effects of stress
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EFFECTS OF STRESS
Dr. P.Naina Mohamed PhDPharmacologist
HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS IN STRESS
HypothalamusRelease of
corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)
Release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from
Pituitary
Induction of Adrenal cortex to release the
stress hormones, particularly cortisol
Increases the availability of the body's fuel supply (carbohydrate, fat,
and glucose) needed to respond to stressToo long elevation of
cortisol levels leads to muscle break down,
decreased inflammatory response, and
suppression of the immune system
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF STRESS Tension Headache Back Ache Salivary secretion Diarrhoea Stomach Complaints Rapid Breathing Excessive Sweating Elevated Heart rate Increased Pulse rate Blood Pressure elevation Increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes Erectile Dysfunction Infertility Irregular menstrual cycle Weakening of Immune System Sleep Deprivation Fatigue
TENSION HEADACHE
Emotional stress
Induce the contraction of
skeletal muscles of the head and
neck
Increased oxygen demand by tense
musclesBlood vessels
dilated to increase the blood flow to supply more
oxygen
Tension headache
BACK ACHEThreatening Situations
Bach ache
SALIVARY SECRETION
During stressful situations, the salivary secretion may either be increased or decreased.
The researchers categorized the individuals as…
Assertive Persons – Secret large amounts of saliva.
Passive Persons – Secret markedly decreased amounts of saliva.
DIARRHOEA
Stress
Too much stimulation of the gastrocolic reflex
Diarrhoea
STOMACH COMPLAINTS
Stressful experiences
Unsatisfied tensions
Stomach complaints (Abdominal pain, heaviness in the
stomach, nausea, indigestion,
vomiting, etc.)
RAPID BREATHINGStress
Stimulation of Respiratory centre
Increased rate of breathing to maintain the required level of carbonic acid in the blood
EXCESSIVE SWEATING
Stress Increased sympathetic
activity
Excessive sweating
INCREASED HEART RATE
Stress
Increased sympathetic
activity
Increased heart rate
ELEVATED PULSE RATE
Stress Increased sympathetic
activity
Positive Inotropic effect (Increased contractility of
heart)
Increased Pulse rate
BLOOD PRESSURE ELEVATIONStress
Increased Sympathetic activity
Elevation of BP
ELEVATED RISK OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
Chronic Stress
Body may not be able to manage extra glucose produced by Liver to cope up with stress
Increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTIONChronic Stress
Reduced Testosterone
levels
Decreased sexual arousal
Erectile Dysfunction
INFERTILITYChronic Stress
Decreased Testosterone levels
Diminished sperm production
Infertility
IRREGULAR MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Chronic stress Hormonal changes Irregular menstruation
WEAKENING OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
Chronic Stress
Cortisol compromises
immune system
Inhibition of histamine secretion and
inflammatory response to foreign organisms
Increased susceptibility to viral
illnesses like influenza and common cold
SLEEP DEPRIVATION
Worries and tensions of the conscious waking hours
Intrude into the unconscious
state
Destroy the sleep cycle
Sleep Deprivation
Low mental efficiency, thought disorientation, poor judgement, forgetfulness, anger, irritability, apathy,
etc.
FATIGUEStress (Anxiety and excessive
tension)
Nervous system spend
unnecessary amounts of energy (e.g.
Increased heart rate and blood pressure, and
decreased blood sugar levels) Lowering of
energy level
Fatigue and Lethargy
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF STRESSAnxietyRestlessnessDepressionLack of motivation or focusIrritability or angerSadness or depression
ANXIETY & RESTLESSNESS
StressRelease of
adrenaline and cortisol from
adrenal glands
Anxiety and Restlessness
IRRITABILITY OR ANGER
Psychological stress
Expressions of excessive anger and resentment
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF STRESS
Overeating or UndereatingAngry OutburstsSmokingAlcohol or Drug abuseSocial Withdrawl
OVER EATING
Obese individuals
Find difficulty in discriminating Hunger and
Stressors (Anger, Fear, etc.)
Overeating
SMOKINGStress
Increased Tension
Excessive Smoking
REFERENCES STRESS - The hidden adversary Clifford B. Dobson Mechanisms of Physical and Emotional
Stress George P. Chrousos, D. Lynn Loriaux, Philip W. Gold Cytokines, Stress and Depression Robert Dantzer, Emmanuelle E. Wollman, Raz Yirmiya Perspectives on Stress and Stress-
Related Topics F. Lolas, H. Mayer
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