end notes to generational approach
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8/6/2019 End Notes to Generational Approach
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ENDNOTES
1. Laura Fermi, Illustrious Immigrants. The Intellectual Migration
from Europe 1930-41, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1968. Donald
Fleming & Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Intellectual Migration, Cambridge:
Harvard Univ. Press, 1969. For a recent use of the label ³intellectual
migration´, see Joseph Horowitz, Artists in Exile, New York: Harper,
2008, pgs. xvi, 1, 9.
2. McClay, an acute observer of the migration, believed (in 1994)
that the ³notion of the intellectual migration as a singular episode
in American intellectual history with its own character, its own
specific gravity, its own physiognomy, its own internal consistency
and unity, ha[d] not quite precipitated.´ Wilfred M. McClay,
³Historical Research on the Refugee Intellectuals: Problemas and
Prospects,´ International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society,
vol. 7, No. 3, pg. 513, 1994. Among the exceptions is John Patrick
Diggins, The Proud Decades. America in War & in Peace. 1941-1960, NY:
Norton, 1988 [Ch. 7: High Culture: the life of the mind in a Placid
Age. The Refugee Intellectual and the Issue of Modernism, pag.
220/231], and Chuck Wills, Destination America, New York: DK, 2005,
234-277. The irrelevancy of the émigrés in America is symbolically
revealed in this anecdote: ³During the late 1950s Mrs. Arnold
Schoenberg, the widow of the composer, used to entertain visitors on
the front lawn of their home on Rockingham, just off Sunset, in the
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Brentwood section of West Los Angeles. Every half hour or so, a huge
tour bus would wheel round, all of its passengers craning their necks
the other way, gazing out across the street. The metallic voice of the
tour guide would squawk, µAnd on the left you can see the house where
Shirley Temple lived in the days when she was filming Ǧ And then
they¶d be gone. Mrs. Schoenberg would smile indulgently, whimsy (or so
I inferred at the time) masking pain.´ Lawrence Weschler, Paradise:
the Southern California idyll of Hitler¶s Cultural Exiles, pg. 341, in
Stephanie Barron ed., Exiles + Émigrés, Los Angeles: LCMA, 1997.
3. As to the ³elitism´ of this designation, George M. Frederickson
said in a somewhat similar context that ³[his book The Inner Civil
War] has survived, [he] would think, because even the most zealous
proponents of the New Social History would be hard put to deny that
there is some value in knowing about elites, if only because their
thought and behavior has important consequences for the lives of plain
folk. If social history is regarded as the history of social classes
or status groups, [his book] has implication for this field of study.
It focuses on what in sociological terminology might be described as
an upper-class intelligentsia and describes how it was transformed,
partly as the result of its war experience, «´ George M. Frederickson,
The Inner Civil War, pg. vii.
4. ³The range of their accomplishments is staggering. From the arts
to the social and natural sciences, from the chairs we sit on to the
movies we watch, to the nuclear weapons that trouble our nights ±
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results of their work are all around us.´ Anthony Heilbut, Exiled in
Paradise, Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1997, see pg. xi. Two
examples to back up Heilbut¶s claim are Ralph Baer (video games), and
Victor Gruen (shopping malls).
5. Sidney Rosenfeld, "German Exiles Literature after 1945: The
Younger Generation," in John M. Spalek et al., Exile: The Writer's
Experience, Chapel Hill: Univ. of N.C. Press, 1982, 333.
6. Maurice R. Davie, Refugees in America, New York: Harper, 1947;
and Donald P. Kent, The Refugee Intellectual, New York: Columbia Univ.
Press, 1953.
7. Fernand Braudel, On History, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press,
1980, 64-82; Roberto Franziosi, "A Sociologist Meets History: Critical
Reflections upon Practice," Journal of Historical Sociology, 1996,
vol. 9, No. 3, 354-392.
8. William Petersen, "A General Typology of Migration," American
Sociological Review, vol. 23, Issue 3 (Jun. 1958): 256-266.
9. Hans Jaeger, "Generations in History: Reflections on a
Controversial Concept," History and Theory, vol. 24, Issue 3 (Oct.
1985): 273-292 [288]. The use of the generation concept is free from
ambiguity when the migration is restricted to a brief period. See,
David I. Kertzer, "Generation as a Sociological Problem," Annual
Review of Sociology, vol. 9 (1983) 125-149, 141.
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10. Karl Mannheim, Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge, New York:
Oxford Univ. Press, 1952, 276-322; William Strauss & Neil Howe,
Generations, New York: W. Morrow, 1991, 61; Marc Bloch, The
Historian's Craft, New York: Vintage, 1953, 185-187; Michael Corsten,
"The Time of Generations," Time & Society, 1999, vol. 8 (2): 249-272;
Malcolm Cowley, And I worked at the Writer's Trade, New York: Viking
Press, 1963. Jean M. Twenge, Generation Me, New York: Free Press, 2006
[³The society that molds you when you are young stays with you the
rest of your life´, pg. 2].
11. John Bowlby, Charles Darwin A New Life, New York: Norton, 1990,
pg. 430 [according to Darwin, the first three years of a child¶s life
were the most subject to incubative impressions. The brain at that
period is entirely formed ±it is a virgin brain adapted to receive
impressions, and although unable to formulate or memorize these, they
none the less remain and can affect the whole future life of the child
recipient.] Morton Hunt, The Story of Psychology, New York: Doubleday,
1993, 368.
12. Robert Boyers, ed., The Legacy of the German Refugee
Intellectuals, New York: Shocken Books, 1972 (1969). Boyers tried to
clarify the relationship between the emigre generation that left
Germany in the thirties and the broader culture of the West that
nurtured, appropriated, or rejected them. He also hoped that the
breath of another age, another generation, do more than simple touch
us, that it move us and quicken us, and make us better men.
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13. Susan Eckestein & Lorena Barberia, "Grounding Immigrant
Generations in History," International Migration Review, 36 (3) Fall
2002, 799; Anthony Esler, "Review Essay: Social Generations and
Political Power," Journal of Social History, 17 (4) Summer 1984, 695-
704; Mary Gluck, "Toward a Historical Definition of Modernism: George
Lukacs and the Avant-Garde," Journal of Modern History, vol. 58 (4)
Dec 1986, 845-882.
14. John D. Hazlett, "Generational Theory and Collective
Autobiography," American Literary History, vol. 4, issue 1 (Spring
1992): 77-96.
15. Jane Pilcher, "Mannheim's Sociology of Generations: An
Undervalued Legacy," The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 45, issue
3 (Sept. 1994):481-495.
16. Davie, 39.
17. Joseph Wechsberg, Homecoming, New York: Knopf, 1946, 26.
18. Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914, Cambridge: Harvard Univ.
Press, 1979.
19. German Army Handbook, April 1918, Arms and Armor Press, London,
1977.
20. Carl Zuckmayer, A Part of Myself, New York: Harcourt, Brace,
Jovanovich, 1966. For the distinctions within the war generation, see
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pg. 154. For the non-belic part of the war generation's formative
experience, see pg. 127-128.
21. Fermi, Illustrious, 365; Davie, Refugees, 204; Laqueur,
Generations, xi-xv.
22. Detlev J.K. Peukert, The Weimar Republic, New York: Hill and
Wang, 1989, pg. 14.
23. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat, New York: Henry
Holt, 2003, pg. 194.
24. Wohl, idem. 68, 80; and Zuckmayer, supra, 16.
25. Zuckmayer, supra 16.
26. See, Fermi, supra, 20.
27. See, Jaeger, supra, 6.
28. Peter Gay, Schnitzler¶s Century. The Making of Middle-Class
Culture, 1815-1914, N.Y.: Norton, 2002, pg. 194, ch. 7 theme ³The
Problematic Gospel of Work´.
29. Zweig, Stefan, ³Ludwig at Fifty,´ The Living Age, Ap. 1931, 340.
30. On Thomas Mann pertaining to the Wilhelmian generation, see his
praise of the Wilhelmian society¶s achievements bis a bis the British
and French systems in his ³Gedanken im Kriege´ (1914). Georg Lukacs
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also thought Mann to be the ultimate bourgeois writer.
31. H. Stuart Hughes, Consciousness and Society, N.Y. 1958, 49).
32. Peter Gay, Weimar Culture, pg. 9. Gropius' war experience: he is
another veteran conscripted for the war at age 31 who was fully formed
but was deeply influence by the war experience, like Tillich.
33. See, Stuart Hughes (Consciousness, 337/338) distinction between
the generation of those born in the 1870s and of those born in 1880s.
The former reached maturity in the 1890s and the crucial event for
them was of course the WWI experience BHSH calls them the generation
of 1905. Also, H. Stuart Hughes, Sea Change, 90.
34. Heinrich Mann, Ein Zeitalter wird besichtigt (1945) Berlin:
Classen, 1974) cited in (Richard D. Critchfield, When Lucifer Cometh.
The Autobiographical Discourse of Writers and Intellectuals Exiled
During the Third Reich, N.Y.: Peter Lang, 1994; pgs. 45-46).
35. Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday,
36. Cited by Karen J. Greenberg, "The Refugee Scholar in America: The
Case of Paul Tillich," in Mitchell G. Ash and Alfons Sollner, ed.
Forced Migration and Scientific Change, Washington D.C. Cambridge
Univ. Press, 1996, pg. 273, 288.)
37. Donald Prater, European of Yesterday, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1972, 300.
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38. For Kent it was 19% as a gross percentage, and for Davie reached
20.7%.
39. If the boundaries of the war generation are to be those
determined by spending the formative years during the Great War, and
being the German draft ages between 17 and 45, then, pertain to this
generation all those who were from 17 on 1914 (born in 1897), those
who were 25 on 1914 (born in 1889). However this latter limit must be
extended to 1900 because a german born in 1900 reached 17 the year
before the end of the war and he could have been drafted. Then, those
born in between 1889 and 1900, experienced the war during their
formative years. It is irrelevant whether they served in the army or
not, or whether they experienced the war in the front or on safer
duties, because the war affected everybody whatever there activites or
location.
40. Mary Gluck, "Toward a Historical Definition of Modernism: Georg
Lukacs and the Avant-Garde," The Journal of Modern History, vol. 58,
issue 4 (Dec. 1986), 845-882.
41. See Wohl, pag. 210.
42. Robert O. Paxton, Europe in the Twentieth Century, New York,
Harcort, 1975, pg. 6.
43. Wohl, 215.
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44. Laura Fermi, supra, footnote 1, pg. 36. She does not contemplate
the generation concept, instead she said that by the end of the war
all those born in between 1890 and 1910 felt its impact.
45. See Wohl, Generation of 1914, 65, 210.
46. Zuckmayer, 137, 154. For a distinction between those who served
in WWI but do not belong to the War generation and those who served
and were included in this group, see, E.M.Remarque, All Quiet in the
Western Front, pg. 174, reference taken from Koonz, Nazi Conscience,
pg. 290, n. 9.
47. Gina Kolata, Flu The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of
1918 and the Search for the Virus that Caused it, New York: Farrar,
Straus and Giroux, 1999.
48. Curt Sanger, "The Experience of Exile in Joseph Roth's Novels,"
in John M. Spalek et al., ed., Exile: The Writer's Experience, Chapel
Hill: Univ. of N.C., 1982, pg. 259.
49. I think the terminology used by Norpoth is equivocal because he
eliminated the war generation. See, Helmut Norpoth, "The Making of a
More Partisan Electorate in West Germany," British Journal of
Political Science, vol. 14, No. 1 (Jan. 1984), pp. 53-71, 62. The
author indicates that his definition of "generations" follows a scheme
commonly used in studies of German politics citing Baker, Dalton &
Hildebrandt ("Germany Transformed").
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50. George L. Mosse, "Henry Pachter and Weimar," Salmagundi, 60
(Spring-Summer 1983): 170-175, 173. See also, David Kettler and
Gerhard Lauer, ed., Exile, Science, and Bildung. The Contested
Legacies of German Émigré Intellectuals, New York: Palgrave Macmillan,
2005, pg. 6 (³the individuals chosen for study here are members, « of
what may be called the µWeimar Generation,¶ whose formative
experiences came after World War I.´)
51. Kay Schiller, ³Paul Oskar Kristeller, Ernst Cassirer, and the
µHumanistic Turn¶ in the American Emigration,´ David Kettler et al.
ed., Exile, Science, and Bildung. The Contested Legacies of German
Émigré Intellectuals, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, pg. 128.
52. Extreme examples of the span of their passing are Hannah Arendt
born in 1906 who died in 1975; and Peter Drucker born in 1909
who passed away in 2005.
53. Peter Gay, Weimar Culture, pg. 2.
54. Stephen J. Withfield, Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) Women in America,
NY: Routledge, 1997.
55. Nina Sutton, Bettelheim: a life and a Legacy, NY: Harper, 1996,
pgs. 347-48.
56. Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile, Amherst: U. of Mass.
P., 1993, pg.xi.
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57. H. Stuart Hughes, The Sea Change, NY: Harper, 1975, pg. 102.
58. Dean Hammer, Hannah Arendt in Germany, Bulletin of the German
Historical Institute London, vol. XXIV; No. 2, Nov. 2002, pg. 40.
59. Walter Laqueur, Generation Exodus, Hanover: Brandeis UP, 2001,
pgs. 158, 289. See also Koonz, Nazi Conscience, 106 and 302, n. 103 on
the characterization of the members of this generation who followed
the Nazi lead.
60. See review of Defying Hitler: A Memoir by Sebastian Haffner,
Farrar, Straus & Giroux by Daniel Johnson, "History of a German,"
Commentary, 09/01/2002.
61. Koonz, Nazi Conscience, 68; Laqueur, Generation Exodus, xi.
62. Reinhard Bendix, From Berlin to Berkeley. German-Jewish
Identities, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1986.
63. Laqueur, Generation, 9
64. Krohn, Intellectuals, 213, note 2.
65. Fritz Stern, A German History in America, 1884-1984, AHR (1984):
131, 132.
66. Generation Exodus, 140.
67. I think here Laqueur refers to the younger generation, because
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within the undifferentiated mass of refugees, perhaps the majority
share the contrary attitude. Generation Exodus, 290.
68. Laqueur, Thursday¶s Child has far to go. A Memoir of the
Journeying Years, 1992.
Author: Jorge M. Robert (legalusa@bellsouth.net)
Argentine-American attorney practicing Immigration Law in the state of
Florida since 1997. Amateur historian since 1969. Previous
publication: ³James Monroe and the Three-To-Five Clause of the
Northwest Ordinance,´ The Early American Review, vol. Summer/Fall
2001.
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