effects of seed-applied fungicides on root growth of wheat · pdf filegrowth of wheat under...
Post on 08-Feb-2018
215 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Prof. Teofilo VameraliUniversity of Padova - Italy
Effects of seed-applied fungicides on root growth of wheat under controlled conditions and in open fields
Wheat in EuropeKEY POINTS:
• 225 Mt of wheat grains;• Important actor in world production (~30%);• Fast per-hectare yield increase (~4 t ha-1);• Amelioration of agricultural practices;• Further improvements are possible.
Weaknesses: fungal diseases and mycotoxin control, weedmanagement, nitrogen fertilisation with restrictiveenvironmental regulations (Nitrate Directive).
2013
Countries delivering the 5 highest yieldsAverage 1983 - 2013100k
Ok
Hg/
HaHg/
Ha
50k
40k
30k
20k
Fungal diseases in small-grain cerealsSeed-borne pathogens:• Fusarium spp.• Michrodochium nivale (seedling blight);• Ustilago tritici (loose smut);• Tilletia caries (common bunt / stinking smut).
Soil pathogens:• Septoria tritici (septoria leaf blotch);• Stagonospora/Septoria nodorum;• Rhizoctonia cerealis (sharp eyespot);• Fusarium spp.• Etc.
Many of these can seriously compromise plant establishment (particularly roots), crop success and yield.
Mandatory strategies:1. Prevention against fungal pathogens2. Promotion of early plant growth
Fusarium foot rots
Rhizoctonia
Research aims
• To study its growth (roots) enhancement power vs. older fungicides and untreated controls;
• To identify targeted root parameters;
• To verify whether any implication on yield performance or quality exists;
• To ascertain whether effects are stable across years and soil types.
Framework: a new SDHI fungicide sedaxane available for seed treatments
CONTEXT:Italian environment (controlled conditions and open fields). Common and durum winter wheat.
VIBRANCE GOLD (commercial formulation)Pathogen Efficacy Pathogen Efficacy
Fusarium spp. Septoria nodorum
Macrodochium nivale Puccinia recondita
Pyrenophora graminea Erysiphe graminis
Ustilago nuda Rhizoctonia spp.
Cochliobolus sativus Typhula incarnata
Tilletia caries Gaeumannomyces graminis
Excellent Good
* *
Methods• 2-year field trial: 2012/13 & 2013/14
Legnaro - Experimental farm of the Univ. of Padova
Foggia - Syngenta experimental farm
• 1st year - common wheat: cv. ILLICO
• 2nd year - durum wheat: - cv. SARAGOLLA (Foggia)- cv. ISILDUR (Legnaro)
Legnaro - Padova
Foggia
lysim
eter
s
open field plots
ROOTENHANCEMENT
Treatments under studySeed-applied fungicides:
• VIBRANCE GOLD (fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxane ): 200 mL dt-1
5 g 5 g 10 g
• CELEST EXTRA (fludioxinil + difenoconazole): 200 mL dt-1
5 g 5 g
• Untreated controls
5 m
100-m2 plots20 m
Rhizoboxes Lysimeters Open field
Rhizoboxes with various soilsEffects of VIBRANCE:
• Faster root deepening;
• Greater root length and area;
• Increased number of root tips and forks.
OrganicSilty-loam
Sandy
Clay
Control CELEST VIBRANCE
45 c
m
SANDY SOIL: 43 days of cultivation
Analysis with WINRHIZO TM
Rooting power
% increase vs. controls for significant root parameters
• Root surface area is the most affected parameter;
• Generally: VIBRANCE = CELEST (P = 0.05);
• No. root tips/forks: VIBRANCE > CELEST;
• Similar response in sterilised soil (protection and rooting power are separate mechanisms).
Sandy soil
LENGTH 54% 42% 54% 47%AREA (Horiz. Proj.) 51% 39% 52% 52% 48% 40%CONTACT SURFACE 51% 39% 52% 43% 48% 40%DIAMETERVOLUME 49% 45% 56% 54%No. TIPS 59% 80% 46% 54%No. FORKS 59% 65%
SILTY-LOAM CLAYTYPES OF SOIL
CELEST VIBRANCE CELEST VIBRANCE CELEST VIBRANCE CELEST VIBRANCESANDY ORGANICPARAMETERS
Positive effects, as a trend (P>0.05)
+29% +26%
Lysimeters with various soils
45 c
m
December 5, 2012 (40 DAS)
• Starter effect of VIBRANCE, with faster soil cover;
• Improved seed emergence rates:88% vs. 62% of controls.
SandyClay
Silty-loam Organic
Sowing density: 385/m2
+42%
Control VIBRANCE
ControlVIBRANCE Control VIBRANCE
ControlVIBRANCE Control VIBRANCE
Root responses in various soils
April 5, 2013 (162 DAS)
SILTY-LOAM
45 c
m
Silty-loam
Sandy
SANDY
June 5, 2013 (harvest)
+95%
Control VIBRANCE
ControlVIBRANCE+15%
Control
VIBRANCE
Control
VIBRANCE
• Improved Root Length Density in more crucial conditions;
• Clay and organic soils: VIBRANCE ≅ Control
COMMON WHEAT at Legnaro (2012/13)
Auger sampling and image analysis
Silty-loam soil
December 18, 2012 (54 DAS) April 11, 2013 (168 DAS)
+13%
Control
VIBRANCE
CELEST
+9%
Control
VIBRANCE
CELEST
Harvest: mean RLD 0 - 150 cm
Control VIBRANCECELEST
Improved Root Length Density by VIBRANCE(early stages: above ploughing depth; later: below)
Attenuated differences at harvest
DURUM WHEAT at Legnaro (2013/14)January 15, 2014
VIBRANCE +14% in RLD
• Root length enhancement by VIBRANCE and CELESTat both tillering and spiking stages;
• VIBRANCE: better increases in root area(Surface area = projected area × 3.14 ).
April 30, 2014 (spiking)
Silty-loam soil
+6%
Control VIBRANCECELEST
+5%
+8%
Control
VIBRANCE
CELEST
DURUM WHEAT at Foggia (2013/14)
• Contrasting results across soil profile, with a root enhancement effect of VIBRANCE in top and deep soil;
• Root shifting in deeper layers;
• Unexpected great decrease of CELEST (-19%) due to anomalous calcareous subsoil.
April 15, 2014 (spiking)
Length →
Area →
January 10, 2014
Sandy-clay soil
+4%
+3.4%
Control
VIBRANCE
CELEST
ControlVIBRANCE
CELEST
Effects on grain: YIELD
• Substantial stable yields among treatments;
• Yield increases induced by VIBRANCEbetter observable in conditions of lower fertility (e.g., Foggia).
COMMON WHEAT (2013) July 2, 2013
DURUM WHEAT (2014)
(d.w
.)
+0,2%
Control VIBRANCECELEST
+0,2%
+0,8% +0,8% +15% +25%
Control VIBRANCECELEST Control VIBRANCECELEST
Effects on grain: QUALITY and N uptake
• Small variations among treatments, with more proteins in treated plants of durum wheat;• Interesting greater N uptake in whole plants.
LEGNARO
N Grain + N straw
N Grain + N straw
Control VIBRANCECELEST
Control VIBRANCECELEST
+15 kg
+24 kg
Control VIBRANCECELEST
Control VIBRANCECELEST
Phenolic acids at harvest
• Constantly greater concentration in VIBRANCE-treated plants; some of these acids are active against fungal pathogens;
• Similar trend in the grains (concentration ∼75% lower): nutraceutical effect.
Abundant antioxidant compounds in wheat
HPLC
+5.9% +6.5% +3.4%+7.0%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Unt
reat
ed
Vibr
ance
Unt
reat
ed
Vibr
ance
Unt
reat
ed
Vibr
ance
Unt
reat
ed
Vibr
ance
SANDY CLAY SILTY-LOAM
ORGANIC
mg/
kg d
.w.
STRAW
T-Ferulic
P-Coumaric
Syringic
Caffeic
Vanillic
+14%
+10.5% +11.6+4.5%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Cont
rol
Vibr
ance
Cont
rol
Vibr
ance
Cont
rol
Vibr
ance
Cont
rol
Vibr
ance
SANDY CLAY SILTY-LOAM
ORGANIC
mg/
kg d
.w.
GRAINS
T-Ferulic
P-Coumaric
Syringic
Caffeic
Vanillic
Conclusive remarks
• Both tested seed-applied fungicides have marked power rooting, but VIBRANCE shows more stable effects;
• All improved root parameters (SURFACE, LENGTH, No. TIPS) can be related to efficient nutrient and water uptake, particularly in conditions of stress.
VIBRANCE vs. Plants
VIBRANCE vs. Farmers/Environment• Starter effect of VIBRANCE can be efficiently exploited for safe and quick plant establishment
during the most delicate early phases;• Quantitative/qualitative yield advantages cannot always be expected with this larger root
apparatus, but a poor root system is always responsible for yield losses;• With VIBRANCE, reduced N leaching, improved NUE and reduction of N fertilisers can help the
environment and save resources.
A new concept of “plant wellbeing”• Greater abundance of phenolic acids in green parts and in grains from seeds receiving VIBRANCE.
• Prof. Teofilo Vamerali• Prof. Giuliano Mosca• Dr. Valentina Zanella
• Dr. Giuseppe Barion
• Dr. Davide Piragnolo
• Dr. Marianna Bandiera
• Dr. Cristian dal Cortivo
• Mr. Adriano Massignan
Thank you for your attention
The Root Lab team at the University of Padova
top related