effect of establishment method and tillage of rice and wheat in the rice-wheat system of the indo...
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Effect of establishment method and tillage of rice and wheat in
the rice- wheat system of the Indo Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India
Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar
Uttarakhand India
Speaker: Dr Virender Pratap SinghProfessor
and Programme Coordinator Weed
Control
Background
In the recent times a slowdown in the agricultural rate of growth is observed in India.
Among the various factors responsible, depletion and deterioration of natural resources especially water and soils are considered most vital.
The growth in total factor productivity (output per unit labour and capital combined), has also slowed especially during last 15 years.
Contd.
If we go back to history then we will find that during the green revolution era the share of inputs use towards yield improvement in crops like rice and wheat has increased more than the share of new varieties.
At present, if we add the increased spending of farmers on leasing of land, labour, pesticides and land preparation, the spending on input use has increased more than the increased output.
Food grain demand on the other hand in India by 2020 will be 268.8 Mt.
so
We will have to reduce the negative effect on our natural resources and at the same time need to produce more to meet the demand of ever increasing population.
Also from the farmers perspective concerted efforts are needed to reduce his input cost to make farming profitable and sustainable.
Importance of rice wheat cropping system
Rice and wheat are two most dominnat crops of the world and India. The combined share of rice (41.1%) and wheat (33.9%) towards total food grain production will be 79.6% by 2020. Together these two crops share about 87.5% of the irrigated area of the country and thus make a very dominant rice wheat cropping system (RWCS) in Indo Gangetic Plains (IGP).
Contd.
The favoured position of Rice-Wheat Cropping System in IGP is due to least risk associated with this cropping system. It is also the most convenient cropping system with most field operations are mechanized or are done by hired labour.
The majority of the rice is transplanted because
Availability of labour for intensive cultivation Extensive irrigation infrastructure Mechanization Easy access to production inputs Better marketing and better weed
management
But??
Now farmers are facing shortage of labour and water during the peak transplanting time and due to this transplanting is delayed sometime upto month of August which results in reduced yield.
Also transplanting is drudgery and had adverse effect on the occupational health of laborers.
Sometime rice stands becomes patchy and optimum plant population can not be obtained.
Due to intensive cultivation and long duration rice varieties wheat sowing is delayed sometimes upto January
Water Scarcity
Per capital availability of water 40 - 60 % (1955-1990)
Fresh water supplies 8 – 10 % (2010)
Water table 0.1 – 1.0 m / year
Leading to
Increased Cost of pumping
Aggravating energy crisis
Wheat yield under different dates
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
20 Nov. 7 Dec. 7 Jan. 30-JanSowing dates
Mean of 10 years
Yie
ld
(t h
a-1)
Solution
To combat these adverse effects on natural resources, methods for reducing the adverse effects are needed. Direct dry seeding of rice, instead of transplanting into puddled soil, and zero till sowing of wheat offers the potential for water savings, reduced labour demand at peak times, and improved soil structure.
DIRECT SEEDED RICE Unpuddled field TRANSPLANTED RICE Puddled field
Transplanting – a labour intensive operation Puddling – a water intensive operation
Cracking pattern in Direct Seeded and Transplanted Rice Fields
Direct sowing in rice and zero tillage in both rice and wheat reduces production inputs, and with potential benefits for soil structure.
Weeds however are a major challenge to direct seeding.
Critical period of weed competition
Contd.
A long term study thus was carried out to evaluate rice, wheat and total cropping system performance as affected by rice and establishment method and tillage for both crops.
Treatments: Kharif Season
Rice-Establishment (Main plot) Conventional transplanting – TPR Wet seeding after puddling – WSR (Drum seeded) Dry seeding after conventional tillage – DSR Dry seeding after conventional tillage but with last tillage
following a flush irrigation - DSFR. Dry seeding zero-tillage after flush irrigation and
glyphosate application-ZTRWeed management (Sub-plots)
• No weed control (T0)• One hand weeding at 30 DAS/DAT• Weed free (herbicide + 2 HW at 30-60 DAS/DAT)
ESTABLISHMENT TRIAL
Treatments: Rabi Season
Zero tillage wheat (ZTW) Conventional Tillage Wheat (CTW)
View of the growth difference between ZTW and CTW at 15
sowing interval
Zero-till wheatSowing of wheat with zero-till drill in standing stubbles of
paddy
Figure 1 Regression trendlines between years and different rice establishment methods with respect to rice grain yield
0
1000
2000
3000
40005000
6000
7000
8000
9000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Years
Ric
e g
rain
yie
ld (
kg h
a-1
)
TPR
WSR
DSR
DSFR
ZTR
Linear (TPR)
Linear (WSR)
Linear (DSR)
Linear (DSFR)
Linear (ZTR)
Figure 2: Regression trendlines of TPR and DSR on wheat grain yield across nine years
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Years
Wh
ea
t G
rain
yie
ld
(kg
ha
-1)
TPR
DSR
Linear(TPR)Linear(DSR)
Figure 3: Effect of different wheat establishment methods on wheat grain yield
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
CT ZT
Wheat establishment methods
Whe
at g
rain
yie
ld (K
g ha
-1)
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Table 1: Economics of RWCS (Rs ha-1), rice equivalent yield (kg ha-1) and tractor time (hr) under different establishment
methods of rice and wheat in rice-wheat system
Total cost Gross return Net return Rice equivalent
Yield
Tractor time
CT ZT CT ZT CT ZT CT ZTCT ZT
TPR 35574 33146 76752 74327 33146 41181 10538 10014
67.8 7.1 DSR 31752 30464 72009 78127 30464 47682 9798 10151
Conclusion
Across nine years there was decline in rice yield in all the rice establishment methods. Rice yield were most stable in the DSFR followed by TPR
Wheat yield predicted to increase in response to different rice establishment methods over a period of nine years. Regression analyses indicate that over the years there was more increment in wheat yields when it was followed by DSR than TPR.
Dry seeding (DSR) had higher net returns than both TPR and WSR mainly due to higher cost involved in puddling/transplanting. Zero till planting of wheat reduced production cost of the system further due to less tractor time
The tractor time under ZTW was just 10.5% that of CTW which reduced fuel consumption and ultimately the cost of production.
Sowing of Direct seeded rice Spray of herbicide
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