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Final Exam Review

Art Appreciation 2010

ART 1101

Chapter 6Drawing

Drawing Surfaces

• Paper• Cave walls• Pottery• Papyrus• Parchment• Silk• Digital realms• Walls

• Most common drawing surface?• Most long-lasting drawing surface?• Rendering?• Graphite?• Media?• Techniques ?

Drawing materialsPencil *- also called graphite

– Metalpoint *- a wire scratches across surface

– Charcoal *-made from burned wood– Pastel *- color media, comes in crayon for– Brush and Ink *

– Most common drawing media used in asia

• Mixed media– Using more than one media in an artwork

This is contour line drawing, its basically an outline, all of the lines are of the same thickness.

This is a line variation drawing, it is basically an outline, it uses thinner

lines to show where the light would hit the subject and thicker lines to show where shadow would be.

A rendered drawing:

it has value changes from light

to dark

This is a stippled drawing, it uses dots to show value changes from dark to light by making the dots closer together or farther apart.

This is a cross-hatched

drawing.

It is a rendered drawing, it

shows value changes from

dark to light.

Art Appreciation

Chapter 7Painting

painting terms• *Pigment – powdered color• Vehicle – a liquid that holds pigment together• Binder – helps the paint to stick to the surface• *Support – the painting surface• Primer – a preliminary coating to prepare the surface

for painting• Gesso – mixture of white pigment and glue used to

seal a surface to prepare for painting• *Medium – has multiple meanings in art

– 1. the material used to make art (oil, charcoal, clay, glass)– 2. standard category of art (sculpture, painting, ceramics)– 3. a liquid used to make paint, also used to thin paint

(linseed oil)

Painting media• Encaustic• Fresco• Tempera• Oil• Watercolor• Gouache• Acrylic• Mixed media

Encaustic • Pigment is mixed with wax• Once the painting is complete, the artist

brings the heat source close to the surface to fuse the colors (burning in)

• Used in ancient Greece and in Roman-Egyptian portraiture

Fayum mummy portrait,

encaustic

Young Woman with a Gold Pectoral,

Roman Egypt, 2nd century

Fresco• Pigment is mixed with water and applied to plaster, usually a wall• True fresco is applied to wet lime plaster• Used for large scale murals since ancient times

Tempera

• Sometimes called egg tempera• The vehicle for it is an emulsion; can be oil, fat,

wax, resin, casein, but most famously egg yolk• Retains the brilliance of its colors for centuries

oil• Pigment compounded with oil, usually linseed oil• Allowed artists to switch from painting on wood

panels to canvas• Paint can be used in various thicknesses– Glazes - thin, translucent veils of color– Impasto – very thick paint, often strait from the tube

• Dries VERY slowly

Starry Night, detail

Impasto – A technique where paint is applied so thick that it looks like frosting on a cake

Sfumato – a way of layering glazes of oil paints to produce a translucent, smoky effect

Girl Arranging Her Hair,

Berthe Morisot, 1885-86, oil on canvas

broken color - a technique where the

painting is made up of individual strokes rather than a smooth blended

field of color

La Grande Odalisque, Ingres, 1814, oil on canvas

Grisaille – painting technique where a monochromatic underpainting utilizing the desired value changes is produced before adding colored

glazes in layers to float over it

This is a computerized grisaille version of the Ingres masterpiece

Linda Nochlin – art historian (p. 173)– Wrote “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?” 1971, ArtNews

• Her work is thought to be the impetus for the Feminist Art movement in the 1970s.

Watercolor

• Pigment using gum arabic as a binder• The most common support is paper

Gouache

• Watercolor with an inert white pigment added• Gouache is opaque (watercolor is transparent)• Pronounced go – osh

Acrylic • Paint made from synthetic plastic resin• A more proper name would be polymer paints

Collage

• An innovation of Picasso and Braque, after Cubism; they called it “synthetic cubism”

• Collage is a french word meaning “pasting” or “gluing”

Art Appreciation

Chapter 8Prints

4 basic methods

•Relief• Intaglio• Lithography• Screenprinting

What is a print?

• Courtesy of moma• http://www.moma.org/interactives/projects/2

001/whatisaprint/print.html

Relief

• The background image is cut away• The raised areas hold ink

• Woodcut• Wood engraving

Edvard Munch, woodcut

Hiroshige from his series The Fifty-Three Stations of the Tōkaidō.

**European artists at the end of the 19th century were highly influenced by Japanese woodcut prints

Wood engraving

• Uses the end grain of the board• Uses harder wood• More highly detailed

• Quick video showing fine detail• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzZ26udf

Ps0&feature=player_embedded

intaglio• Refers to 5 techniques– Engraving– Drypoint– Mezzotint– Etching– Aquatint

• *Opposite of relief, the ink goes into the grooves on the surface.

• *Artist makes lines or grooves into a metal plate using a sharp tool or acid

• Intaglio demo• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNKn4PORGBI• MC Escher Mezzotint• http://www.mcescher.com/Film/Eschermezotintprint.mpg

• Lithography demo• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHw5_1Hopsc• Screenprinting demo• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wogKeYH2wEE

engraving• Began from the practice of incising designs

into armor

Etching

• The entire plate is covered with a ground, like beeswax or asphalt

• The artist draws through the ground on the plate using an etching needle

• The entire plate is dipped into acid• Acid eats away the lines• The ground is removed• The plate is inked and printed

etching

lithography• Lithography artists draw onto smooth limestone surface

using a greasy material• It works based on the idea that oil and water do not mix

La Goulue, Toulouse-Lautrec, lithograph poster,use multiple stones to reproduce images in color

Alphonse Mucha, Fruit, 1897, lithogrph

Nestle’s Food for Infants, Mucha, lithograph, 1897

Hand with Reflecting Sphere,Escher, 1935, lithograph

Screenprinting• The artist uses a screen

• Also called Serigraphy• They block out certain areas that are not

meant to be printed• Place the screen over paper and force ink thru

the screen using a squegee

Chapter 9Camera Arts

• 3 types of camera art: – photography, film, and video

• Daguerreotype – first photographic process, uses a camera obscura and a copper plate coated with silver iodide, required a very long exposure time

• Landscape photography was popular because it showed places that most people couldn’t get to

• Photojournalism – recording newsworthy events– The first important conflict to be documented in photography was the

American Civil War.• Pure photography – did not crop or manipulate images in any

way• Ansel Adams – landscape photographer• Alfred Stieglitz – pure photographer• Dorothea Lange – photojournalist• Charlie Chaplin - filmaker

• Film is an illusion of motion in a still image, 24 frames per second.

• An auteur is an “author” of a film. • Orson Welles, Citizen Kane, 1941. Considered

to be one of the greatest American film of all time.

• Animation means “bringing to life”• Video art is about mass communication

Chapter 10

Graphic design and illustration

• Graphic design– the goal is communication of a specific message– Usually trying to sell something or give directions

How old is graphic design art?

• Graphic art began with • Written languages• Symbols

– Industrial Revolution, 18th-19th centuries• Increased commercial applications–Prior, most products were local –After, mass manufacturing

symbols

• Most basic level of communication• Letters are symbols

Ω Ж Φ Ш М• Even arrows had to be developed

→ Δ

typography

• The arrangement and appearance of letters

layout

• Blueprint for the composition of an extended work such as a book or magazine

posters/ads

• Color lithography (19th century) brought about eye-catching posters– Color wasn’t practical in magazines or newspapers

• Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec– Flat simplified forms influenced by Japanese prints– Immediately collector’s items

Toulouse-Lautrec

illustration• An image created to accompany words– Books - Poems– Magazines - Newspapers

Norman Rockwelldid about 6 covers a year for

The Saturday evening Post for over 40 yrs.

He did 322 covers for TSEP

Chapter 11Sculpture and Installation

Sculpture

• Sculpture is 3D, the third dimension is depth• Installation – incorporates the entire exhibit space

4 basic methods for making sculpture

• Modeling Additive process

• Assembling Additive process

• Carving Subtractive process

• Casting Liquid is poured into a mold to harden

Modeling• The most direct sculpture method• The pliable material is shaped and

formed with hands and tools

Casting

• Very indirect method of forming sculpture– Liquid is poured into a mold made of the original

Ife, bronze casting from Yoruba, 13th century

lost-wax casting

• Be able to describe the process!!• Textbook, pg 254• http://www.andresteadsculpture.com/casting.php

carving• A direct technique• Sculptor begins with a block of material

assembling

• Assemblage – Various individual parts can be placed on or near each other

• Sometimes this art is called “found object”

Sculpture

• Low relief – the subject projects very slightly from the background– A coin, carved doors, an Egyptian tomb wall

• High relief – the subject projects much more boldly from the background– Projects at least half its depth

• sculpture “in the round” – the viewer can walk completely around the sculpture, the view from all sides is interesting– Sometimes there is still a front and back

earthwork

• Maybe …• Name a famous earthwork– The serpent mound– Cahokia mounds– Spiral Jetty– The Nasca Lines

Spiral Jetty, Robert Smithson, Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1970 - present

Chapter 12Crafts

ESSAY QUESTION

• Something along the lines of comparing and contrasting the terms art & craft

• Do you consider craft a fine art, make the argument that it is or isn’t

• Use specific examples like Voulkos and Chicago, see the last several slides for more craft/art information

• 3 paragraph+ essay with an intro a body and a conclusion

CRAFT• Most crafts have roots in the middle ages, when a

craftsman had a trade – potter, glassblower, woodworker, weaver.

• The word “craft” alludes to expert work done by hand.

• “Craft” and “Art” originally had the same meaning. During the Renaissance, painting, sculpture and architecture were elevated to a different level.

– Thus much of art history before the Renaissance includes craft.

Craft vs Art• Western cultures (Europe & US) have Fine Art

and Craft in separate categories.– Often the dividing line is function.

• Many other cultures around the world attribute artistic meaning to craft objects.– Often fine art objects like sculpture have a spiritual

function.

• There is no definite division between art and craft, nor should there be.– Labels are a convenience for talking about art.

Traditional Materials of Craft

• Ceramics

• Glass

• Metal

• Wood

• Fiber

Maria Martinez, BlackwareA ceramic artist

Ceramic art can be formed by hand-building, wheel-throwing or casting

Magdalene Odundo, Vessel Series II asymmetrical, no.1, 2005, red clay, carbonized and multi-fired

Bodily terms are used to describe vessels

Mouth

Neck

Shoulder

Body

Foot

Chinese Longquan celadon, Song Dynasty, 13th century

celadon glaze was invented in China to mimic Jade

Glass• Can be formed in many ways– Blown glass– Fused glass, fired in a kiln– Various types of molds– Cutting– sandblasting

Dale Chihuly

Metal• Types of metals

– Copper - Silver– Brass - Gold– Bronze - Steel– Nickel - Iron

• Can be shaped in many ways– Casting - Forging– Cutting - Hammering– Soldering

• Can be decorated in many ways– Cloissone– Chasing & Repoussé

Modern Chinese cloisonné enamel

Understand that it is made by attaching metal wires to a piece of metal which is filled in with enamel then fired.

Detail showing cloisons before enameling. Wire is soldered to the piece to separate

each color

This slide shows a girl meticulously adding frit to areas, the piece will be kiln fired, then

ground and polished.

Lidded copper-body cloisonné enamel vase with a dragon motif, Probably from Nagoya, it is dated to 1880-1890

Chasing and repoussé - high relief

Understand that the metal is shaped by tools and hammering on either side of the metal.

The underside of the ginko leaf relief

Fiber• Also known as textiles• Construction methods are unique to itself– Weaving – the general method for all textiles• Warp – held taut • Weft – is interwoven through the warp

• Tapestry – a type of weaving

The Hunt of the Unicorn, 1475-1500

• A series of 7 tapestry panels from the 15th century

The Hunters Enter the Woods

Gee’s Bend Quilts • A rural community near Selma, Alabama• Was once the site of cotton plantations• The unique quilting style has been practiced for at

least 6 generations

Women of Gee's Bend, Alabama, quilting, 2005

Jade and Lacquer• Jade – a mineral stone of either nephrite or jadeite– Color from white to brown to green– Found mostly in the East, Central Asia & Central America– Prized in China for 6000 yrs

• Lacquer – made from the sap of a tree that originally only grew in China, it is brushed over wood in very thin coats– Hardens to a smooth glasslike finish– Demands patience, can take 30 coats to build up a

substantial layer, must fully dry between coats

Blurring the Boundaries between Art and Craft

• Taking something functional and making it nonfunctional gives it a whole new meaning– Voulkos’s Pottery broke this barrier

• Using craft methods to make Fine Art elevates the notion of craft– Chicago’s The Dinner Party used traditional

“womens work” in multiple ways to create a fine art installation.

Peter Voulkos,

Noodle, 1996,

stoneware sculpture

Peter Voulkos plates, 1981

Peter Voulkos is on the left.

The Dinner Party, Judy Chicago, 1979

• http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings/webtour/

• The table has 39 place settings to honor influential women in history.

• An additional 999 important women’s names are written on the tile floor.

Mary Wollstonecraft and Sojourner Truth place settings

The Virginia Woolf setting

Judy Chicago with her masterpiece.

Blurring the lines between high brow and low brow art:

• High art– Painting– Sculpture– Fine photography

• Low art– Pottery– Comic books– Advertisements

End of Final Exam Review

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