electron orbital diagrams placing electrons in orbitals every orbital may hold up to 2 electrons...

Electron Orbital Diagrams

Placing Electrons in Orbitals• Every orbital may hold up to 2 electrons• These 2 electrons have opposite spins: an up

spin and a down spin• You can determine how many electrons are

possible for an energy level by 2n2

• If n=1, only 2 electrons are possible• If n=2, 8 electrons are possible• If n=3, 18 electrons are possible

Placing Electrons in Orbitals• There are rules for placing electrons in

orbitals.– Hund’s Rule– Aufbau Principle– Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

• There is also an order which we follow in placing electrons in an orbital energy diagram.

• The number is the energy level (n value)

• The letter is the orbital type or the sublevel type

• The number of lines beside the sublevel is how many orbitals there are on that sublevel

• Do you notice any pattern?

Orbital Diagrams

• For every n value, the s orbital is the lowest energy.

• ns < np < nd < nf• It looks like a pattern

starts, but then it is broken as 3d is higher in energy than the 4s.

• So you memorize this!• How do you place the

electrons in these orbitals? Let’s try.

Orbital Diagrams

Orbital Diagrams

• For ions like F- or Ca2+, their orbital diagram will be just like a Noble Gas.

• This is an empirical observation called the Octet Rule:– Atoms tend to lose, gain, or share electrons in

order to have 8 valence electrons.

• What are valence electrons?– Valence electrons are the electrons in the

outermost energy level (highest n value) which are furthest from the nucleus.

Orbital Diagrams• You can easily count the number of valence

electrons from the Periodic Table for Groups 1-2 and 13-18 (Representative or Main Block Groups)

• This means that you can predict the ion charges for these groups as well!

Orbital Diagram Exceptions• There are 19 exceptions to the rules when

drawing Orbital Diagrams!• You are only responsible for knowing 5: Cr,

Mo, Cu, Ag, Au.• These 5 elements all do the same thing: as the

(n-1)d orbital is VERY close in energy to the ns orbital, a ns electron is “promoted” to a “higher-energy” (n-1)d orbital.

• This will either fill or half-fill the d orbitals.

Orbital Diagram Exceptions• Because the d orbitals are filled or half-filled,

the atom gains stability overall.• These “exceptions” are thus the ground-state

for these atoms.• If you were to draw other exceptions to the

rules, these would be classified as “excited” states.

Electron Configurations and

Noble Gas Configurations

Electron Configurations

• Orbital energy diagrams tell us what electrons/orbitals an element fills in its ground state (most stable state).

• But they are tedious to draw and they must be in a figure.

• So how can we get the same info but be able to write it in a sentence?

• Electron configurations let us do this.• All we do is translate the vertical orbital diagram

into a horizontal line. (well, almost all)

Electron Configurations• What about the electron configuration for Sr?• When you write the correct electron configuration

for the ground state of Sr, notice that you group the n values together.

• This is different from how you wrote the orbital diagram which is strictly based on filling order.

• Why do we write the electron configuration this way?

• Convention and because that way the valence electrons are at the end of the configuration: and valence electrons are lost first!

Noble Gas Configurations

• But even electron configurations get long and tedious to write.

• Write the electron configuration for gold!• How can we make this shorter?• Well, the Noble Gases have filled s and p

subshells, so they are good reference elements.• So we write Noble Gas configurations, which are

based on the LAST Noble Gas BEFORE the element we are working with.

Periodic Table and Electron Configurations

• Guess what?• The Periodic Table is laid out in order of

increasing Atomic Number.• It is also organized by the order in which the

electrons fill! (Except for the exceptions.)• Thus, we have the s-block, the p-block, the d-

block, and the f-block.

Periodic Properties

Electron Configurations and

Periodic Properties

Periodic Properties & Valence Electrons

•Members of a group have similar chemical properties. Why?

•They have the same number of valence electrons, or their outermost electron configurations are the same.

•And valence electrons are responsible for chemical properties.

Periodic Properties & Valence Electrons

•Valence electrons are outer shell electrons and so are furthest from the nucleus (generally).

•Thus they are not as tightly held to the nucleus.

•So they are removed more easily than core electrons (inner shell electrons).

Periodic Properties & Valence Electrons• Also, the core electrons with their negative

charges block or insulate or "shield" the valence electrons from feeling the full nuclear charge.

• So the shielded valence electrons don't feel the full nuclear charge, Z, they instead feel what we call Zeff, or the effective nuclear charge.

• Think of picking up iron filings or paper clips with a magnet, eventually the magnet can’t attract any more filings as it is “shielded”.

Periodic Properties & Valence Electrons• Members of the same group have the same

number of valence electrons and have similar properties as those valence electrons behave similarly.

• For example, all of the Alkali Metals have 1 valence electron, with an outer electron configuration of ns1.

• This is why Alkali metals are so reactive, their 1 valence electron is easily removed in chemical rxns.

• And what is their e- configuration then?

Periodic Properties & Valence Electrons

• Alkaline Earth metals all have an ns2 outer

electron configuration, or they have 2 valence

electrons.

• What is the outer electron configuration for

halogens?

Atomic Radii

• But chemical reactivity is not the only periodic property or trend which we can see in the Periodic Table.

• Another important Periodic Trend or Property is the atomic radii, or the radius of an atom, or 1/2 the diameter of the atom.

• We may measure the radius of an atom.• It is also common to measure the distance between 2

nuclei in a diatomic element.• Then the atomic radius would be half of this

distance.

Atomic Radii

There are 2 trends in atomic radii that you can explain and see from the Periodic Table:

• As you go down a Group, the atomic radius increases.

• Now you are adding an energy shell which by definition is further from the nucleus!

Atomic Radii

• As you go across a Period from left to right, the atomic radius of the elements DECREASES.

• This is because you are adding protons so Zeff is increasing. As Zeff increases, the outer electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus, so the radius shrinks.

• This is particularly true as you add s and p electrons in the same energy level. They don't shield each other very well, so Zeff increases as you add protons.

Atomic Radii

• What about the different orbital types, do they have different attractions, or different Zeff?

• For example, for n = 4, there are 4s, 4p, 4d, and 4f orbitals. They don’t have the same energy, do they have different Zeff?

• They do!• In general, as the subshell energy increases on the

same principal energy level, the Zeff decreases.

• So for the same n value, the s has the highest Zeff.