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Emerald Ash Borer in Iowa

What’s it mean to you?

Robin Pruisner Iowa Department of Agriculture & Land Stewardship

April 3, 2014

Emerald Ash Borer

Pupae

Larvae Mating and Eggs

Adults

1-year life cycle

JUNE - JULY Winter

Spring

Slow to Start?

Infestations are usual 4+ years old before we find them!

Completes life cycle in

• 1 year (stressed ash) or

• 2 years (healthy ash trees)

Adults

Emerge from under bark through ‘D’-shaped exit holes

Adult EAB

Small insects – ½ ” long x 1/16” wide

Adult Lifespan & Feeding

• Adults live 3 - 6 weeks, feed on ash leaves for 1 week, called maturation feeding,

• negligible defoliation occurs

EAB Biology

No long-distance pheromones found; males find females by visual cues, olfactory cues, and contact pheromones

After feeding & mating, female lays single eggs on or just under bark; 40-70 eggs (200 max) per female

Larval feeding is destructive

• Larvae feed in the tree’s circulatory system – cambium, phloem & xylem

• Serpentine galleries disrupt ability of tree to transport water and nutrients, girdling branches and tree trunk

EAB prepupal stage

T. Voss, IDALS

The bark on this ash tree has been removed to reveal multiple larval feeding tunnels.

J. Ellis, Purdue U.

Upper tree infested first; early detection hard

An ‘early warning sign’ of the presence of EAB

R.Anderson, USDA FS

J. Solomon, USDA FS

Woodpecker activity

Symptoms

Survey

Why Detect & Contain?

Community Impact Dead or dying trees need to be removed, disposed & replaced.

1,000,000+ ash trees removed in 36 eradication attempts

Why Detect & Contain?

“It has been estimated that between the years 2009–2019, 17 million landscape ash trees in urban areas across 25 states will require treatment, removal and replacement at a cost of approximately $10.7 billion.”

Kovacs KF, Haight RG, McCullough DG, Mercader RJ, Siegert NW, et al. (2010) Cost of potential emerald ash borer damage in US communities, 2009–2019. Ecol Econ 69: 569–578

Regulations

• New infestation must be verified by IDALS and USDA. The County, or Counties, will be quarantined.

• Quarantine = ‘Regulated Articles’ cannot be moved out of the quarantined area.

• However, people, companies, municipalities, etc, can enter into a compliance agreement allowing for movement once appropriate treatments are applied, under IDALS and USDA supervision.

Regulated Articles included in this order:

• The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire), in any living stage of development.

• Entire ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) including nursery stock.

• Firewood of any non-coniferous (hardwood) species.

• Any living, dead, cut or fallen material of the ash (Fraxinus spp.) including logs, stumps, roots, branches, and composted and uncomposted ash chips.

EAB Quarantine in Iowa

Regulated Articles included in this order (cont):

• Green (non-heat treated) ash lumber with either bark or the outer one-inch of sapwood, or both, attached.

• Non-coniferous (hardwood) wood chips and non-coniferous (hardwood) bark chips larger than1 inch in two dimensions.

• Any article, product or means of conveyance when it is determined by the State Entomologist to present the risk of spread of the emerald ash borer.

EAB Quarantine in Iowa

Regulated articles may not be moved from the regulated area (Allamakee County) to an unregulated area of the state unless one of the following is met:

• an USDA APHIS PPQ limited permit, or certificate, has been issued and attached to the regulated article in accordance with USDA provisions; or

• an IDALS limited permit, or certificate, has been issued and attached to the regulated article in accordance with USDA provisions; or

EAB Quarantine in Iowa

• the regulated articles have been treated as directed in a sanctioned USDA APHIS PPQ / IDALS compliance agreement; or

• the State Entomologist has provided a written letter of exemption for scientific and research purposes and the applicant is operating under the requirements of a sanctioned IDALS compliance agreement.

EAB Quarantine in Iowa

The cost of treatment or destruction of an emerald ash borer-infested regulated article in violation of this quarantine shall be born by the owner or person in charge of the regulated article or place of production, as required in the order of treatment of destruction from IDALS.

EAB Quarantine in Iowa

If the owner or person in charge refuses or neglects to obey the notice, IDALS may do what is required, and the expenses shall be assessed to the owner after giving legal notice and a hearing. If the assessment is not paid, IDALS shall certify it to the treasurer of the proper county who shall enter it on the tax books and collect it as ordinary taxes are collected and remit it to IDALS.

$ $ $ EAB Quarantine in Iowa

Any agent of IDALS or USDA may stop, inspect, destroy, stop sale, seize, treat or order returned to the point of origin, at the owner’s expense, any regulated articles believed to be infested with the emerald ash borer, or lacking required treatment.

EAB Quarantine in Iowa

Regulated articles originating from outside the regulated area may be moved though the regulated area under the following conditions:

• The regulated article, if moved through the regulated area during the period of April 1 through September 30, is moved in an enclosed vehicle or is completely covered to adequately prevent access by the emerald ash borer; and

• The points of origin and destination are indicated on the waybill accompanying the regulated article; and

EAB Quarantine in Iowa

• The regulated article is moved directly through the regulated area without stopping (except for refueling or for traffic conditions, such as traffic lights or stop signs), or has been stored, packed, or handled at locations approved by an USDA or IDALS inspector as not posing a risk of infestation by the emerald ash borer; and

• The regulated article has not been combined or commingled with other articles as to lose its individual identity.

EAB Quarantine in Iowa

21—46.16(177A) Firewood labeling. Every package of firewood offered for sale, sold or distributed must include the harvest location of the wood by county and state. The harvest location of wood sold in bulk must be included on the delivery ticket.

Firewood Rule

These provisions apply to any length of tree that has been cut. A limited permit may be issued by the state entomologist or a compliance agreement may specify the regulations which would allow the movement of the wood. The limited permit or compliance agreement is not transferable and may be revoked by the state entomologist for noncompliance or a failure to comply with regulatory requirements.

Firewood Rule

USDA Compliance Agreement (CA) Certification Shield

USDA – APHIS – PPQ

4700 RIVER ROAD

RIVERDALE, MD 20737

CERTIFIED UNDER 7CFR 301.45

Emerald Ash Borer

(Agrilus planipennis)

FEDERAL COOPERATIVE

DOMESTIC PLANT QUARANTINE

C.A. # WI-1031 HT

Firewood Labeling in Iowa

Identity of the commodity (e.g., ‘firewood’);

1) A declaration of identity may indicate species group (e.g., 50% ash, 50% oak);

2) Net quantity in terms of cubic feet or cubic meters, including fractions. A cord is also acceptable, as it is 128 cubic feet, ranked and well stowed;

3) Name and address of manufacturer, packer or distributor if the packages were not produced on the premises where they are held for sale;

4) Unit price;

5) Harvest location of the wood by county and state [effective January 1, 2011].

“My ash doesn’t look too good.”

Mower

Blight

Mulch Volcano

Holds moisture = conditions ripe for bark decay.

Circling roots = slow tree strangulation.

The Deadly

Flowerbed

Trees in the Wrong Place

Lightning

Construction Damage

Tree Topping

“There’s an insect in my ash!”

Natives – Roundheaded Borers

Redheaded Ash Borer

• Galleries may be deeper

• … Not as ‘S-shaped’ as EAB

• Can only attack already-weakened ash trees

• Larger exit holes (1/4–3/8”) and usually oval

Natives – Clearwing Borers

Ash-Lilac Borer or

Banded Ash Clearwing Borer

Borer much deeper

Deposit frass outside of tree

Not as ‘S-shaped’

Larger exit holes

Natives – Ash Bark Beetle

Very small

Decomposers

Live in wood that is already dead, dying or at least weakened due to such things as drought, disease, root damage, etc.

Robin Pruisner State Entomologist

Iowa Department of Agriculture & Land Stewardship

515-725-1470

IowaTreePests.com

Entomology@IowaAgriculture.gov

Urban and Community

How Communities Can

Prepare for EAB

(and Other Invasive Pests)

Emma Hanigan

Iowa Department of Natural Resources

Urban Forestry Coordinator

Urban and Community

Step 1

A Tree Inventory • Have the data to make informed decisions

Urban and Community

Why Conduct a Tree Inventory?

• To know more

information about

the existing trees

and to further

tree management

and planning

Urban and Community

Types of Inventories

• Street and park tree inventory

• Problem tree inventory- hazard tree and

all ash inventory

• Sample or partial tree inventory –

systematic sampling techniques

• Canopy cover inventory – LiDAR and

land cover data

Urban and Community

Who will Complete the

Inventory? • Contractor

• City staff

• Interns or students

• Volunteer groups or Tree Board

• The Iowa DNR – if under 5,000

population

Urban and Community

What to Include in the

Inventory • Tree Number

• Species

• Size

• Condition

• Location (address

or GPS)

Urban and Community

Step 2

Planning • Making Management Decisions

Urban and Community

Tree Ordinance

• Revisit the nuisance section of the tree

ordinance

• Opening up tree ordinance can risky or

an opportunity

Urban and Community

Wood Utilization

• Wood for mulch

• Firewood (firewood

rule change 2011)

• Biomass Energy

• School Shop Classes

• Woodworkers and

Artists

Urban and Community

Chemical Treatments

• Preventive treatments may be

considered when confirmed EAB is 15

miles away

• Prefer trunk injections to soil drenches

– Trunk injection w/ imidacloprid, bidrin, or

emamectin benzoate

Urban and Community

Step 3

Management Plan • Create an Urban Forest Management

Plan or and EAB Management Plan

Urban and Community

IDNR Management Plans

• Annual Benefits

• Species Distribution

• Condition: Wood

and Foliage

• Management Needs

• Hazard and Risk

Management

• Maintenance Plan

• Pruning Cycle

• Planting

• Emerald Ash Borer

and Invasive

Planning

• Canopy Replacement

• Monitoring

• Budget

Urban and Community

Management Plan Resources

• Plan tool kit http://ufmptoolkit.com/

• APWA

www.apwa.net/Documents/About/.../Urb

anForestry/UrbanForestry-4.pdf

• NASF

http://www.na.fs.fed.us/urban/inforesou

rces/mgmtplanguide/mgmtplanguide.sh

tml

Urban and Community

Top 10 Reasons for

a Urban Forest

Management Plan

Urban and Community

10) Tree benefit calculation

$32, 515 a year

17,820 - 60w

light bulbs for

one year

Urban and Community

9)

Public outreach and education

– thinking of trees as a public

asset

Urban and Community

8)

Budgeting

maintenance

and planting

costs over

time

Urban and Community

7)

Cost to benefit

ratio - to

justify a

budget

Urban and Community

6)

Documentation

and defense in

a litigation

Urban and Community

5)

Increased

efficiency

Urban and Community

4)

Determines short and long term

goals

Urban and Community

3)

Moves from a reactive to a

proactive system for all pest,

natural disasters and daily

work

Urban and Community

2)

Determines the direction of the

forestry program

Urban and Community

1)

To maintain a healthy, stable,

and productive urban forest

Urban and Community

Step 4

Public Education • Looking for pest signs and symptoms

• Species diversity

• Understanding the

communities/organization’s plan

Urban and Community

Volunteer Groups

1. Meet with the city to find out how you

can help

2. Support you city at council meetings

and other municipal activities

3. Find grant funds to help you city,

neighborhood or school

4. Help to plant diverse tree species

Urban and Community

Commercial Arborists

• Incorporate EAB preparation in your

business plan

• Provide costumers information that

shows you are informed and are a

professional

• Provide communities a list of your

services for Preparing for EAB

Urban and Community

Commercial Arborists

• Plan for:

– Quarantines

– Debris Management

– Wood Utilization

– Having the proper equipment etc.

Urban and Community

Commercial Arborists

• Bottom Line

IF YOUR

COMPANY

PLANS AHEAD

YOU WILL BE

MORE

PROFITABLE

Urban and Community

Emma Bruemmer

Iowa DNR

Urban Forestry Coordinator

515-281-5600

emma.bruemmer@dnr.iowa.gov