendency to adhere and to coldlap, but also increases abrasivewear resistance.
The considerable diversity ofmaterials and variations in products and componentsmeans that the correct choiceof steel grade for metal-cuttingtools becomes paramount.
Our long-term experience withmaterial-specific chip formationand wear processes, the knowledge of our materialexperts as well as a coordinatedcooperation with scientists areguarantors for the premiumquality of our cold-work toolsteels and high-speed grades –regardless for which purposesthe steels are planned.
A diverse range of cold-work toolsteels is available for machiningpurposes. Here though, wewould primarily like to addressthe area of high-speed steels.
The latter steels retain theirindispensably high-hardnessproperties up to operating temperatures of 600 °C. In this way, enhanced machiningrequirements can be realisedfor longer time periods withouta decrease in cutting efficiencyor cutting-edge retention. Thekey characteristics of high-speedsteels are high hardenability,fine wear resistance, good toughness and high temperingresistance combined with redhardness.Different ratios of the alloy
Machining High-performance steels for machining
24 25
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld's andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen'sspectrum of high-performancesteels for machining comprisespre-hardened as well as highalloy grades.We have highlightedthe following steel grades asmost representative of our range.
THYRODUR® 2210, which is primarily used for twist drills,is a chromium-vanadium cold-work tool steel with high wearresistance and good machinability.
THYRAPID® 3243 is a tough high-performance high-speedsteel grade offering good cutting-edge retention. Its cobaltcontent results in high redhardness and tempering resistance. THYRAPID® 3243 isparticularly suitable when thermal stresses and discontinuous cutting are involved.The core uses for this grade are highly stressed twist drills,taps and heavy-duty millingcutters of all kinds.
THYRAPID® 3247 is characterizedby its high wear resistance,high-temperature strength andtoughness. It is largely employedfor tools which have to withstandabrasive wear.
THYRAPID® 3333 is a high-speedsteel with low alloy contentwhich achieves medium-termlife times. It is basically used onaccount of its toughness potential when parts are exposed to large impactloadings and it is frequentlyemployed for circular and longmetal saw blades.
Milling cutter in operation
The machining process enablesthe user to obtain componentsof a desired shape. Boring,turning and sawing are all meansto this end.When selecting a materialappropriate for metal-cuttingtools, the machining conditionsand the properties of the materialto be machined need to betaken into account.
This is becoming ever more relevant with demands for higherprofitability, longer service life,lighter construction, greatercomfortability and productsafety. The selection process alsogenerates an increasing use ofmore metal and plastic-basedcomposites as well as materialsof a more tensile nature.
StressTool Twist drills
Taps
Screwing dies
Milling cutters
Reamers
Saws and saw segmentsTool holder bits
Planing tools
Broaches
slight
3343–3343–3343–33433341–3343–334333413207324332473207–3343–
medium
3343–3343–3343–32433245–3343–334333413207324332473207–3343–
intense
3243–324333443243–3207320232473202–3243324532073202–3207–3243–
slight
3343–3343–3343–33433341–3343–3343334132073202–320732023343–
medium
3343–3343–3343–32433245–3344–3343334132073202–320732023343–
intense
––3344–––32073202–3202–3243324532073202–32073202––
slight
3343–––––3343––––3343–33433202–3343–––
medium
32433343––––33433243–––3343–33443202–33433344––
intense
3243–––––32073202–––––32073202–3207–––
slight
3343–3343–3343–3343––3343–3343–32073202–––––
medium
324333433343–3343–3243––3344–3343–32073202–––––
intense
3243–3344–––32073202–3202–––32073202–––––
Application examples for high-speed steel grades
Treatment of Steel or cast iron Non-metallic materials Wood Plastics
Due to growing product diversityand higher production volumes,the concepts surrounding the pur-pose and function of a tool havebeen changing in recent years.A striking technology which, toa great extent, has contributedto the development of innovativetool holders is shrink fitting.This is now made use of in allmachining areas.The more comprehensive, complexand taxing a process becomes,the larger the advantages ofshrink-fit technology.This is best illustrated with longand thin tools used at highrevolutions and under extremedemands on the torque transmitted.
Even with shrink-fit chucks,hydraulic chucks, shrink-fittool holders and carbide-tippedmetal-cutting tools, one constant has remained despiteall other developments:in the same way that no precision tool holder can perfectly and universally fulfil every requirementsimultaneously, there is nosingle cold-work tool steelgrade predestined to suit alldemands.
Correspondingly, EdelstahlWitten-Krefeld and Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalenhave developed a broad rangeof high-performance steel grades for tool holders with the following characteristics:high surface hardness, goodtoughness, compression strengthand high wear resistance.
Tool holders High-performance steels for tool holders
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalensupply an extensive assortmentof high-quality steel grades for tool holders, the mostrepresentative of which we havehighlighted to the right.
THYROTHERM® 2343 and THYROTHERM® 2344 are chromium-molybdenum-vanadium alloyed hot-work toolsteel grades which have alsoproven successful as cold-worktool steels with multiple applications. The main characteristics of these steelsare good wear resistance, hightoughness even at elevatedstrengths, low dimensionalvariation and high resistance to thermal fatigue.THYROTHERM® 2343 and THYROTHERM® 2344 are preferred for use with tool holders, especially for shrink fitchucks.Both grades can be nitrided andare easily polishable. They also
possess a very good temperingresistance and are insusceptible to hot cracking. We particularlyrecommend the use of THYROTHERM® 2344 for higherdemands on wear resistance.
THYROTHERM® 2714 is a high-performance die steel and dueto its good toughness and highcompression strength, it is usedfor the main bodies of carbide-tipped tools.
THYRODUR® 2826 is a silicon-manganese alloyed cold-worktool steel with high toughnessand good resilience characteristicswith the result that it is highlysuitable for draw-in collets andspring collets.
Shrink-fit chuck
26 27
Tool holders
Grade
THYROPLAST® 2312THYROTHERM® 2343THYROTHERM® 2344THYRODUR® 2550THYROTHERM® 2714THYRODUR® 2721THYRODUR® 2826
Strength
+++
++++++++
Wear resistance
o+++++++++oo
Toughness
+++++++
+++
+++++
Dimensionalstability
++++++++++++
+++++
Group-specific property comparisons
In recent years, the developmentof hand and power tools hasbeen characterized by the pursuitof the highest possible processreliability and correspondinglyhigh productivity.
Especially in the area of powertools, a trend towards modulartool systems is clearly noticeable,accompanied by an ongoingdevelopment in coatings andprotection from wear. For yearsturning and milling technologieshave been combined on singlemachines, so it is a logical consequence that universaltools have followed suit.
So as to remain in the forefrontof production, Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen deliver a veryexpansive range of highestquality cold-work tool steels tofulfil the needs created by ever-increasing demands. Whetherdrills, woodworking tools, screw-driving tools, milling cutters,tool bits for pneumatic andhydraulic hammers or handtools, our constantly high steelquality ensures uppermostoperational safety and maximumservice life.
Hand and power tools High-performance steels for hand and power tools
The range of high-quality steelsfor hand and power tools fromEdelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenconsists of premium and specialgrades, the most important ofwhich are represented here.
THYRODUR® 2210 is a chromium-vanadium alloyed cold-work toolsteel with high wear resistanceas well as good machinabilityand metal-cutting performance.Amongst other uses, this gradeis employed for sharpeningsteels, twist drills and ejectorpins. THYRODUR® 2210 is alsosupplied in silver steel quality.
THYRODUR® 2249, a chromium-silicon-vanadium alloyed specialsteel, is characterized by hightoughness – even when exposedto considerable impact loadings.THYRODUR® 2249 is mainlyused for pneumatic tool bits.
THYRODUR® 2381 is a silicon-molybdenum alloyed high-tensile special steel featuringgood resistance to twisting.It is preferred for bits and screwdrivers.
THYRODUR® 2766, one of our oil and air-hardening cold-worktool steels, has the propensityto manage enormous fatiguestrength and toughness in combination with tremendouslyhigh wear resistance.THYRODUR® 2766 is also available with a modified composition resulting in evengreater toughness.
Xxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
28 29
Hand and power tools
Grade
THYRODUR® 1520THYRODUR® 2002THYRODUR® 2008THYRODUR® 2210THYRODUR® 2235THYRODUR® 2242THYRODUR® 2249THYRODUR® 2381THYRODUR® 2550THYRODUR® 2766 mod
Strength
o++++++++++
++o
Wear resistance
+++++++++
+++++
+++++
+
Toughness
+oooo
+++++++
+++
Elasticity
+++ooo+
+++++++++
++++
Group-specific property comparisons
Steel sharpening
THYR
ODUR
®15
20
THYR
ODUR
®17
30Material number Reference number AISI1.1730 C45U 1045
Identification
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
Tempering diagram
Applications
Shell-hardenable steel featuring hard surface and tough core.
Components for tools (e.g. base plates for plastic moulds and pressure casting moulds). Also suitable for hand tools, pliers and agriculturaltools of all kinds.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB680 – 710 Furnace max. 207
Tempering °C 100 200 300 350HRC 57 54 49 42
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC800 – 830 Water 57
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling approx. 600 – 650 Furnace
C Si Mn0.45 0.20 0.70
Material number Reference number AISI1.1520 (C70W)
Identification
Applications
Shell-hardenable steel with wear-resistant surface and high core toughness.
Trimming dies, pliers, tool bits for pneumatic and hand tools.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB680 – 710 Furnace, from 500 °C air max. 180
Tempering °C 100 200 300 350HRC 64 61 56 49
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC780 – 810 Water 64
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling approx. 600 – 650 Furnace
C Si Mn0.70 0.25 0.25
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
101 100 101 102 103 104
185
Ac1e
Ac1bA
MS
F + P 100
20
5 8
503.6
247.5
0.45400
0.0583100
0.01710910
0.0116350
100
100
5
185258322768861
Tem
per
atur
e in
°C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
HV 10Hardness
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
30 31
THYR
ODUR
®20
02
THYR
ODUR
®20
08Material number Reference number AISI1.2002 (125Cr1)
Identification
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 1 10 100 1000 10000 10^5 10^6
296
Ac1e
Ac1b
A + K
MS
M
P
418 198804887
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
100
805
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Applications
Tool steel with high surface hardness.
Cutting tools, drawing dies, files and mandrels.
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 – 680 Furnace
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB700 – 720 Furnace max. 200
Heat treatment
Material number Reference number AISI1.2008 (140Cr3)
Identification
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
Tempering diagram
Applications
Water-hardening special steel.
Files.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB730 – 760 Furnace max. 220
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC780 – 820 Water 68
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 – 680 Furnace
C Si Mn Cr V1.50 0.25 0.25 0.85 0.20
C Cr Si Mn1.30 0.25 0.25 0.30
Tempering °C 100 200 300HRC 63 62 59
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC770 – 800 < 10 mm Ø: Oil 65
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 64 62 56 49
32 33
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
THYR
ODUR
®20
67
THYR
ODUR
®20
80Material number Reference number AISI1.2067 102Cr6 L1/L3
Identification
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
HV 10 904 836 603 513 441 378 315 313 308 251268 241 216
675
Ac1e
Ac1b
A + C
MS
M
F + C
B0.180.140.10
0.090.06
0.04
3
2540
50
45
15
251
40 80100
100 100 100 100 100 100
0.26 0.5 1.2 2.8 7.0 10 oK/min 5 oK/min 1.25 oK/min
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Applications
Oil-hardenable grade with low hardening depth, wear-resistant.
Cold pilger rolls and jaws, thread cutting tools, gauges, mandrels, wood and paper processing tools, cold extrusion and spinning tools,flanging rolls, shear and rotary shear blades.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB710 – 750 Furnace max. 225
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 64 61 56 50 44 36
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC830 – 860 Oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) 64
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 Furnace
C Si Mn Cr1.00 0.20 0.35 1.50
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C33.0 32.2 31.4
Material number Reference number AISI1.2080 X210Cr12 D3
Identification
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
HV 10 946 933 882 606 297336 274 228
Ac1e
Ac1b
A + C
MS
M
F + C
B
2
35
100100 100
100
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Applications
12 % ledeburitic chromium tool steel with extreme wear resistance.
Cutting tools for sheets up to 4 mm thickness, trimming dies, blanking dies for paper and plastics, shear blades and rotary shear blades forsheet thicknesses up to 2 mm, drawing and deep-drawing tools. Woodworking tools, stone pressing tools, pressure pads and highly wear-resistant plastic moulds, profile rolls.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB800 – 840 Furnace max. 250
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 63 62 59 57 54 46
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC930 – 960 Oil 64950 – 980 Air (up to 30 mm thickness)
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 – 700 Furnace
C Si Mn Cr2.00 0.30 0.30 12.00
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C16.7 20.5 24.2
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C 20 – 700 °C10.8 11.7 12.2 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.3
3534
THYR
ODUR
®21
01
THYR
ODUR
®22
01Material number Reference number AISI1.2101 (62SiMnCr4)
Identification
Applications
Good toughness and wear resistance.
Spring collets, shear blades, guide rails and punching tools.
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 – 680 Furnace
C Si Mn Cr0.65 1.1 1.1 0.7
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C11.8 12.5
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C31.0 31.5 31.9
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC830 – 860 Oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) 61
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 61 59 56 50 45 40
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
1 10 100 1000 10000
1 10 102 103 104 105 106
MS
A
1
B
266
M
P
F
Ac3 = 800 °C ≠
Ac1 = 745 °C
274
282642
568
688
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
HV 10Hardness
5
155
909095
510
10
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB700 – 750 Furnace max. 225
Material number Reference number AISI1.2201 (X165CrV12)
Identification
Applications
Dimensionally stable, oil-hardenable grade featuring extreme wear resistance combined with sufficient toughness.
High-performance steel for cutting, hobbers, thread rolls, metal saws, wood milling machines and similar items.
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 – 680 Furnace
C Cr V1.60 12.0 0.10
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC960 – 1000 Oil or saltbath (350 – 400 °C) 64
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
Tempering diagram
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB800 – 830 Furnace 231
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 64 63 61 58
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
36 37
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
THYR
ODUR
®22
10
THYR
ODUR
®22
35
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
1 10 100 1000 10000
1 10 102 103 104 105 106
198
Ac1e (0.4 °K/min)
A
MS
M
A + C
B
1
5 8
100 Ac1b (0.4 °K/min)
RA = 8
100100100
100100
0.32 0.6 1.6 5.7 5 °K/min 1.25 °K/min
0,17
4020
0.02 0.03
905050.11
0.053
P
4
203230256275287322363575847883
5
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
HV 10Hardness
Wear resistant chromium-vanadium alloyoed cold-work steel.
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C 20 – 700 °C10.0 12.7 13.7 14.2 14.9 15.8 16.8
Piercing dies, guide rods, twist drills, ejector pins and wood chisels.
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Steel properties
Applications
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Heat treatment
Material number Reference number AISI1.2210 (115CrV3) L2
Identification
C Cr V1.20 0.7 0.1
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
C Cr V0.80 0.60 0.20
Physical properties
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C34.2 32.6 31.0
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C33.5 32.0 31.0
Material number Reference number AISI1.2235 (80CrV2)
Identification
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
1 10 100 1000 10000
1 10 102 103 104 105 106
MS
A
M
P
Ac1B = 760 °C
270281324374386
683860
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
HVHardness
100
Ac1E = 780 °C ≠
0.5
10098
95
95
100
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Applications
Special steel for woodworking, featuring a keen cutting edge.
Circular and gang saws, machine knives, cutting tools for wood and non-ferrous metals, pliers and wood chisels.
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC800 – 830 Oil 63
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 – 680 Furnace
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500HRC 63 61 57 52 45
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB710 – 750 Furnace max. 220
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB680 Furnace 225
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 – 680 Furnace
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 64 62 57 51 44 36
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957. Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC810 – 840 Oil (< 15 mm Ø) 64780 – 810 Water (> 15 mm Ø) 64
3938
THYR
ODUR
®22
42
THYR
ODUR
®22
43Material number Reference number AISI1.2242 (59CrV4)
Identification
Applications
Wear resistant, high toughness.
Special steel for hand chisels of all types, including flat, cross-cut and pointed chisels for the treatment of hard materials. Also for screwdrivers and other hand tools.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB710 – 740 Furnace max. 230
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 61 58 55 50
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC810 – 850 Oil 62
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling approx. 650 – 680 Furnace
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
1 10 102 103 104 105
MS
100
0.31
240
Ac1e (0.4 ° / min)
Ac1b (0.4 ° / min)
100
3
0.550.13 1.3 2.3 6.8 5 ° / min 1.25 ° / min
250290370480660740770790798
100 100
106
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
HV 10Hardness
0.06 0.1
2
2070
B
P
Martensite stage
Austenite– Carbide
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
C Mn Cr V0.59 0.9 1.0 0.1
Material number Reference number AISI1.2243 (61CrSiV5)
Identification
Applications
Wear resistant, high toughness.
Cold heading dies, shear blades, section-cutting shear blades and trimming dies, punching tools and bolting tools.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB700 – 740 Furnace max. 220
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC850 – 880 Oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) 62
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling approx. 650 – 680 Furnace
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
1 10 100 1000 10000
1 10 102 103 104 105 106
MS
A + K
M
Ac1B = 760 °C
258
B
F
5 55
88 88 88 93
280
290
308
316
425
511
761 625767
2 40 40
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
HVHardness
Ac1E = 810 °C ≠
10
98271212123
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
C Si Mn Cr V0.60 0.9 0.8 1.1 0.1
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 62 61 57 52 47 40
Physical properties
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C33.5 32.0 31.0
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957. Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
40 41
THYR
ODUR
®22
49
THYR
OPLA
ST®
2312Material number Reference number AISI
1.2312 40CrMnNiMo8-6-41 P20+S
Identification
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
HV 10
Ac1e
Ac1bA + C
MS
M
100
3 20P
B
100
3
6045
95
681 673 673 642 642 572 572 442 274 236
Tem
per
atur
e in
° C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Applications
Quenched and tempered plastic mould steel with a hardness in as-delivered condition of 280 to 325 HB. Improved machinability incomparison with THYROPLAST® 2311. Polishable.
Plastic moulds, mould frames for plastic and pressure casting moulds, recipient sleeves, brake dies.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB710 – 740 Furnace max. 235
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600 700HRC 51 50 48 46 42 36 28
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 100 °C 150 °C 200 °C 250 °C 300 °CAnnealed 40.2 40.9 40.3 40.0 39.0Quenched and tempered 39.8 40.4 40.4 39.9 39.0
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °CAnnealed 12.5 13.4 13.9Quenched and tempered 12.3 13.0 13.7
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC840 – 870 Oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) 51
Stress-relief annealing (annealed) °C Stress-relief annealing (quenched and tempered) °C Coolingapprox. 600 approx. 30 – 50 under tempering temperature furnace
C Si Mn Cr Mo S0.40 0.35 1.50 1.90 0.20 0.05
Material number Reference number AISI1.2249 (45SiCrV6)
Identification
Applications
Tough, impact-resistant tool steel.
Pneumatic chipping hammers, punching tools, riveting hammers, punches and woodworking tools.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB710 – 750 Furnace 219
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC860 – 890 Oil 58
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling approx. 650 – 680 Furnace
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
1 10 100 1000 10000
1 10 102 103 104 105 106
MS
A
M
P
Ac3 = 865 °C
274397
304
626666
557
F
B
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
HVHardness
Ac1 = 785 °C ≠
10
510 20 50
1010
25
9015 90
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
C Si V Cr0.45 1.35 0.10 1.35
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500HRC 58 57 53 51 50
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957. 1 S can be raised between 0.05 and 0.1 % whereas Ni can be left out completely.
4342
THYR
OLL®
2327
THYR
ODUR
®23
28Material number Reference number AISI1.2327 (~86CrMoV7)
Identification
Applications
Cr-Mo alloyed shell-hardenable grade with high wear resistance.
Standard cold-roll steel for rolls of all sizes, backup rolls and work rolls.
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
C Si Mn Cr Mo0.83 0.45 0.40 1.90 0.30
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC830 – 850 Water 64 – 65
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB710 – 750 Furnace max. 250
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 64 60 56 52
Heat treatment
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
HV 10 824 724 710 647 370387 372 253
Ac1e
Ac1b
A + C
MS
M
P
B
85
100100
279349
100
281 218
274327357
100 100 100
3 3 10 85 100
85
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
Material number Reference number AISI1.2328 (45CrMoV7)
Identification
Applications
Air-hardening steel of great hardness and toughness.
Special steel for chisels.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB690 – 730 Furnace max. 248
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC840 – 860 Air 55
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling approx. 650 Furnace
C Mn Cr Mo V0.45 0.90 1.8 0.30 0.05
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 57 55 52 49 45 38
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
Tempering diagram
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
44 45
THYR
OTHE
RM®
2343
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Ac1e
Ac1b
A + C
MS
M
HV 10
5
B
F + C20 30
5
2
2
10 80 25
6065
95
698 690 681 649 665 642 483 276
665 813
446707
Tem
per
atur
e in
° C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
High hot tensile strength and toughness. Good thermal conductivity and insusceptibility to hot cracking.Can be water-cooled to a limited extent.
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C 20 – 700 °C11.8 12.4 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.9
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °CAnnealed 29.8 30.0 33.4Quenched and tempered 26.8 27.3 30.3
Besides applications typical for the area of hot-work steels, this grade is mainly used for ejector pins, tool holders and shrink fit chucks.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB750 – 800 Furnace max. 230
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650 700HRC 52 52 52 52 54 52 48 38 31
C Si Cr Mo V0.38 1.0 5.3 1.3 0.4
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Steel properties
Applications
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC1000 – 1030 Air, oil or saltbath (500 – 550 °C) 54
Material number Reference number AISI1.2343 X37CrMoV5-1 H11
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 600 – 650 Furnace
4746
THYR
OTHE
RM®
2344
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Ac1e
Ac1b
A + C
MS
M
HV 10
103055
B15
F+C320
100100
707 681 673 657 642 634 572 488
599
219
236
Tem
per
atur
e in
° C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
High hot-wear resistance and hot tensile strength as well as good toughness, thermal conductivity and insusceptibility to hot-cracking. Can be water-cooled to a limited extent.
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C 20 – 700 °C10.9 11.9 12.3 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.5
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °CAnnealed 27.2 30.5 33.4Quenched and tempered 25.5 27.6 30.3
Besides applications typical for the area of hot-work steels, this grade is mainly used for ejector pins, tool holders and shrink fit chucks.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB750 – 800 Furnace max. 230
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650 700HRC 53 52 52 54 56 54 50 42 32
C Si Cr Mo V0.40 1.0 5.3 1.4 1.0
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Applications
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC1020 – 1050 Air, oil or saltbath (500 – 550 °C) 54
Material number Reference number AISI1.2344 X40CrMoV5-1 H13
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 600 – 650 Furnace
THYR
ODUR
®23
57 Material number Reference number AISI1.2357 (50CrMoV13-15) S7
Identification
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
Tempering diagram
Applications
High toughness and wear resistance, high compression strength combined with dimensional stability and good polishability.
Cold-work tool steel for punching tools, moulds, scrap shears, piercing dies, hobbers, coining dies, deburring tools, plastic moulds and pelleters.
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 600 Furnace
C Si Mn Cr Mo V0.50 0.30 0.70 3.35 1.60 0.25
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 200 °C 20 – 400 °C12.2 12.5
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 200 °C 400 °C28.9 30.0 31.0
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC920 – 970 Air or oil 60 – 62
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600HRC 60 58 54 53 53 50 44
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB610 – 650 Furnace approx. 220
THYR
ODUR
®23
60
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
THYRODUR® 2360 is a 7 % chromium steel that derives its high wear resistance from a balanced combination of the alloying elements.The medium V concentration of 0.5 % generates a sufficiently high hardenability combined with high toughness, even at comparativelylow operating temperatures below RT.
This grade is especially suitable for use with chipper knives, blade holders, veneer slicing blades, blade inserts, billet-shear blades andreinforcements. All require a combination of high hardness and toughness as do large cold extrusion tools of complex geometry.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB830 – 860 Furnace max. 240
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600HRC 61 60 58 58 60 57 53
Tempering diagram
Steel properties
Applications
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC1030 – 1070 Air, oil or saltbath (550 °C) 60 – 61
Material number Reference number AISI~1.2360 (~X48CrMoV8-1-1)
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 Furnace
C Si Mn Cr Mo V0.50 1.20 0.35 7.30 1.50 0.50
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
48 49
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
THYR
OLL®
2362
THYR
ODUR
®23
63
Intermediate rolls for cluster mills.
Cr-Mo alloyed through-hardening grade with high tempering resistance.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB800 – 840 Furnace max. 250
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550HRC 61 59 58 57 61 58
Steel properties
Applications
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC980 – 1020 Oil or saltbath 61 – 63
Material number Reference number AISI~1.2362 (~X63CrMoV5-1)
Identification
C Si Mn Cr Mo V0.65 1.10 0.40 5.20 1.40 0.50
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
HV 10 858 824 824 824 813824 772 245
Ac1e
Ac1b
A + C
MS
M
P3 10 75
100
514724 642 383
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Ac1e
Ac1b
A + C
MS
MHV 10
3 305 P
B
15 100
1590
95
70
25882 870 870 870 847 606
724
542 442 254
376
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB800 – 840 Furnace max. 231
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Material number Reference number AISI1.2363 X100CrMoV5 A2
Identification
Applications
High dimensional stability during heat treatment. High wear resistance and toughness.
Cutting tools, rolls, shear blades, cold pilger mandrels, cold stamping tools, moulds for plastics processing.
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 Furnace
C Si Mn Cr Mo V1.00 0.30 0.50 5.00 0.95 0.20
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C15.8 26.7 29.1
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC930 – 970 Air, oil or saltbath (500 – 550 °C) 63
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 63 62 59 57 59 52
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957
5150
Applications
12 % ledeburitic chromium steel. Combines maximum wear resistance, good toughness, outstanding cutting edge retention and tempering resistance. It can be nitrided after special heat treatment.
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C10.5 11.5 11.9 12.2
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C16.7 20.5 24.2
Threading rolls and dies, cold extrusion tools, trimming, cutting and stamping tools for sheet thicknesses up to 6 mm, precision cutting tools for sheet thicknesses up to 12 mm, cold pilger mandrels, circular-shear blades, deep-drawing tools, pressure pads andhighly wear-resistant plastic moulds.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB830 – 860 Furnace max. 250
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC1000 – 1050 Air, oil or saltbath (500 – 550 °C) 63
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 525 550 600HRC 63 61 58 58 58 60 56 50
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC1050 – 1080 Air, oil or saltbath (500 – 550 °C) 61
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 525 550 600(three times) HRC 61 60 58 59 62 62 57 50
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Special heat treatment
52
THYR
ODUR
®23
79
C Si Mn Cr Mo V1.55 0.30 0.35 12.00 0.75 0.90
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling650 – 700 Furnace
Material number Reference number AISI1.2379 X153CrMoV12 D2
Identification
THYR
ODUR
®23
79
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Ac1e (0.4° /min)
Ac1b (0.4° /min)
A + C
MS
HV 10
530
100P
M
100 100
891 891 891 891 891 857 780 623 435 257 249 230
0.10 0.36 0.63 1.2 3.0 7.8 180/min 50/min 2.50/min 1.250/min 0.40/min
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Time in sec
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Hardening temperature: 1030 °C Tempering diagram
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Ac1e
Ac1b
A + C
MS
MHV 10
103 P 20
95100 100
782 772 772 782 772 724 592 297 272 245
488
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Time in sec
Time-temperature-transformation diagramHardening temperature: 1080 °C Tempering diagram
53
THYR
ODUR
®23
81
54
THYR
ODUR
®24
36
55
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
HV 10 946 946 933 882 366606 322 254
Ac1e
Ac1b
A + C
MS
M
F + C
B
25
100 100
90
100
285
285
100
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
12 % ledeburitic chromium steel with very high wear resistance and cutting edge retention as well as improved hardenability in comparison to THYRODUR® 2080.
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C 20 – 700 °C10.9 11.9 12.3 12.6 12.9 13.0 13.2
Heavy-duty blanking dies for cutting transformer and dynamo sheets up to 2 mm thickness as well as for paper and plastics, deep-drawing tools, drawing dies and mandrels, shear blades, stone pressing tools.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB800 – 840 Furnace max. 250
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC950 – 980 Air, oil or saltbath (500 – 550 °C) 64
Material number Reference number AISI1.2436 X210CrW12 ~D6
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling650 – 700 Furnace
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C16.7 20.5 24.2
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 63 62 60 58 56 48
Applications
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
0,1 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ac3
A + K
HV 10
Ac1b
251
Ms
M
P
15100
AF
B
P 855
2570
285322572803882
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
High tensile special steel with good resistance to twisting.
Screwdrivers, bits, low-stressed tools for the cutting, punching and folding of sheet.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB700 – 750 Furnace max. 330
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC840 – 860 Oil 64
Material number Reference number AISI1.2381 (73MoV5-2) S2
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling650 – 680 Furnace
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 64 60 56 52 48 45
Applications
C Si Mn Mo V0.73 1.20 0.50 0.55 0.20
C Si Mn Cr W2.10 0.35 0.35 12.00 0.70
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
THYR
ODUR
®25
10
56
THYR
ODUR
®25
16
57
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
HV 10 800 765 680
625
315470 328 220
H.T.
Ac3
A + C
MS
M
F + C
B
95
100
90
5
195345
100
350
365
15 50 70 9095
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Good cutting edge retention, high hardenability and dimensional stability during heat treatment.
Blanking and stamping dies for cutting sheets up to 6 mm thickness, threading tools, drills, broaches, gauges, measuring tools, plasticmoulds, shear blades, guide rails.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB740 – 770 Furnace max. 230
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC780 – 820 Oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) 64
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC780 – 820 Oil or water 66
Material number Reference number AISI1.2510 (100MnCrW4) O2
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 Furnace
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C33.5 32.0 30.9
C Si Mn Cr V W0.95 0.20 1.10 0.60 0.10 0.60
Applications
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 64 62 57 53
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 65 62 57 51
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
0,1 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ac1e
A + K
HV 10
Ac1b
206
Ms
M
P
100
9895
90
100
251335375412857
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Water-hardening steel featuring good cutting edge retention and high hardenability.
Thread cutting tools, twist drills, dentist's drills and metal saws.
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Steel properties
Applications
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Heat treatment
Material number Reference number AISI1.2516 (120WV4)
Identification
C Cr V W
1.20 0.2 0.1 1.0
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB700 – 720 Furnace max. 230
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling650 – 680 Furnace
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
THYR
ODUR
®25
50
58
THYR
ODUR
®27
09
59
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
HV 10 258765 762 762 279
Ac1e
Ac1b
A + C
MS
M
F + C
B
5
100 100
6300
673
100
409 243585 437
RA = 5 6 715
30 24
213
4090
94
100
0.14 0.29 0.5 1.3 2.6 6.3 20 K
10 K/min
5 K/min
1.25 K/min
2.5 K/min
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Impact-resistant oil-hardenable steel, characterized by very good toughness in combination with high hardenability.
Blanking dies for cutting sheets up to 12 mm thickness, trimming and splitting dies, cold piercing punches, preforming punches, shearblades, chipping knives, pneumatic chisels, coining tools, cold shear blades, ejectors.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB710 – 750 Furnace max. 225
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC870 – 900 Oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) 60
Material number Reference number AISI1.2550 60WCrV8
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 Furnace
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C34.2 32.6 30.9
C Si Mn Cr V W0.60 0.60 0.35 1.10 0.20 2.00
Applications
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C 20 – 700 °C11.8 12.7 13.1 13.5 14.0 14.3 14.5
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 60 58 56 52 48 43
Precipitation-hardenable grade with high yield point and tensile strength combined with good toughness.
Casings for cold extrusion tools, cutting and punching tools.
Solution annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB820 – 850 Water max. 340
Precipitation temperature °C Attainable hardness HRC 490 / 6 h / Air approx. 55
C Mo Ni Co Ti< 0.02 5.00 18.00 10.00 1.00
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C10.3 11.0 11.2 11.5 11.8 11.6
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C14.2 18.5 22.5
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Applications
Heat treatment
Material number Reference number AISI1.2709 (X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5) 18MAR300
Identification
0
200
600
400
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
400 500 600 700
Rp0.2
Rm
Tens
ile s
tren
gth
Rm
and
0.2
cre
ep li
mit
Rp
0.2
in M
Pa
Precipitation temperature in °C
Tempering diagram
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
60 61
THYR
OTHE
RM®
2714
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Air
Oil
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
HV 10
Ac1e (0.4 K/min)
A + C
MS
M
P15
760 760 758 755 705 450560 410 380 345 270
605 15 888095
240
38
740
Cooling curves for the core of round bars with50, 100 and 200 mm dia. on oil hardening
Ac1b (0.4 K/min)
60100
100
B
20 10 5 2.5 1.25 0.8 0.4 0.2 K/min
50 100 200 mm Dmr.
0.34 0.91 1.28 2.2 5.4
RA = 8 8 8 8
8
8 8 12 14 16 7 1
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Material number Reference number AISI1.2714 55NiCrMoV7 ~6F3
Identification
Applications
Tough die steel with high tempering resistance and good through-hardening properties. This grade is usually supplied in annealedcondition or quenched and tempered to a working hardness of 370 to 410 HB (round) or 355 to 400 HB (square, flat).
Standard steel for forging dies of all types, press dies, extrusion dies, retainer plates, armoured trim dies, hot-shear blades and tool holders.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB650 – 700 Furnace max. 250
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC830 – 870 Oil 58860 – 900 Air 56
Steel properties
Heat treatment
C Cr Mo Ni V0.56 1.1 0.5 1.7 0.1
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C12.2 13.0 13.3 13.7 14.2 14.4
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C36.0 38.0 35.0
Physical properties
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 450 500 550 600 650after quenching in oil – HRC 57 54 52 49 47 46 43 38 34
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 450 500 550 600 650after quenching in air – HRC 55 52 50 47 45 43 40 36 32
THYR
ODUR
®27
21
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
HV 10 246268831 786 730 345
Ac1e
Ac1bA
MS
M
F + C
B
2
100 100
90
469709
100
497 297
661
30 4565
5
20.16 0.28 1.0 2.5 6.8
20 K 10 K1.25 K/min 0.4 K/min
2,5 K/min5 K/min
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Air or oil-hardenable steel with good machinability and high toughness.
Cold heading dies, hobbers, cutlery dies, reinforcements and pelleters.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB610 – 650 Furnace max. 250
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC840 – 870 Oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) 59
Material number Reference number AISI1.2721 (50NiCr13)
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 600 Furnace
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C31.0 31.2 31.8
C Si Mn Cr Ni0.55 0.25 0.45 1.00 3.10
Applications
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 59 56 52 48 44 40
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
THYR
ODUR
®27
43
62
THYR
ODUR
®27
46
63
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
Air or oil-hardenable steel featuring high toughness.
Special steel for cold-shear blades, particularly for cutting scrap. Drawing jaws, coining and bending tools.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB610 – 650 Furnace max. 295
Tempering diagram
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC880 – 910 Air, oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) 56
Material number Reference number AISI1.2746 (45NiCrMoV16-6)
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 600 Furnace
C Si Mn Cr Mo Ni V0.45 0.25 0.70 1.50 0.80 4.00 0.50
Applications
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550HRC 56 54 52 50 49 48
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
Material number Reference number AISI1.2743 (60NiCrMoV12-4)
Identification
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
Tempering diagram
Applications
Nickel-alloyed cold-work steel with a good combination of wear resistance and toughness.
Scrap-shear blades, dies and coining tools, piercing punches.
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling600 – 650 Furnace
C Si Mn Cr Mo Ni V0.58 0.40 0.65 1.15 0.35 2.85 0.10
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 200 °C 20 – 400 °C12.2 12.5
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 200 °C 400 °C28.9 30.0 31.0
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC840– 870 Oil 61
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 61 59 54 50
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB690 – 700 Furnace approx. 235
THYR
OPLA
ST®
2764
64
THYR
ODUR
®27
66
65
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Air
Oil
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Ac3 (0.4 K/min)
A
MS
M
HV 10
25 10
P
B
Ac1 (0.4 K/min)
RA =
F17 30 35
1 3 6 15 23
250 75
9095 96
95 91 84 75 53 40
8 1112
10 8
20 10 5
480 465 420 405 390 365 355
345
340 335 325 305 295
50%
90%
0.14 0.38 1.0 1.5 2.3 6.3
K/min
2.5 K/min1.25 K/min
0.4 K/min 0.2 K/min
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Case-hardening steel, high core strength, good polishability.
Highly stressed plastic moulds, tool holders for cutter picks.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB620 – 660 Furnace max. 250
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Carburizing °C Intermediate annealing °C Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC860 – 890 80 – 220 780 – 810 Oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) 62860 – 890 80 – 220 800 – 830 Air 56
Material number Reference number AISI1.2764 (X19NiCrMo4) ~P21
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling600 Furnace
C Cr Mo Ni0.19 1.3 0.2 4.1
Applications
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600after oil hardening HRC 62 60 58 56 52 49after air hardening HRC 56 55 53 51 48 45
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
Physical properties
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C12.1 13.0 0.2 13.5
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C33.5 32.5 32.0
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Ac1e
A + K
MS
M
HV 10
Ac1b
423
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
3.1 5.4
B
Residual austenite in %5.0
464529605635642648653637
Time in sec
98
95805
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Dimensionally stable air-hardening steel featuring maximum toughness, polishable.
Moulds, dies with deep engravings, plastic moulds und hydraulic chisels.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB590 – 610 Furnace max. 260
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Material number Reference number AISI1.2766 (35NiCrMo16)
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling600 – 650 Furnace
C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo0.35 0.25 0.50 1.35 4.10 0.30
Applications
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC820 – 840 Oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) approx. 58
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 56 54 51 48 45 38
also supplied with lower carbon and higher chromium content
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
66
THYR
ODUR
®27
67
THYR
ODUR
®28
26
67
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Ac1e (0.4 K/min)
A + C (traces)
MS
M
HV 10
20P
B
Ac1b (0.4 K/min)
RA =
1 50 98 78
623 613 613 613 613 613 603
603
584 532 440 435
2.2 5.1 4.4
0.14 0.4 1.1 2.1 5.6 20 K/min 5 K/min 1.25 K/min
10 K/min 2.5 K/min 0.4 K/min 0.2 K/min
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Material number Reference number AISI1.2767 45NiCrMo16 6F3
Identification
Applications
High hardenability and toughness, highly suitable for polishing, texturing and EDM machining.We recommend the use of THYRODUR® 2767 (ESR) for extreme demands.
Cutlery dies, cutting tools for thick material, billet-shear blades, drawing jaws, massive embossing and bending tools, plastic moulds,reinforcements.
Steel properties
Heat treatment
C Si Mn Cr Mo Ni0.45 0.25 0.35 1.40 0.20 4.00
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Physical properties
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °CAnnealed 11.7 12.6 13.1Quenched and tempered 12.0 12.5 13.0
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 100 °C 150 °C 200 °C 250 °C 300 °CAnnealed 38.2 38.6 38.9 39.1 39.6Quenched and tempered 27.7 28.9 29.7 30.5 31.0
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB610 – 650 Furnace max. 260
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC840 – 870 Air, oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) 56
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 600 – 650 Furnace
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 56 54 50 46 42 38
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
HV 10248798 792 780 316
Ac3
Ac1
A
MS
M
F + C
B
2
2
335742
3
447
272603
21
8 15 20
0.05 0.1 0.14
0.21
F
8 15
1 2 2 35 8
0,01 0,43 1.0 6.5 5 0/min
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Bainite in %
Residual austenite in %
High toughness and good resilience in tempered condition.
Spring collets, shear blades and trimming dies.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB680 – 710 Furnace max. 220
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC820 – 860 Oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) 61
Material number Reference number AISI1.2826 (60MnSiCr4) S4
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 Furnace
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C34.2 32.6 31.0
C Si Mn Cr0.63 0.80 1.10 0.30
Applications
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 61 59 57 52 46 36
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
68
THYR
ODUR
®28
33
THYR
ODUR
®28
42
69
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
A + C
Ms
100
194
Ac1e = 745 °c
Ac1b = 725 °c
M
100100100 P100100100
50
1005
20
218246284302368418478560780822
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
HV 10Hardness
Wear-resistant water-hardening steel with high insusceptibility to overheating.
Cold heading dies, first and finish upsetting punches, cold stamps and dies for the manufacturing of screws, rivets and bolts, compressionpistons.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB730 – 760 Furnace max. 200
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC780 – 820 Water 65
Material number Reference number AISI1.2833 (100V1)
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling650 – 680 Furnace
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C37.6 35.2 32.6
C Si Mn V1.0 0.2 0.2 0.1
Applications
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 65 62 57 50
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
Good cutting edge retention, dimensionally stable during heat treatment.
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C33.0 32.0 31.3
Tool steel for universal use, cutting and stamping tools for sheet up to 6 mm thickness, thread-cutting tools, reamers, gauges,measuring tools, plastic moulds, shear blades, guide strips and ejector pins.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB680 – 720 Furnace max. 220
C Si Mn Cr V0.90 0.20 2.00 0.40 0.10
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C 20 – 700 °C12.2 13.2 13.8 14.3 14.7 15.0 15.3
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC790 – 820 Oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) 64
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Ac1e (0.4 K/min)
A + C
MS
M
HV 10
23016
P
B
Ac1b (0.4 K/min)
95
100 100 100 100 100
20 4
45
785 780 780 330473
575
293 293 275 257 240RA = 15
0.16 0.4 0.65 1.4 1.6 2.5 6.5 20 K/min 2.5 K/min
5 K/min 1.25 K/min
Tem
per
atur
e in
° C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Hardness
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 63 60 56 50 42 38
Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Applications
Heat treatment
Material number Reference number AISI1.2842 90MnCrV8 O2
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 Furnace
70
THYR
APID
®32
02
71
THYR
ODUR
®29
90
Newly developed ledeburitic cold-work steel with high hardness, good toughness and high tempering resistance combined with highwear resistance.
Cutting and punching tools including precision cutting tools, threading dies and rolls, rotary shear blades, cold pilger mandrels, pressurepads and plastic moulds, cold-forming and deep-drawing dies, woodworking tools and cold rolls.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB830 – 860 Furnace max. 250
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Physical properties
Heat treatment
Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC10301 – 10802 Air, oil or saltbath (500 – 550 °C) 62 – 64
Material number Reference number AISI(~X100CrMoV8-1-1)
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 Furnace
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) RT 100 °C 150 °C 200 °C 300 °C 400 °C 500 °C34.2 25.9 26.8 27.1 27.4 27.2 26.8
C Si Cr Mo V1.0 0.9 8.0 1.6 1.6
Applications
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 525 550 575 6001HRC 62 59 57 58 60 60 59 55 462HRC 64 59 59 60 63 63 61 57 48
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 150 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 250 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 350 °C 20 –400 °C 20 – 450 °C 20 – 500 °C11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 12.0 12.1 12.3 12.4 12.6
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
210
90
A + K
M + K
Ms
Ac1e
Ac1b
P80601053
300430535560615650760765785790790790790790790800800800
805
Tem
per
atur
e in
o C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
Time-temperature-transformation diagram
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
Tempering diagram/Hardening from 1080 °C
High-performance high-speed steel featuring an extremely good cutting edge retention and wear resistance due to its high vanadium content. A high cobalt content contributes to a high red hardness and tempering resistance.
Machining of hard materials which wear cutting edges such as highly quenched and tempered chromium-nickel grades and non-ferrousmetals, mother-of-pearl, paper, hard rubber, synthetic resins, marble, slate and the like. Ideally suited for turning and finishing tools,forming tools of all kinds, heavy-duty milling cutters and automatic lathes.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB820 – 860 Furnace max. 280
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Material number Reference number AISI1.3202 (S12-1-4-5) ~T15
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling630 – 650 Furnace
C Cr Mo V W Co1.35 4.1 0.8 3.8 12.0 4.8
Applications
Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.
1st pre-heating °C 2nd and 3rd pre-heating °C
Hardening1 °C Quenching Tempering °C Hardness after tempering HRC
up to approx. 400 in an air-circulating furnace
a) 850 b) 850 and 1050
1190 – 1240 a) Saltbath (550 °C)b) Oilc) Air
at least three times 540 – 580
64 – 67
1 For cold-forming tools with a complex geometry, a hardening temperature at the lower end of the quoted range is recommended.The stated hardening temperatures apply to saltbath hardening only. For vacuum hardening, we suggest a reduction of 10 to 30 °C.
72
THYR
APID
®32
07
THYR
APID
®32
43
73
High-speed steel of superlative performance combining optimal cutting-edge retention, high-temperature strength and toughnesson account of its composition.
Universally applicable for roughing and finishing where maximum tool life is required and for automatic lathes where wear is caused bylarge batch production. Also for all kinds of cutting tools and milling cutters exposed to exceedingly high stresses.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB820 – 860 Furnace max. 302
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Material number Reference number AISI1.3207 HS10-4-3-10 ~T42
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling630 – 650 Furnace
C Cr Mo V W Co1.23 4.1 3.5 3.3 9.5 10.0
Applications
1 For cold-forming tools of a complex geometry, a hardening temperature at the lower end of the quoted range is recommended.The stated hardening temperatures apply to saltbath hardening only. For vacuum hardening, we suggest a reduction of 10 to 30 °C.
The cobalt content in this high-performance high-speed steel results in high red hardness and tempering resistance. As a consequence, this grade is particularly suitable for conditions involving thermal stresses and discontinuous cutting.
Heavy-duty milling cutters of all kinds, highly stressed twist drills and taps, profile knives, machining of high-strength materials, broaches.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB820 – 860 Furnace max. 269
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Material number Reference number AISI1.3243 HS6-5-2-5 M35
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling630 – 650 Furnace
C Cr Mo V W Co0.92 4.1 5.0 1.9 6.4 4.8
Applications
Under the name THYRAPID® 3245, AISI M 35 + S and material number 1.3245, this steel grade is supplied with a higher sulphur content (S = 0.10 %).
1 For cold-forming tools of a complex geometry, a hardening temperature at the lower end of the quoted range is recommended.The stated hardening temperatures apply to saltbath hardening only. For vacuum hardening, we suggest a reduction of 10 to 30 °C.
1st pre-heating °C 2nd and 3rd pre-heating °C
Hardening1 °C Quenching Tempering °C Hardness after tempering HRC
up to approx. 400 in an air-circulating furnace
a) 850 b) 850 and 1050
1190 – 1230 a) Saltbath (550 °C)b) Oilc) Air
at least three times 540 – 570
64 – 67
1st pre-heating °C 2nd and 3rd pre-heating °C
Hardening1 °C Quenching Tempering °C Hardness after tempering HRC
up to approx. 400 in an air-circulating furnace
a) 850 b) 850 and 1050
1190 – 1230 a) Saltbath (550 °C)b) Oilc) Air
at least three times 540 – 570
65 – 67
74
THYR
APID
®32
47
THYR
APID
®33
33
75
High-carbon, high-speed steel based on molybdenum. Characterized by high wear resistance, red hardness and toughness. As a resultof its low vanadium content, this grade exhibits good grindability.
For tools subject to severe mechanical wear (e.g. in case of small cross-section cuts at high cutting speeds). Particularly suitable for die-sinking cutters, milling cutters and engraving machines including gravers as well as for tool bits in automatic lathes. Also suitable fornon-cutting shaping (e.g. cold extrusion rams and tools employed in machining materials for the aviation industry such as titaniumalloys).
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB820 – 860 Furnace max. 277
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Material number Reference number AISI1.3247 HS2-9-1-8 M42
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling630 – 650 Furnace
C Cr Mo V W Co1.08 4.1 9.5 1.2 1.5 8.0
Applications
1 For cold-forming tools of a complex geometry, a hardening temperature at the lower end of the quoted range is recommended.The stated hardening temperatures apply to saltbath hardening only. For vacuum hardening, we suggest a reduction of 10 to 30 °C.
High-speed steel with economic use of alloys, universally applicable at medium performance. Suitable for series tooling.
Twist drills, circular saws, hacksaws, reamers and milling cutters.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB770 – 840 Furnace max. 255
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Material number Reference number AISI1.3333 HS3-3-2
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling630 – 650 Furnace
C Cr Mo V W 1.00 4.00 2.60 2.30 3.00
Applications
Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 525 550 575 600HRC1 63 61 60 58 62 63 64 63 62
1 For cold-forming tools of a complex geometry, a hardening temperature at the lower end of the quoted range is recommended.The stated hardening temperatures apply to saltbath hardening only. For vacuum hardening, we suggest a reduction of 10 to 30 °C.
1st pre-heating °C 2nd and 3rd pre-heating °C
Hardening1 °C Quenching Tempering °C Hardness after tempering HRC
up to approx. 400 in an air-circulating furnace
a) 850 b) 850 and 1050
1160 – 1190 a) Saltbath (550 °C)b) Oilc) Air
at least three times 530 – 560
66 – 69
1st pre-heating °C 2nd and 3rd pre-heating °C
Hardening1 °C Quenching Tempering °C Hardness after tempering HRC
up to 450 a) 850 b) 850 and 1050
1180 – 1220 a) Saltbath (550 °C)b) Oilc) Air
at least twice 540 – 560
62 – 64
76
THYR
APID
®33
43
THYR
APID
®33
44
77
Standard high-speed steel grade1. Its well-balanced alloy composition forms the basis of its high toughness and good cutting edgeretention, rendering it suitable for a large variety of applications.
For all metal-cutting tools for roughing or finishing such as twist drills, diverse milling cutters, thread dies, broaches, reamers,countersinks, thread chasers, circular saw segments, shaping tools and woodworking tools. Also highly suitable for cold-forming toolssuch as cold extrusion rams and dies, as well as cutting and precision cutting tools, plastic moulds with elevated wear resistance and screws.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB770 – 860 Furnace max. 269
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Material number Reference number AISI1.3343 HS6-5-2C M2
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling630 – 650 Furnace
C Si Mn Cr Mo V W0.90 0.30 0.30 4.10 5.00 1.90 6.40
Applications
This steel is also available with an elevated S content (S = 0.12 %) under the name Thyrapid® 3341, code S 6-5-2 S and material number 1.3341.
Physical properties
Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C32.8 23.5 25.5
30
34
42
38
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800
Har
dne
ss in
HR
C
Tempering temperature in °C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 101 102
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Ac1e
Ac1b
50%80%65
3134 36
53
Tem
per
atur
e in
° C
Time in sec
Time in min
Time in hr
= Hardness in HRC
Martensite stage
Austenitizing temperature 12100°C
Start of transformation
End of transformationPearlite stage
Start of transformation
50%B
Start of carbide precipitation
Austenite+ Carbide+ Ledeburite
Isothermal time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram
1 For cold-forming tools of a complex geometry, a hardening temperature at the lower end of the quoted range is recommended.The stated hardening temperatures apply to saltbath hardening only. For vacuum hardening, we suggest a reduction of 10 to 30 °C.
Very similar composition to THYRAPID® 3343, but with substantially higher V and C content, resulting in combined maximum wear resistance and cutting edge retention with good toughness.
Taps, reamers, heavy-duty milling cutters, dies, rotary gear shaping and shaving cutters for the processing of hard materials, hexagon socketpunches and piercing dies for the nut production.
Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB820 – 860 Furnace max. 269
Chemical composition Typical analysis in %
Steel properties
Heat treatment
Material number Reference number AISI1.3344 HS6-5-3 M3 Typ 2
Identification
Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling630 – 650 Furnace
C Cr Mo V W 1.22 4.1 5.0 2.9 6.4
Applications
1 For cold-forming tools of a complex geometry, a hardening temperature at the lower end of the quoted range is recommended.The stated hardening temperatures apply to saltbath hardening only. For vacuum hardening, we suggest a reduction of 10 to 30 °C.
1st pre-heating °C 2nd and 3rd pre-heating °C
Hardening1 °C Quenching Tempering °C Hardness after tempering HRC
up to approx. 400 in an air-circulating furnace
a) 850 b) 850 and 1050
1190 – 1230 a) Saltbath (550 °C)b) Oilc) Air
at least three times 540 – 570
64 – 66
1st pre-heating °C 2nd and 3rd pre-heating °C
Hardening1 °C Quenching Tempering °C Hardness after tempering HRC
up to approx. 400 in an air-circulating furnace
a) 850 b) 850 and 1050
1190 – 1230 a) Saltbath (550 °C)b) Oilc) Air
at least twice 530 – 560
64 – 66
Notes on processing
possible radii should be providedand these should also be polished if at all possible.
Machining
The tool-making methods andthe associated influence on thematerial can impair the toolservice life. In addition to cutting methods (milling,planing, drilling, turning,grinding), electrical dischargemachining has gained increasingattention in toolmaking inrecent years.
Damage analyses indicate thaterrors made in these machiningprocesses take a top position inthe rankings, at about 20 %.
Electrical discharge machiningThe essential advantages ofelectrical discharge machiningcompared to conventionalmachining methods lie inthe production of extremelycomplex geometrical shapes ina single operation and in thepossibility of machining materialsthat are hard to cut.
However, it is very often forgotten in this context thatthe tool surfaces are severelyaffected during the erosion process, mainly due to the heatinvolved, particularly when working at high removal ratesin order to boost output.
Changes in the microstructureas a result of carburization and the development of internaltensile stresses (temperaturestresses) impair the toughness.Particularly in the case of hard
(brittle) materials, the additiveeffect of heat-treatment stressescan lead to fracturing, either directly or in later use.
Possible remedies first of all liein electrical discharge treatmentthat is more suitable for thematerial, i.e. an appropriatepower reduction in the individualstages of the process. In thefinishing stage, for instance,this can help to reduce thedamage caused during roughing.
An inadequate finishing operation can only improve theappearance of the surface andset the required roughness – itcannot eliminate the surfacedamage. Further improvementscan be achieved by subsequenttwofold annealing or mechanicalreworking.
In addition to the impairedtoughness, attention mustequally be paid to the changedchemical composition of thesurface, as a uniform etchingpattern, such as is required inmany plastics moulds, cannotbe achieved.
Again, it can be seen thatstriation, for example, is dependent on the removal rateset. Particularly serious damageoccurs if the electrode comesinto contact with the toolduring the machining process.
GrindingThe surface is again exposed tovery high thermal stresses duringgrinding. This is particularly thecase if the contact pressure istoo high or there is insufficient
cooling due to the use of unsuitable (blunt) grindingwheels. In this case, the surfacetemperature can exceed the hardening temperature of thematerial and thus cause localnew hardening. As a result ofthe tensile stresses developing inthe process, the typical networkof grinding cracks often occurs.
Heat treatment
Only if the heat treatment isadapted to the steel composition,the intended application andthe size of the part, will thepotential of the tool steel usedbe exploited to the full.Inappropriate heat treatmentcan jeopardize the functionsand characteristics of the tool.
Errors can occur in the form ofincorrect time and temperaturespecifications, unsuitableatmospheres or incorrectheating and cooling conditions.
78 79
The cost-efficiency of the manufacture of industrial products is determined by,among other things, the performance of the tools used.This is greatly influenced by:
design conditions (planning)• material selection• design• shape
production technology• heat treatment and/or• surface treatment• machining• assembly
errors in operational use• operating errors• temperature control, cooling• maintenance errors
errors during necessary repairs• incorrect welding
As high costs are generallyincurred at a very early stage inthe course of tool production(design, material, machining, etc.),errors usually entail majorfinancial losses. Either tools ofthis kind are never put to use atall (production delays, contractualpenalties), or the service life isseriously impaired as a result(repairs).
Design
It has long been known thatsharp edges and large changesof cross-section should be avoided when designing tools,as peak stresses that can beseveral times higher than thecreep limit develop at these
• sharp notches (e.g. turning or grinding scores, scriber marks,punched numbers, etc.).
The notch sensitivity increaseswith the strength of the tools:the higher the hardness selected,the more care must be takenwhen machining the surfacesand the cross-section transitions.Consequently, the largest
New hardening zone due to faulty grinding
Tool breakage due to faulty electricaldischarge machining
Tool breakage due to notching
Tool fracture due to scoring
points. Nevertheless, this olddesign rule is still broken surprisingly often today.
The following factors can promote cracking and fracturing:
• incorrect dimensioning• abrupt changes of cross-
section
Notes on processing
temperature and holding timeduring austenitization, so thatthe required transformationscan take place. Typical errorsarise if the selected hardeningtemperature is too high or theholding time too long. Theresults can be grain growth andthe associated loss of toughness,as well as partial melting.Hardening temperatures thatare too low and holding timesthat are too short result in onlypartial austenitization.
Stresses caused by differentconstituents in the microstructure can occur in this
context, as can problems withsetting the required hardness.The diagram provides standardvalues for the holding time athardening temperature oncethe hardening temperature hasbeen reached on the surface ofthe tool. The immersion timesin the salt bath can also bedetermined with the help ofthe diagram.
Hardening behaviourThe time-temperature transformation diagrams forcontinuous cooling are shownin the material data sheets inorder to facilitate understandingof the transformation processestaking place during hardening.
By following the various coolingcurves, which begin at hardeningtemperature and run to roomtemperature, it can be seenfrom these diagrams whichmicrostructure constituents (in %) are formed at a givencooling rate.
The respective cooling rate isstated on the cooling curves,
either in °C/min. or, in the caseof very rapid cooling, as a parameter (Cooling parameter= Time to cool from 800 °C to500 °C in s divided by 100).In order to avoid tool failuresdue to incorrect heat treatmentwhenever possible, precise heattreatment instructions aregiven for the individual steelgrades in the material datasheets. In this context, referencemust be made to the followingfundamental circumstance,which applies to the heattreatment of all tool steels:given the correct heat treatmentof tool steels, there is no way ofshortening the times or substantially changing the temperatures. The overall procedure must be adhered towithout fail.
The hardness achieved by theindividual steel grades dependsnot only on the carbon content,but also very much on the cross-section. The hardness values afterquenching/annealing stated inthe material data sheets referto a 30 mm square cross section.
80 81
The larger the tool and the higherthe heating rate, the greaterthe temperature differencebecomes. This difference intemperature leads to tensilestresses in the core, meaningthat there is a risk of crackingowing to the decrease in tensilestrength that accompanies thetemperature increase. Largetools of complicated shape andmade of fairly high-alloy steelgrades are particularly at riskdue to their lower thermal conductivity.
Cracking of this kind can largelybe avoided by pre-heating inseveral stages. The holding timeat the respective temperature is30 seconds per 50 mm wall
Stress relief annealingStress relief annealing beforehardening proves to be favourable, as this reduces anyinternal stresses that may havearisen during the precedingmachining process. In the courseof subsequent heat treatment,internal stresses can lead todistortion and, under certaincircumstances, to expensive reworking.
Particularly with tools of complex shape, stress reliefannealing at a temperature of600 to 650 °C should be carriedout after pre-machining. Theholding time at this temperatureshould be a minimum of twohours, or at least one hour per 50 mm wall thickness in thecase of fairly large tools. Thismust be followed by slow cooling in the furnace.
HeatingWhen heating to forming orhardening temperature, thesurface and core zones reachthe specified treatmenttemperature at differentspeeds.
thickness at both the first andsecond stage. In the case ofhigh-alloy tool steels with ahardening temperature inexcess of 900 °C, the third pre-heating stage at roughly 850 °Cserves not only the above-mentioned purposes, but alsoto dissolve some of the carbides.The holding time at this temperature is thus twice aslong as for the second pre-heating stage.
AustenitizingDepending on the materialused, every heat treatmentoperation requires a certain
a
a
a
a = Wall thickness aTim
e in
min
Wall thickness in mm (hardening cross-section)
High-alloy steels (ledeburitic, 12% chromium steels) Carbon, low and medium-alloy tool steels
020 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
Die made of material no. 1.2482 Overheating with residual austenite �
Heating stress crack dueto excessively high heating rate
Pre-maching
Finish-maching
600 – 650 °C
3rd pre-heating stage**1 min/mm ��900 °C
2nd pre-heatingstage 30s/mm��650 °C
Stress-reliefannealing
Heating – Austenitizing – Quenching Tempering
Air Air Air
��100 °C
1st pre-heating stage30 s/mm ��400 °C
Hot bath*
Air/Oil
1st 2nd Furthertempering* tempering* tempering*
Hardening temperature*
Equalizationtemperature1h/100 mm
* Temperatures according to material data sheets
Slowfurnancecooling
** Steels with austenitizing temperature > 900 °C
Time-temperature sequence diagram for the special heat treatment of THYRODUR® 2379
Collet chucks made of 1.2826Insufficient(“under”) hardening �
Die made of 1.2550
Holding period after reaching hardening temperature at the tool’s surfaceHeat treatment
Time
Insufficient(“under”) hardening �
Tem
pera
ture
Notes on processing
experience shows thatunintentional carburization or decarburization repeatedlyoccurs in the event of processmalfunctions. In medium-alloysteels, surface decarburizationresults in a mixed microstructure.During hardening, this leads tointernal stresses and frequentlyto cracking, owing to the different microstructure constituents. More highly alloyedsteels often only display carbondepletion, resulting in impairedperformance in use. In extremecases, however, completedecarburization is also possiblehere. In regions close to the surface, unwanted carburizationresults in other microstructuralstates (incorrect heat treatment)and thus involves an additionalrisk of cracking. To avoid this,the material to be hardenedshould be packed for protectionwhen using a batch furnace. Incontrolled-atmosphere systems,a C level must be set in the gasthat corresponds to the C contentof the batch to be treated. Thesame applies to salt baths. Onlyin vacuum systems do problemsof this kind not occur.
82 83
material-dependent critical cooling rates for hardening.On the other hand, however,they must proceed as slowly as possible, in order to minimizethe risk of distortion and stresscracking (re-work).
As when heating, the risk isgreatest when dealing with tools of complicated shape. Thisis particularly true if other faults
The diagram above shows thedepth of hardening as a functionof the workpiece diameter for a minimum hardness of 64, 62,60 and 58 HRC.
QuenchingThe quenching of the tools isthe most critical phase of theheat treatment process.On the one hand, quenchingoperations must reach the
are additionally present. Typicalproblems in this context arecracking following overheatedhardening, as temperature andtransformation stresses arethen joined by stresses resulting from the differentmicrostructural constituents.Cooling to room temperature isa particular disadvantage,owing to the risk of stresscracking.The tools are expediently onlycooled to approx. 80 °C beforebeing soaked and then directlytempered. Soaking is importantin order to obtain completemartensite transformation overthe entire cross-section, ascracking during cooling aftertempering is otherwise possible.
Step quenching is advisable incritical cases in order to avoidthe risk of cracking. This extensively reduces temperaturestresses and achieves almostsimultaneous transformation ofcase and core.
TemperingTempering operations arenecessary in order to set thecorrect combination of strengthand toughness in tools. Thisboth reduces the stresses in thehardening structure and eliminates the internal stressesresulting from quenching (temperature stresses).Insufficient tempering (time,temperature, frequency) canthus favour later failure.Particularly critical are steel grades which contain residualaustenite after hardening thatcould be transformed under theeffects of stress in use. In orderto avoid mistakes, the
Quenching medium
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Tool diameter in mm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100Hardening depth at 58 HRC
Har
den
ing
dep
th in
mm
OilAir
2379243620802510284227672550208722102542
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Tool diameter in mm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100Hardening depth at 64 HRC
Har
den
ing
dep
th in
mm
237924382379243620802510284220872210
The depth of hardening for a tool of 120 mm dia. made of THYRODUR® 2379 is to be determined for a hardness of 64 HRC and oil hardening. In the top left diagram, theintersection of the vertical line for 120 mm dia. with the curve for THYRODUR® 2379indicates a depth of hardening of 30 mm for oil hardening (to be read off the right-hand axis). The intersection of the THYRODUR® 2379 curve with the straight line at anangle of 45° yields the diameter to be through-hardened, which can be seen from thebottom axis: 100 mm dia.
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
00 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Cooling stress crack due to excessively rapid coolingSevere decarburisation with loss ofhardness Distance from edge in mm
Effect of hardening depth on the diameter of the workpiece for cold work tool steels THYRODUR®
Hard
ness
in H
V 0.
1
information in the materialdata sheets concerning the correct tempering treatmentfor the material should beobserved and no attempt madeto save lost time here of allthings. The holding time attempering temperature is onehour per 20 mm wall thickness,but not less than two hours.The tools are subsequently cooled in air and their hardnessis then tested.
Furnace atmospheresIn customary heat treatmentoperations (hardening andtempering), it is generally assumed that the furnaceatmosphere is adjusted in
such a way that no surface decarburization or carburizationoccurs. Nonetheless, practical
Stamping tool insufficiently tempered
Stamping toolafter tempering twice for 1.5 h at 550 °C
Granulating blade made of material no. 1.2379 / residual austenite due to insufficient tempering �
Notes on processing
84 85
degreased. Nitriding can be carried out in a salt bath, in gasor in plasma. Depending on thecomposition of the steel, thehardness of nitrided surfaces isup to 1100 HV.Another major mistake that canbe made is that of combiningtempering and nitriding inorder to save time and money.This must be expected to resultin dimensional changes anddistortion, which is then virtually impossible to correctbecause of the hard surfacelayer that is subsequently present.
Repair welding
Owing to the nature of thealloys used, tool steels belongto those steel grades wherewelding involves a certaindegree of risk. During the cooling of the weld, thermaland microstructural transformation stresses occurwhich can lead to cracking.However, design changes,natural wear or tool failuresdue to breakage or crackingoften make repair by electricwelding unavoidable. The following basic rules should beobserved for repair welding:
• clean the surfaces thoroughly,grind out the crack in U shape
• preheat thoroughly using apreheating temperature above the martensite transformation temperature (Ms line, see TTT diagram inmaterial data sheet) to avoid microstructural transformationsduring welding
Surface treatment
CarburizationWhere carburization processesare intended, the aim is generallyto combine a tough core with amore wear-resistant surface.The carbon accumulations inthe surface require a corresponding reduction of thehardening temperature, as highresidual austenite contentsmust otherwise be expected,even after proper tempering.This can increase the risk ofcracking or reduce the servicelife. High residual austenite contents give rise to an additionalproblem when polishing tools,owing to the tendency to developthe orange-peel effect. On theother hand, if too much carbonis supplied, it is preferentiallyprecipitated at the austenitegrain boundaries. This results inan increased risk of crackingand substantial embrittlementof the material.Process control appropriate tothe material is the remedy inthis case. This involves controllingnot only the carbon level, butalso the time/temperatureprofile.
NitridingAs in carburization, the purposeof nitriding is to produce a hardsurface layer, the main purposeof which in tools is to affordprotection against wear. Thereduction in toughness thatoccurs, even in the event ofoptimum nitriding, is usuallynot taken into consideration.The result is often spalling ofthe surface zone in use.Prior to nitriding, the toolsmust first be cleaned and
• high-alloy steels: heat to hardening temperature (austenitization), cool to above martensite temperature
• weld (possibly with intermediate reheating)
• use electrodes corresponding to the parent material
• TIG welding offers the advantage of producing a finer microstructure, as the temperatures are lower and the cooling rate higher than when using fluxed electrodes
• in order to minimize distortion,larger areas to be built up should be welded in separate sections that are subsequently joined (the bead should be hammered in order to reduce contraction stresses)
• cooling of the tools to approx.80 to 100 °C after the welding operation and tempering to installation hardnessimmediately afterwards.
Tool steel weight comparisons
5 0.0846 0.121
7 0.1658 0.2169 0.273
10 0.33812 0.486
14 0.66215 0.76016 0.86418 1.09420 1.35122 1.634
24 1.94525 2.11126 2.28328 2.64730 3.03935 4.13740 5.40345 6.83850 8.442
Dimens-ionsin mm
square round hexago-nal
octago-nal
Dimens-ionsin mm square round
hexago-nal
octago-nal
Dimens-ionsin mm Weight
Dimens-ionsin mm square round
hexago-nal
octago-nal
5 0.196 0.154 0.170 0.1636 0.283 0.222 0.245 0.2347 0.385 0.302 0.333 0.3198 0.502 0.395 0.435 0.4169 0.636 0.499 0.551 0.527
10 0.785 0.617 0.680 0.650
61 29.210 22.941 25.296 24.19862 30.175 23.700 26.133 24.99863 31.157 24.470 26.982 25.88164 32.154 25.263 27.846 26.63765 33.170 26.050 28.720 27.48066 34.200 26.860 29.610 28.330
140 153.86 120.84 133.25 127.46145 164.20 129.10 142.96 136.70150 176.60 138.70 153.00 146.30160 201.00 157.80 174.00 165.50170 225.90 178.20 196.50 187.90180 254.30 199.80 220.30 210.70
11 0.950 0.746 0.823 0.78912 1.130 0.888 0.979 0.93613 1.327 1.042 1.149 1.09914 1.539 1.208 1.332 1.27515 1.766 1.387 1.530 1.463
67 35.24 27.68 30.52 29.1968 36.30 28.51 31.44 30.0769 37.37 29.35 32.37 30.9670 38.46 30.21 33.31 31.8771 39.57 31.08 34.27 32.78
72 40.69 31.96 35.24 33.7173 41.83 32.86 36.23 34.6674 42.99 33.76 37.23 35.6175 44.16 34.68 38.24 36.5876 45.34 35.61 39.27 37.56
77 46.54 36.56 40.31 38.5678 47.76 37.51 41.36 39.5679 48.99 38.48 42.43 40.5980 50.24 39.46 43.51 41.6281 51.50 40.45 44.50 42.67
82 52.78 41.46 45.71 43.7383 54.08 42.47 46.83 44.8084 55.39 43.50 47.97 45.8985 56.72 44.55 49.12 46.9986 58.06 45.60 50.28 48.10
87 59.42 46.67 51.46 49.2288 60.79 47.75 52.65 50.3689 62.18 48.84 53.85 51.5190 63.58 49.91 55.07 52.6891 65.01 51.06 56.30 53.85
92 66.44 52.18 57.54 55.0493 67.90 53.32 58.80 56.2594 69.36 54.48 60.07 57.4695 70.85 55.61 61.36 58.6996 72.35 56.82 62.65 59.93
97 73.86 58.01 63.96 61.1998 75.39 59.21 65.29 62.4699 76.94 60.34 66.63 63.74
100 78.50 61.65 67.98 65.03102 81.67 64.15 70.73 67.66
104 84.91 66.68 73.53 70.34106 88.20 69.27 76.39 73.07108 91.56 71.91 79.30 75.85110 94.98 74.60 82.26 78.69112 98.47 77.34 85.28 81.58
114 102.02 80.13 88.35 84.52116 105.63 82.96 91.48 87.51118 109.30 85.85 94.66 90,55120 113.04 88.78 97.90 93.65122 116.84 91.77 101.19 96.79
124 120.70 94.80 104.53 99.99126 124.63 97.88 107.93 103.25128 128.61 101.01 111.38 106.55130 132.66 104.20 114.89 109.90135 142.50 112.35 123.60 118.40
190 283.4 222.6 245.4 234.8200 314.0 246.6 271.9 260.1220 379.9 298.4 329.0 314.8240 452.2 355.1 391.6 374.6260 530.7 416.8 459.6 439.5
280 615.4 483.4 533.0 509.9300 706.5 554.9 611.8 585.3320 803.8 631.3 696.1 665.9340 907.5 712.7 785.9 751.8360 1071.0 799.0 881.0 842.0
380 1133 890 982 939400 1256 986 1088 1040450 1589 1248 1377 1317500 1962 1541 1699 1626600 2826 2219 2447 2341
700 3846 3021 3331 3187800 5024 3926 4351 4162900 6358 4994 5507 5268
1000 7850 6165 6798 6503
16 2.010 1.578 1.740 1.66517 2.269 1.782 1.965 1.87918 2.543 1.998 2.203 2.10719 2.834 2.226 2.454 2.34820 3.140 2.466 2.719 2.601
21 3.462 2.719 2.998 2.86822 3.799 2.984 3.290 3.14823 4.153 3.261 3.596 3.44024 4.522 3.551 3.916 3.74625 4.906 3.853 4.249 4.065
26 5.307 4.168 4.596 4.39627 5.723 4.495 4.956 4.74128 6.154 4.834 5.330 5.09929 6.602 5.185 5.717 5.46930 7.055 5.549 6.118 5.853
31 7.544 5.925 6.533 6.25032 8.038 6.313 6.961 6.65933 8.549 6.714 7.403 7.08234 9.075 7.127 7.859 7.51835 9.616 7.553 8.328 7.966
36 10.714 7.990 8.811 8.42837 10.747 8.440 9.307 8.90338 11.335 8.903 9.817 9.39139 11.940 9.378 10.340 9.89140 12.560 9.865 11.877 10.405
41 13.196 10.364 11.428 10.93242 13.847 10.876 11.992 11.47243 14.515 11.400 12.570 12.02444 15.198 11.936 13.162 12.59045 15.896 12.485 13.767 13.169
46 16.611 13.046 14.385 13.76147 17.341 13.619 15.017 14.33648 18.086 14.205 15.663 14.98349 18.848 14.803 16.323 15.61450 19.625 15.414 16.996 16.258
51 20.418 16.036 17.682 16.91552 21.226 16.671 18.383 17.58553 22.051 17.319 19.096 18.26754 22.891 17.978 19.824 18.96355 23.745 18.750 20.595 19.772
56 24.618 19.335 21.319 20.39457 25.505 20.031 22.088 21.12958 26.407 20.740 22.869 21.88759 27.326 21.462 23.665 22.63860 28.260 22.195 24.474 23.412
Tool steel weight comparisons
86 87
Sheet weight (width in mm)Thickness in mm 2000 x 1000 2500 x 1250 3000 x 1500 4000 x 1500 5000 x 1500
General note (liability)All statements regarding the properties or utilization of the materials or products mentioned are for the purposesof description only. Guarantees regarding the existence of certain properties or a certain utilization are only evervalid if agreed upon in writing.
Thick-nessin mm
Width in mm10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
0.50 8.00 12.50 18.00 24.00 30.00
0.60 9.60 15.00 21.60 28.80 36.00
0.70 11.20 17.50 25.50 33.60 42.00
0.75 12.00 18.75 27.00 36.00 45.00
0.80 12.80 20.00 28.80 38.40 48.00
0.90 15.20 22.50 32.40 43.20 54.00
1.00 16.00 25.00 36.00 48.00 60.00
1.25 20.00 31.25 45.00 60.00 75.00
1.50 24.00 37.50 54.00 72.00 90.00
1.75 28.00 43.75 63.00 84.00 105.00
2.00 32.00 50.00 72.00 96.00 120.00
2.25 36.00 56.25 81.00 108.00 135.00
2.50 40.00 62.50 90.00 120.00 150.00
2.75 44.00 68.75 99.00 132.00 165.00
3.00 48.00 75.00 108.00 144.00 180.00
4 0.312 0.467 0.623 0.779 0.935 1.091 1.249 1.402 1.558 1.714 1.870 2.025 2.181 2.337 2.493 2.649 2.804 2.960 3.1165 0.390 0.584 0.789 0.974 1.169 1.363 1.558 1.753 1.948 2.142 2.337 2.503 2.727 2.921 3.116 3.311 3.506 3.700 3.8956 0.467 0.701 0.935 1.169 1.402 1.636 1.870 2.103 2.337 2.571 2.804 3.038 3.272 3.506 3.739 3.973 4.207 4.440 4.6757 0.545 0.818 1.091 1.363 1.636 1.909 2.181 2.454 2.727 2.999 3.272 3.544 3.817 4.090 4.362 4.635 4.908 5.180 5.4538 0.623 0.935 1.246 1.558 1.870 2.181 2.493 2.804 3.116 3.428 3.739 4.051 4.362 4.674 4.986 5.297 5.609 5.920 6.232
9 0.701 1.051 1.402 1.753 2.103 2.454 2.804 3.155 3.506 3.856 4.207 4.557 4.908 5.258 5.609 5.959 6.310 6.660 7.01110 0.779 1.169 1.558 1.948 2.337 2.727 3.116 3.506 3.895 4.285 4.674 5.064 5.453 5.843 6.232 6.622 7.001 7.401 7.79011 0.857 1.285 1.714 2.142 2.571 2.999 3.428 3.856 4.285 4.713 5.141 5.570 5.998 6.427 6.855 7.248 7.712 8.141 8.56912 0.935 1.402 1.870 2.337 2.804 3.272 3.739 4.207 4.674 5.141 5.609 6.076 6.511 7.011 7.478 7.916 8.413 8.881 9.31813 1.013 1.519 2.025 2.532 3.038 3.544 4.057 4.557 5.064 5.570 6.076 6.583 7.089 7.595 8.102 8.608 9.114 9.621 10.13
14 1.061 1.639 2.181 2.727 3.270 3.817 4.362 4.908 5.453 5.998 6.544 7.089 7.634 8.180 8.725 9.270 9.815 10.36 10.9115 1.169 1.753 2.337 2.921 3.506 4.090 4.674 5.258 5.843 6.420 7.011 7.595 8.180 8.761 9.318 9.932 10.52 11.10 11.6916 1.246 1.870 2.493 3.116 3.739 4.362 4.986 5.509 6.232 6.855 7.478 8.102 8.725 9.348 9.971 10.59 11.22 11.84 12.4617 1.324 1.986 2.649 3.311 3.973 4.635 5.297 5.959 6.622 7.284 7.946 8.608 9.270 9.932 10.59 11.26 11.92 12.58 13.2418 1.402 2.103 2.804 3.506 4.207 4.908 5.609 6.310 7.011 7.712 8.414 9.114 9.815 10.52 11.22 11.92 12.62 13.32 14.02
19 1.480 2.220 2.960 3.700 4.440 5.180 5.920 6.660 7.401 8.141 8.880 9.620 10.36 11.10 11.84 12.58 13.32 14.06 14.8020 1.558 2.337 3.116 3.895 4.674 5.453 6.232 7.011 7.790 8.569 9.350 10.13 10.91 11.69 12.46 13.24 14.02 14.80 15.5821 1.636 2.454 3.272 4.090 4.907 5.726 6.544 7.362 8.180 8.997 9.820 10.63 11.45 12.27 13.09 13.91 14.72 15.54 16.3622 1.714 2.571 3.428 4.285 4.141 5.998 6.855 7.712 8.569 9.426 10.28 11.14 12.00 12.85 13.71 14.57 15.42 16.28 17.1423 1.792 2.688 3.585 4.479 5.375 6.271 7.167 8.063 8.959 9.854 10.75 11.65 12.54 13.44 14.33 15.23 16.13 17.02 17.92
24 1.870 2.804 3.739 4.674 5.609 6.544 7.478 8.413 9.348 10.28 11.22 12.15 13.09 14.02 14.96 15.89 16.83 17.76 18.7025 1.948 2.921 3.895 4.869 5.843 6.816 7.790 8.764 9.738 10.71 11.69 12.66 13.63 14.61 15.58 16.55 17.53 18.50 19.4826 2.025 3.038 4.051 5.064 6.076 7.069 8.102 9.114 10.13 11.14 12.15 13.17 14.18 15.19 16.20 17.22 18.23 19.24 20.2527 2.103 3.155 4.207 5.258 6.310 7.362 8.413 9.465 10.52 11.57 12.62 13.67 14.72 15.77 16.83 17.88 18.93 19.98 21.0328 2.181 3.272 4.422 5.453 6.544 7.534 8.725 9.815 10.91 12.00 13.09 14.18 15.27 16.36 17.45 18.54 19.63 20.72 21.81
29 2.259 3.389 4.581 5.648 6.777 7.907 9.036 10.17 11.30 12.43 13.55 14.68 15.81 16.94 18.07 19.20 20.33 21.46 22.5930 2.337 3.506 4.674 5.843 7.011 8.180 9.348 10.52 11.69 12.85 14.02 15.19 16.36 17.53 18.70 19.86 21.03 22.20 23.3735 2.727 4.090 5.453 6.816 8.180 9.543 10.91 12.27 13.63 14.90 16.36 17.72 19.09 20.45 21.81 23.17 24.54 25.90 27.2740 3.116 4.674 6.232 7.790 9.343 10.91 12.46 14.02 15.58 17.14 18.70 20.25 21.81 23.37 24.93 26.49 28.04 29.60 31.1645 3.506 5.258 7.011 8.764 10.52 12.27 14.02 15.77 17.53 19.28 21.03 22.78 24.54 26.29 28.04 29.80 31.55 33.30 35.0650 3.895 5.843 7.790 9.738 12.69 13.63 15.58 17.53 19.48 21.42 23.37 25.32 27.27 29.21 31.16 33.11 35.06 37.00 38.95
Cold-work tool steels and high-speed steels
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