elizabethan conquest: virginia - st.clement's history · virginia a base in the new world to...

ElizabethanConquest:Virginia

Reasonsforvoyagesofexploration16Marker– Statementwithafocus,rememberthemainbodyoftheessayremainsthesame!Justthefocusofyouragreementchanges

Possiblebulletpoints:

• IncreaseEngland’swealth• Anglo-Spanishrelations

(retaliation/provocation/undermineSpain’spower)

• DevelopingTraderoutes&markets

• Politicalreasons• TocompetewithEuropean

powers/empirebuilding• Privateering

Remembertoagreeordisagreeinopeningsentencethencompareallparagraphstothe

focusinthequestion

Reasons for colonisation of

Virginia

AbaseintheNewWorldtoattackSpanish

colonies

VirginiawascloseenoughtoFloridaandtheCaribbean,butfarenoughfromSpanishcoloniesto

besafe

TobeingrivallingSpain’soverseasempire,itwouldtake200moreyearstobuildtheBritishEmpire,

buttheseearlyexperiences&mistakes

helped

UndermineSpain’sinfluence

intheNewWorld

Agoodexampletoencouragefurthercolonisation inthe

NewWorld

OffertheNativeAmericansanalternativeto

Spanishdomination,tradingwithEnglishsettlersinstead

TradewasvitaltoEnglisheconomy,sonewmarketswere

neededasSpainweremakingitdifficultin

Europe

TobaccoandSugarwas

popularfromVirginia

Abaseofprivateering

SirWalterRaleigh• Gentry(rich&influential)• Explorer&Courtier• OneofElizabeth’sfavourites• Popularised tobacco&potatoes• 1584 – paidbyElizabethto

exploreandsettlelandsinNorthAmerica(givenapatent)

• Raleighhadtopersuadeothercoloniststoinvestinandjoinhiminhisconquest

Significance:• Investigated,organised and

fundedtheestablishmentofVirginia

• RuledVirginiaasgovernor• Createdthe‘blueprint’tobe

usedforfurtherEnglishcolonisations later

Tin,utensils,metalknives,fish,nutsandavarietyoffruits&vegetableswerebarteredwiththeIndians.

ReportsweresentbacktoEnglandofaparadisehereandtheNativeAmericanIndianswerefriendlyandwelcoming!

Promisesofricheswereimportancebecauseofthepreviousfailures!

Manteo&Wanchese:

TwoNativeAmericanIndianswerebroughtbacktoEnglandandhelpedwriteadictionaryandteachtheirlanguage‘Algonquian’,whichwouldproveusefulwhencolonising Virginia

Revision:DocumentaryofRoanokeIsland https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxlUcW2n2bY

Stick this in your books

This is Raleigh’s plan

Your job is to work out how he will address and manage the things on his plan

Inpairs,planhowRaleighisgoingtocolonise Virginia,whatwillherequire,whatdoesheneedtoconsiderorworryaboutetc…

Thefollowingheadingsmighthelp:

• Who?• Whentosail?• Ships?• Supplies?• Otherconsiderations

“Iamtrying,we’rebarteringourcheapEnglishwoolwiththeIndians!IreallydothinkifwecansuccessfullyestablishthiscolonywecanprovideworkforEnglishclothmakersandmerchants.It

willalsoprovidetobaccoandgoldthatwecansellathomeandmakeyouevenricher!”

£££ Raising funds for Virginia“Yourmajesty,IhavesetupacolonyonthewestcoastofNorth

Americaasyouasked.Theproblemisthecosts,Ibegofyou,pleasefundthismission,orIfearwemaylosethegainswe’vemade”

“No!YouknowIamcarefulwithourmoney,andwehaveaverysignificantproblemonthehorizon,thingshavegottenprettybadbetweenusandSpain,Icannot

affordyourcolonyandIneedyouhereanyway!

Iwillgiveyou£400,gunpowderandship,therestyou’llhavetoraiseyourself,becauseIamsupportingyou,

otherswillseethisasaworthwhileventure!Walsingham isinterestedininvesting,I’llhaveaword!”

“IdowantyoutonameitVirginiathough,Ithinkthathasaringtoit,youknow,inhonour ofmebeingthe

VirginQueen!;-)

“DoyouthinkyoucanpersuadetheQueentoletmego?ShehassaidIhavetostayherebecauseoftheworseningrelationswith

Spain!Someoneneedstoleadthevoyageandthecolony”

“No,notthistime,IpromiseIwilltakeanySpanishshipsthatcomeourway,includingtheircargoes,justlookhowmuch

moneyDrakehasbroughtback!”

£££ Raising funds for Virginia

“Wellwhenyouputitlikethat!You’reright,Drakeisrunningroundherelikehe’skingoftheworld!Icoulddowithsomeofthat!”

“HeySirFrancisWalsingham,theQueenhassaidyouwillfundourmissiontocolonise Virginia?I’veinvestedloadsofmyownmoney,

wouldIdothatiftherewasarisk??”

“I’minterested,butyouhavefailedpreviously,won’titbeawasteofmoneytryingagain?”

Roanoke Island

• Intheend,Raleighonlymanagedtoget107colonists,despitethe300he’dhopedfor!• Allweremen• Halfweresoldiers,buttherewerelandowners,farmers,skilledcraftsmenand

mathematiciansattractedbythepromiseofmakingtheirfortunesinVirginia

Ships & timings: • 5shipsweresent(Tiger,Roebuck,Lion,Dorothy&Elizabeth• TheTigerwasthebiggestandcarriedalloftheperishables(meats,

vegetables,beer,wine,seedsandgrain)• 9April1585,thiswasalreadytoolateforplantingtheircropswhen

theyarrivedtoseethemthroughthewinter• TheEnglishlandedonRoanokeIslandin1585,thisiswherethey

begansettling.• RaleighwasnotallowedtogoduetobeingtheQueen’sfavourite

andsheneededhimbecauseofthetensionswithSpain

Appointing leaders:

Whydidthecolonisation fail?Wewillnowassessthereasonswhythecolonisation failed.

Thesearethe”bulletpoints”(reasons)ina12marker

Reasons:

• Badplanning• TheVoyage• Nofood/farmingresources• Thecoloniststhemselves• Inexperience• NativeAmericanIndian

resistance• SpanishArmadataking

resourcesandmoney

(Indianchief)

Stick this diagram in your books, as previously, add further detail from the following pages to each category

Therewere2attemptsatcolonising Virginia,bothfailed.The1587-90attemptisstillamysterytodayastowhathappened,butthefirstattempt

hadclearreasonsforfailure.

Thevoyage

• Theylefttoolatetoplantcrops• Manyarrivedill• Theclimatewashot,humidandmosquitosweremany,

thefoodtheyhadrottedquickly• TheTigerwasdamagedruiningthefoodfurther&the

seedstheyneededtoplant• Anyhopeofestablishingaself-sufficientcolonyhad

beenlost• ThecolonistswerereliantontheIndiansfeedingthem

Expectationsvsreality

• Thehopeofgettingrichquickwasclearlynothappening!• Hardworkwasneededbyallcoloniststosetupandestablishthecolony,the

merchantsand‘gentlemen’hadnointentionsofhardmanuallabour,theyexpectedtheIndianstodoitall

• Therewerenopreciousmetalsaspromised• Theycolonistsfoundthemselvesforagingfornutsandberriesinthewinter• Thecolonistshatedeachother!Thefarmersrefusedtodothefarmingforthe

upperclasses,theycameheretoworkontheirown lands.• TheNativeAmericanIndianswerehardertocontrolthanthecolonistsexpected• Soldierscouldfight,butcouldn'tfarm!Theywerealsoill-disciplined,atleastone

soldierwasexecutedandhisbodylefttorotasawarning!• Toomanycraftsmen,notenoughfarmers• Therewasnostone,sotheforttheyplannedtobuildwasmadeofwoodinstead• MostofthegunpowderwasdamagedwhentheTigerwasdamagedmeaning

huntersandfishermenfacedproblemsespeciallyasEnglishfishingtechniquesdidn'tworkinRoanoke’sshallowwaters

Native American Indian resistance

• ThepositiverelationswiththeAlgonquianIndiansManteoandWanchese onpreviousvoyageswouldnotberepeatedonthiscolonisation mission

• LocalchiefWINGINA ruledRoanokeIsland,hewasunpredictableandsuspiciousoftheEnglish

• WINGINA turnedagainsttheEnglish,fedupofthemdemandingfood

• WINGINA believedtheEnglishhadsupernaturalpowersfromtheirGodandwouldtryanddestroytheIndians,thiswasbasedonthedeathsofIndianswithnophysicalcontactfromtheEnglish(Europeanillnessesthey’dneverseenbefore)

• TherewereviolentclashesbetweentheNativesandtheEnglishastheEnglishweredesperateforhandouts

• Byspring1586WINGINA askedotherchiefstojoinhimandattacktheEnglish

• RalphLane(GovernorofVirginia)foundoutandwasready,WINGINA waskilled.

• LaneandremainingcolonistsabandonedVirginiaandwenthome27July1586

Roanoke2!TheHistoryMystery!Despitethefailingsofthefirstattempttocolonise Roanoke,theytriedagainin1587,thiswouldbethebeginningsofoneofthemostfamousmysteriesinEnglishhistory!WhathappenedtotheRoanoke2colonists– tothisday,westilldon’tknow!• WalterRaleighmadeManteoLordof

Roanokeinthehopehecouldpersuadeotherlocaltribestoco-operate

• JohnWhitewasputinoverallchargeoftheexpedition(Whitehadsurvivedthe1585attemptandknewwhattoexpect

• JohnWhite’sadvisorhadbeenfounddeadwith16arrowwounds

• ManteoledarevengeattackbutkilledtheremainingfriendlyIndiansfromthenearbyCroatoan settlements

• JohnWhitewassummonedhometotellRaleighwhatwasgoingon(leavinghiswifeanddaughter),butduetotheArmada,didn't’tmakeitbackuntil1590

• Whenhearrivedback,thecolonywasdeserted!

• TherewasatreewithCroatoan carvedintoitsuggestingtheyd movedtotheCroatoan settlementupriver,buttheywereneverfound!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2r6MYMcnP8

Good documentaries on the Roanoke Mystery:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVRdkWHhPKUhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxlUcW2n2bY