elements of landscape - brookes wikiof+landscape… · content: •get organised; •recap -...
Post on 23-Mar-2018
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Content:
• Get organised;
• Recap - elements of urban design: what to
consider in the site analysis;
• Define and introduce types of open spaces;
• Introduce the concept of landscape and its
components;
• Discuss design principles for achieving more
responsive landscapes.
Getting organised: • pairs (Everyone in a pair? all with ipods or similar device to capture video
and stills? Any imminent crisis to solve?)
• Start ‘watching’ the wiki space;
• Download the podcasts! You might need to create an account in iTunes
(independent learning area) to download the MLectures podcasts (you won’t
have wifi when walking around East Oxford);
• MLectures Reflective Exercises (individually): Download the podcasts of
the perimeter block lectures (1 and 2) and ‘walk around the route’ and
answer the questions at the end of both lectures by Friday week 2 and
Friday week 4 respectively;
• Fortnight Reflective Assignments (individually): start in week 5. on Monday
I’ll add the first question as a post to the ‘news’ area. Keep an eye on it.
Everyone, individually, has to answer to this;
• post your answers (can include text, images or videos) to your pair wiki;
Questions?
Elements of Urban Design quick review
Permeability Integrated network
Vitality Active interface
Perimeter block
Variety
The Admirable Types of
Responsive Environments
Mixed use area
What can you ask about these
conclusions during the site analysis? • Permeability: how well connected are the streets around the site? Is the site
too large for walking around? Would the area become more permeable if it
was subdivided into smaller blocks?
• Vitality: are there a good number of buildings on the site and surroundings
that indicates there will be enough people around at all times so the are
doesn’t feel ‘dead’ and unsafe? Are there enough buildings on site directly
opening to public spaces (people in and out)? are the buildings’ windows
facing public open spaces to provide surveillance?
• Variety: are there many people in the streets? Are there different uses that
would attract people in different hours of the day? Are there a variety of
buildings/built forms that make the environment feel rich, interesting and
varied? Are private and public spaces well defined?
• Is the site a perimeter block with active edges on all sides? Can you identify
perimeter blocks with active edges in the surroundings of the site? (watch
Mlectures – perimeter blocks interior and exterior)
Questions?
Childrens play ground, Cockle Bay, Sydney
Elements of Open Spaces
Open Space and Landscape buildings define the edge of open spaces
landscape occupies open spaces
Urban Design
Compendium
What is
missing?
What can be considered as forming the
the landscape of a place (cityscape, townscape)?
Remember...anything beyond the front door:
• ?
• ?
topography
water
vegetation
open spaces
Landscape
• topography
• blue and green
networks
• Open space network
(to pass and to stay)
• hard and soft surfaces
• Street furniture
• people
Design Principles & Qualities
for achieving more responsive open spaces
1. Treat everything as
landscape.
2. Buildings define the edge of
space;
3. Landscape occupies the
open space,
whether it is a park, a street, a
fence or a pavement.
remember…
Open space should be
designed positively, with clear
definition and enclosure.
There should be no ambiguity
and no left over space
avoid SLOAP Space Left Over After Planning
Building Lines and Set backs
• A common building line provides definition and
enclosure and can help integrate new
developments
• Buildings facing onto public open spaces create
an identity, a sense of ownership, care and can
create safer places
Boundaries
Open Spaces around
tower blocks are often
unused and unloved.
Part of the reason for this
is because of the lack of
definition over their
boundaries which often
means that they
generate no sense of
ownership. The lack of a
defined boundary also
makes it unclear as to
which neighbourhood
they belong. Successful
communal spaces are
those that are well
defined and landscaped.
Give consideration to the
primary function of space.
This depends on the
facilities it contains, the
character of the area and
surrounding uses, users
and circulation patterns
Between 10 and 11 am on a sunny
June Saturday morning, one bicyclist
was spotted on this waterfront park
(US).
Clarify how the open space
contributes to the town’s
variety and hierarchy of
spaces
Identify elements that can
add a distinctive character
Contours can
provide a
playground
An old tree can
provide identity.
Principles & Benefits
of a greener landscape
Bringing the Green in…
Benefits of allowing nature through the urban environment
Ecological services
Quality of Life
Economic value
Ecological
Services
• Carbon sink – 1 hectare of woodland can absorb
emissions equivalent to 100 family cars.
• Pollution control – Street trees can remove
sulphur dioxide and reduce particulates by up to
75%. Noise attenuation can be as much as 30 dB
per 100 metres. Wetland ecosystems are also
effective in filtering polluted run-off and sewage.
• Air conditioning – In urban areas the heat island
effect can increase temperatures relative to open
countryside by up to 5ºC. A single large tree can be
equivalent to five room air conditioners and will
supply enough oxygen for ten people.
• Microclimate control – Vegetation can provide
shade in summer. It can reduce wind effects
created by streets and wind loads on buildings,
potentially reducing heating requirements by up to
25%.
• Flood prevention – Vegetation can reduce
excessive run-off and increase rainfall capture. This
reduces the risk of flooding in low lying areas and
can also recharge soil moisture and groundwater.
Quality of
Life
• Health and wellbeing - Accessible green space creates opportunities for
recreation and exercise, increases children’s creative play, social skills and
concentration span. Natural green spaces reduce stress and encourage
relaxation, providing a sense of freedom and exhilaration.
• Social cohesion - Natural green spaces can encourage greater social
interaction. More active use of green spaces, including streets and communal
spaces, can contribute to a more lively public realm - a key urban design
objective;
• Participation in the design and stewardship of green space can help strengthen
communities. Nature reserves can create life-long learning about nature.
Positive experience of nature
• ‘biophilia’: our intrinsic
delight and need to spend
time in natural
surroundings.
• The urban environment
should therefore be
designed to provide
people with a positive day
to day experience of
nature.
Economic value • Street trees and views of natural landscapes and waterways can
increase property values by between 6% and 18%;
• Shoppers may also be willing to pay up to 10% more to shop in
tree-lined streets;
• Ecologically self-sustaining landscapes can significantly reduce
management costs;
• Green environment can help to promote physical activity having
an impact on health costs.
Site analysis should
seek to identify:
1. Positive and negative spaces (boundary
definition, intensity of used, types of use,
etc);
2. Map of primary functions of spaces
around and on the site; existing facilities,
circulation patterns;
3. Hierarchy of spaces and connection with
wider area;
4. Elements that can add a distinctive
character
5. Landform/topography;
6. Existing blue and green networks;
7. Landscape assets to preserve;
8. Potential for solar gain;
Useful questions for site analysis:
• 1: are open spaces well defined by building edges? Are they enclosed by
positive uses and active frontages? Are there any left over spaces
(SLOAP?) Could I map them? Are open spaces well taken care of? Or are
there signs of vandalism and careless behaviour?
• 2: Is the primary function of the space easily identifiable? Are the facilities in
the space well kept? Is the open space intensively/well used by the
residents? What are the key uses in the surroundings? Do they complement
the use of the open space and vice-versa? What are the circulation patterns
around and in the space?
• 3: Are the open spaces well integrate with the surroundings? Do they serve
a wider area as well as the local community? Are they linked to other
networks – green, blue, street, etc?
• 4: What are the elements in the site and surroundings that can add a
distinctive character to the space?
Next week
• Site Visit
• Design Studio: pairs present results
of the analysis
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